python中bs4的四大对象种类

Beautiful Soup将复杂的HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:

  • 标签
  • NavigableString
  • BeautifulSoup
  • 评论

1.标签

Tag通俗点讲就是HTML中的一个个标签,例如:

The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story

上面的等等title head a pHTML标签加上里面包括的内容就是Tag,那么试着使用Beautiful Soup来获取标签:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = """
The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

""" #创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html) print soup.title # The Dormouse's story print soup.head # The Dormouse's story print soup.a # print soup.p #

The Dormouse's story

print type(soup.p) #

我们可以利用汤加标签名轻松地获取这些标签的内容,但这些对象的类型是bs4.element.Tag。但是注意,它查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签。如果要查询所有的标签,后面会进行介绍。

对于Tag,它有两个重要的属性,是名和attrs

print soup.name
# [document] #soup 对象本身比较特殊,它的 name 即为 [document]

print soup.head.name
# head #对于其他内部标签,输出的值便为标签本身的名称

print soup.p.attrs
# {'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
# 在这里,我们把 p 标签的所有属性打印输出了出来,得到的类型是一个字典。

print soup.p['class'] # soup.p.get('class')
# ['title'] #还可以利用get方法,传入属性的名称,二者是等价的

soup.p['class'] = "newClass"
print soup.p # 可以对这些属性和内容等等进行修改
# 

The Dormouse's story

del soup.p['class'] # 还可以对这个属性进行删除 print soup.p #

The Dormouse's story

2. NavigableString

既然我们已经得到了标签的内容,那么问题来了,我们要想获取标签内部的文字怎么办呢?很简单,用.string即可,例如

print soup.p.string
# The Dormouse's story

print type(soup.p.string)
# In [13]: 

3. BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup对象表示的是一个文档的内容。大部分时候,可以把它当作Tag对象,是一个特殊的Tag,我们可以分别获取它的类型,名称,以及属性来感受一下

print type(soup.name)
# 

print soup.name 
# [document]

print soup.attrs # 文档本身的属性为空
# {}

4.评论

注释对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象,其输出的内容不包括注释符号。

print soup.a
# 

print soup.a.string
# Elsie 

print type(soup.a.string)
# 

a标签里的内容实际上是注释,但是如果我们利用.string来输出它的内容时,注释符号已经去掉了。

 

五.遍历文档树

1.直接子节点:.contents .children 属性

。内容

tag的.content属性可以将标签的子节点以列表的方式输出

print soup.head.contents 
#[The Dormouse's story]

输出方式为列表,我们可以用列表索引来获取它的某一个元素

print soup.head.contents[0]
#The Dormouse's story

。孩子

它返回的不是一个列表,不过我们可以通过遍历获取所有子节点。

我们打印输出.children看一下,可以发现它是一个list生成器对象

print soup.head.children
#

for child in  soup.body.children:
    print child

结果:

The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

2.所有子孙节点:.descendants 属性

.contents和.children属性仅包含标签的直接子节点,.descendants属性可以对所有标签的子孙节点进行递归循环,和儿童类似,我们也需要遍历获取其中的内容。

for child in soup.descendants:
    print child

运行结果:

The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

The Dormouse's story The Dormouse's story The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were Elsie , Lacie Lacie and Tillie Tillie ; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

3.节点内容:.string属性

如果一个标签里面没有标签了,那么.string就会返回标签里面的内容。如果标签里面只有唯一的一个标签了,那么.string也会返回最里面的内容。

print soup.head.string
#The Dormouse's story
print soup.title.string
#The Dormouse's story

六.搜索文档树

1.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, **kwargs)

1)名称参数

name参数可以查找所有名字为name的标签,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉

A.传字符串

最简单的过滤器是字符串。在搜索方法中传入一个字符串参数,Beautiful Soup会查找与字符串完整匹配的内容,下面的例子用于查找文档中所有的标签:

soup.find_all('b')
# [The Dormouse's story]

print soup.find_all('a')
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

B.传正则表达式

如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的match()来匹配内容。下面例子中找出所有以b开头的标签,这表示标签都应该找到

import re
for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("^b")):
    print(tag.name)
# body
# b

C.传列表

如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回。下面代码找到文档中所有标签和标签:

soup.find_all(["a", "b"])
# [The Dormouse's story,
#  Elsie,
#  Lacie,
#  Tillie]

2)关键字参数

soup.find_all(class_ = "sister")
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

soup.find_all(id='link2')
# [Lacie]

3)文字参数

通过文本参数可以搜索文档中的字符串内容,与名称参数的可选值一样,text参数接受字符串,正则表达式,列表

soup.find_all(text="Elsie")
# [u'Elsie']

soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"])
# [u'Elsie', u'Lacie', u'Tillie']

soup.find_all(text=re.compile("Dormouse"))
[u"The Dormouse's story", u"The Dormouse's story"]

2.find()方法

find()的用法与find_all一样,在于区别find用于查找第一个符合匹配查询查询结果,find_all则用于查找所有匹配查询查询结果的列表。

3. CSS选择器(在爬虫中这是最常用的方式)

  • 写CSS时,标签名不加任何修饰,类名前加英文句号  .,id名前加 #

  • 在这里我们也可以利用类似的方法来筛选元素,用到的方法是soup.select(),返回类型是list

(1)通过标签名查找

复制代码

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = """
The Dormouse's story

The Dormouse's story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

""" #创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html)

复制代码

复制代码

print soup.select('title') 
#[The Dormouse's story]

print soup.select('a') # 取到了所有的a标签
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

print soup.select('b')
#[The Dormouse's story]

复制代码

(2)通过类名查找

print soup.select('.sister')
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

(3)通过id名查找

print soup.select('#link1')
#[]

(4)组合查找

组合查找即和写类文件时,标签名与类名,id名进行的组合原理是一样的,例如查找p标签中,id等于link1的内容,二者需要用空格分开

print soup.select('p #link1')
#[]

直接子标签查找,使用则   分隔

print soup.select("head > title")
#[The Dormouse's story]

(5)属性查找

查找时还可以加入属性元素,属性需要用中括号括起来,注意属性和标签属于同一节点,所以中间不能加空格,否则会无法匹配到。

复制代码

print soup.select('a[class="sister"]')
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

print soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
#[]

复制代码

同样,属性仍然可以与上述查找方式组合,不在同一节点的空格隔开,同一节点的不加空格

print soup.select('p a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
#[]

(6)获取内容

复制代码

soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print type(soup.select('title'))
print soup.select('title')[0].get_text()

for title in soup.select('title'):
    print title.get_text()

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