Spark----SparkSQL简单操作
SparkSession
前面我们已经介绍了SparkSession,这里我们在系统回顾一下,并做一些补充
在老的版本中，SparkSQL提供两种SQL查询起始点，一个叫SQLContext，用于Spark自己提供的SQL查询，一个叫HiveContext，用于连接Hive的查询，SparkSession是Spark最新的SQL查询起始点，实质上是SQLContext和HiveContext的组合，所以在SQLContext和HiveContext上可用的API在SparkSession上同样是可以使用的。SparkSession内部封装了sparkContext，所以计算实际上是由sparkContext完成的。
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
val spark = SparkSession
.builder()
.appName("Spark SQL basic example")
.config("spark.some.config.option", "some-value")
.getOrCreate()
// For implicit conversions like converting RDDs to DataFrames
import spark.implicits._SparkSession.builder 用于创建一个SparkSession。
import spark.implicits._的引入是用于将DataFrames隐式转换成RDD，使df能够使用RDD中的方法。
如果需要Hive支持，则需要以下创建语句：
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
val spark = SparkSession
.builder()
.appName("Spark SQL basic example")
.config("spark.some.config.option", "some-value")
.enableHiveSupport()
.getOrCreate()
// For implicit conversions like converting RDDs to DataFrames
import spark.implicits._
DataFrame
创建DataFrame
在Spark SQL中SparkSession是创建DataFrames和执行SQL的入口，创建DataFrames有三种方式，一种是可以从一个存在的RDD进行转换，还可以从Hive Table进行查询返回，或者通过Spark的数据源进行创建。
从Spark数据源进行创建：
val df = spark.read.json("examples/src/main/resources/people.json")
// Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout
df.show()
// +----+-------+
// | age| name|
// +----+-------+
// |null|Michael|
// | 30| Andy|
// | 19| Justin|
// +----+-------+从RDD进行转换：
/**
Michael, 29
Andy, 30
Justin, 19
**/
scala> val peopleRdd = sc.textFile("examples/src/main/resources/people.txt")
peopleRdd: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = examples/src/main/resources/people.txt MapPartitionsRDD[18] at textFile at :24
//把每一行的数据用，隔开 然后通过第二个map转换成一个Array 再通过toDF 映射给name age
scala> val peopleDF3 = peopleRdd.map(_.split(",")).map(paras => (paras(0),paras(1).trim().toInt)).toDF("name","age")
peopleDF3: org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame = [name: string, age: int]
scala> peopleDF.show()
+-------+---+
| name|age|
+-------+---+
|Michael| 29|
| Andy| 30|
| Justin| 19|
+-------+---+ Hive我们在数据源那块介绍
DataFrame常用操作
DSL风格语法
// This import is needed to use the $-notation
import spark.implicits._
// Print the schema in a tree format
df.printSchema()
// root
// |-- age: long (nullable = true)
// |-- name: string (nullable = true)
// Select only the "name" column
df.select("name").show()
// +-------+
// | name|
// +-------+
// |Michael|
// | Andy|
// | Justin|
// +-------+
// Select everybody, but increment the age by 1
df.select($"name", $"age" + 1).show()
// +-------+---------+
// | name|(age + 1)|
// +-------+---------+
// |Michael| null|
// | Andy| 31|
// | Justin| 20|
// +-------+---------+
// Select people older than 21
df.filter($"age" > 21).show()
// +---+----+
// |age|name|
// +---+----+
// | 30|Andy|
// +---+----+
// Count people by age
df.groupBy("age").count().show()
// +----+-----+
// | age|count|
// +----+-----+
// | 19| 1|
// |null| 1|
// | 30| 1|
// +----+-----+SQL语法风格
// Register the DataFrame as a SQL temporary view
df.createOrReplaceTempView("people")
val sqlDF = spark.sql("SELECT * FROM people")
sqlDF.show()
// +----+-------+
// | age| name|
// +----+-------+
// |null|Michael|
// | 30| Andy|
// | 19| Justin|
// +----+-------+
// Register the DataFrame as a global temporary view
df.createGlobalTempView("people")
// Global temporary view is tied to a system preserved database `global_temp`
spark.sql("SELECT * FROM global_temp.people").show()
// +----+-------+
// | age| name|
// +----+-------+
// |null|Michael|
// | 30| Andy|
// | 19| Justin|
// +----+-------+
// Global temporary view is cross-session
spark.newSession().sql("SELECT * FROM global_temp.people").show()
// +----+-------+
// | age| name|
// +----+-------+
// |null|Michael|
// | 30| Andy|
// | 19| Justin|
// +----+-------+
临时表是Session范围内的，Session退出后，表就失效了。如果想应用范围内有效，可以使用全局表。注意使用全局表时需要全路径访问，如：global_temp.people
DataSet
创建DataSet
Dataset是具有强类型的数据集合，需要提供对应的类型信息。
// Note: Case classes in Scala 2.10 can support only up to 22 fields. To work around this limit,
// you can use custom classes that implement the Product interface
case class Person(name: String, age: Long)
// Encoders are created for case classes
val caseClassDS = Seq(Person("Andy", 32)).toDS()
caseClassDS.show()
// +----+---+
// |name|age|
// +----+---+
// |Andy| 32|
// +----+---+
// Encoders for most common types are automatically provided by importing spark.implicits._
val primitiveDS = Seq(1, 2, 3).toDS()
primitiveDS.map(_ + 1).collect() // Returns: Array(2, 3, 4)
// DataFrames can be converted to a Dataset by providing a class. Mapping will be done by name
val path = "examples/src/main/resources/people.json"
val peopleDS = spark.read.json(path).as[Person]
peopleDS.show()
// +----+-------+
// | age| name|
// +----+-------+
// |null|Michael|
// | 30| Andy|
// | 19| Justin|
// +----+-------+Dataset和RDD互操作
Spark SQL支持通过两种方式将存在的RDD转换为Dataset，转换的过程中需要让Dataset获取RDD中的Schema信息，主要有两种方式，一种是通过反射来获取RDD中的Schema信息。这种方式适合于列名已知的情况下。第二种是通过编程接口的方式将Schema信息应用于RDD，这种方式可以处理那种在运行时才能知道列的方式。
通过反射获取Scheam
SparkSQL能够自动将包含有case类的RDD转换成DataFrame，case类定义了table的结构，case类属性通过反射变成了表的列名。Case类可以包含诸如Seqs或者Array等复杂的结构。
// For implicit conversions from RDDs to DataFrames
import spark.implicits._
// Create an RDD of Person objects from a text file, convert it to a Dataframe
val peopleDF = spark.sparkContext
.textFile("examples/src/main/resources/people.txt")
.map(_.split(","))
.map(attributes => Person(attributes(0), attributes(1).trim.toInt))
.toDF()
// Register the DataFrame as a temporary view
peopleDF.createOrReplaceTempView("people")
// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by Spark
val teenagersDF = spark.sql("SELECT name, age FROM people WHERE age BETWEEN 13 AND 19")
// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by field index
teenagersDF.map(teenager => "Name: " + teenager(0)).show()
// +------------+
// | value|
// +------------+
// |Name: Justin|
// +------------+
// or by field name
teenagersDF.map(teenager => "Name: " + teenager.getAs[String]("name")).show()
// +------------+
// | value|
// +------------+
// |Name: Justin|
// +------------+
// No pre-defined encoders for Dataset[Map[K,V]], define explicitly
implicit val mapEncoder = org.apache.spark.sql.Encoders.kryo[Map[String, Any]]
// Primitive types and case classes can be also defined as
// implicit val stringIntMapEncoder: Encoder[Map[String, Any]] = ExpressionEncoder()
// row.getValuesMap[T] retrieves multiple columns at once into a Map[String, T]
teenagersDF.map(teenager => teenager.getValuesMap[Any](List("name", "age"))).collect()
// Array(Map("name" -> "Justin", "age" -> 19))
通过编程设置Schema（StructType）
如果case类不能够提前定义，可以通过下面三个步骤定义一个DataFrame
创建一个多行结构的RDD;
创建用StructType来表示的行结构信息。
通过SparkSession提供的createDataFrame方法来应用Schema .
import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
// Create an RDD
val peopleRDD = spark.sparkContext.textFile("examples/src/main/resources/people.txt")
// The schema is encoded in a string
val schemaString = "name age"
// Generate the schema based on the string of schema
val fields = schemaString.split(" ")
.map(fieldName => StructField(fieldName, StringType, nullable = true))
val schema = StructType(fields)
// Convert records of the RDD (people) to Rows
import org.apache.spark.sql._
val rowRDD = peopleRDD
.map(_.split(","))
.map(attributes => Row(attributes(0), attributes(1).trim))
// Apply the schema to the RDD
val peopleDF = spark.createDataFrame(rowRDD, schema)
// Creates a temporary view using the DataFrame
peopleDF.createOrReplaceTempView("people")
// SQL can be run over a temporary view created using DataFrames
val results = spark.sql("SELECT name FROM people")
// The results of SQL queries are DataFrames and support all the normal RDD operations
// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by field index or by field name
results.map(attributes => "Name: " + attributes().show()
// +-------------+
// | value|
// +-------------+
// |Name: Michael|
// | Name: Andy|
// | Name: Justin|
// +-------------+类型之间的转换总结
RDD、DataFrame、Dataset三者有许多共性，有各自适用的场景常常需要在三者之间转换
DataFrame/Dataset转RDD：
这个转换很简单
val rdd1=testDF.rdd
val rdd2=testDS.rdd
RDD转DataFrame：
import spark.implicits._
val testDF = rdd.map {line=>
(line._1,line._2)
}.toDF("col1","col2")一般用元组把一行的数据写在一起，然后在toDF中指定字段名
RDD转Dataset：
import spark.implicits._
case class Coltest(col1:String,col2:Int)extends Serializable //定义字段名和类型
val testDS = rdd.map {line=>
Coltest(line._1,line._2)
}.toDS可以注意到，定义每一行的类型（case class）时，已经给出了字段名和类型，后面只要往case class里面添加值即可
Dataset转DataFrame：
这个也很简单，因为只是把case class封装成Row
import spark.implicits._
val testDF = testDS.toDFDataFrame转Dataset：
import spark.implicits._
case class Coltest(col1:String,col2:Int)extends Serializable //定义字段名和类型
val testDS = testDF.as[Coltest]这种方法就是在给出每一列的类型后，使用as方法，转成Dataset，这在数据类型是DataFrame又需要针对各个字段处理时极为方便。
在使用一些特殊的操作时，一定要加上 import spark.implicits._ 不然toDF、toDS无法使用