SA基础
基本部分
1. 系统硬件
1.1. 主板
-
获取序列号
$ sudo dmidecode -t system |grep -i Serial Serial Number: CNU9032T3N -
获取厂商和型号
$ sudo dmidecode -t system = dmidecode 2.11 SMBIOS 2.4 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: Hewlett-Packard Product Name: HP 540 Version: F.02 Serial Number: CNU9032T3N UUID: 7E2B6111-7C15-E011-5A8C-6D991201D929 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: NL385PA=AB2 Family: 103C_5336AN Handle 0x0012, DMI type 32, 11 bytes System Boot Information Status: No errors detected -
获取出厂日期
$ sudo dmidecode -t bios|grep -i date Release Date: 08/20/2008
1.2. CPU
-
/proc/cpuinfo
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 15 model name : Genuine Intel(R) CPU T1400 @ 1.73GHz stepping : 13 microcode : 0xa3 cpu MHz : 1729.060 cache size : 512 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 0 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm lahf_lm dtherm bogomips : 3458.12 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: -
lscpu
$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit CPU(s): 24 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 6 CPU socket(s): 2 NUMA node(s): 2 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 44 Stepping: 2 CPU MHz: 2526.869 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 12288K -
dmidecode -t processor
$ sudo dmidecode -t processor = dmidecode 2.11 SMBIOS 2.4 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 35 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U10 Type: Central Processor Family: Pentium M Manufacturer: Intel(R) ID: FD 06 00 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 15, Stepping 13 Flags: FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip) VME (Virtual mode extension) DE (Debugging extension) PSE (Page size extension) TSC (Time stamp counter) MSR (Model specific registers) PAE (Physical address extension) MCE (Machine check exception) CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported) APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported) SEP (Fast system call) MTRR (Memory type range registers) PGE (Page global enable) MCA (Machine check architecture) CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported) PAT (Page attribute table) PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension) CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported) DS (Debug store) ACPI (ACPI supported) MMX (MMX technology supported) FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported) SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions) SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2) SS (Self-snoop) HTT (Multi-threading) TM (Thermal monitor supported) PBE (Pending break enabled) Version: Genuine Intel(R) CPU T1400 @ 1.73GHz Voltage: 1.1 V External Clock: 133 MHz Max Speed: 1733 MHz Current Speed: 1733 MHz Status: Populated, Enabled Upgrade: None L1 Cache Handle: 0x0005 L2 Cache Handle: 0x0006 L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided Serial Number: Not Specified Asset Tag: Not Specified Part Number: Not Specified
1.3. 内存
-
/proc/meminfo
$ cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1016844 kB MemFree: 107484 kB Buffers: 470592 kB Cached: 110684 kB SwapCached: 904 kB Active: 262476 kB Inactive: 453672 kB Active(anon): 24572 kB Inactive(anon): 142096 kB Active(file): 237904 kB Inactive(file): 311576 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB HighTotal: 126664 kB HighFree: 5312 kB LowTotal: 890180 kB LowFree: 102172 kB SwapTotal: 1038332 kB SwapFree: 1005956 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 134068 kB Mapped: 19084 kB Shmem: 31796 kB Slab: 174980 kB SReclaimable: 162588 kB SUnreclaim: 12392 kB KernelStack: 1664 kB PageTables: 2940 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 1546752 kB Committed_AS: 404708 kB VmallocTotal: 122880 kB VmallocUsed: 12628 kB VmallocChunk: 108240 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 32760 kB DirectMap2M: 880640 kB -
dmidecode -t memory
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory = dmidecode 2.11 SMBIOS 2.4 present. Handle 0x000A, DMI type 16, 15 bytes Physical Memory Array Location: System Board Or Motherboard Use: System Memory Error Correction Type: None Maximum Capacity: 4 GB Error Information Handle: No Error Number Of Devices: 2 Handle 0x000B, DMI type 17, 27 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x000A Error Information Handle: No Error Total Width: Unknown Data Width: Unknown Size: No Module Installed Form Factor: SODIMM Set: None Locator: DIMM =1 Bank Locator: Not Specified Type: DDR2 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: Unknown Manufacturer: Serial Number: Asset Tag: Not Specified Part Number: Handle 0x000C, DMI type 17, 27 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x000A Error Information Handle: No Error Total Width: 64 bits Data Width: 64 bits Size: 1024 MB Form Factor: SODIMM Set: None Locator: DIMM =2 Bank Locator: Not Specified Type: DDR2 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: 667 MHz Manufacturer: Hyundai Electronics Serial Number: 04008096 Asset Tag: Not Specified Part Number: HYMP112S64CP6-Y5 -
获取内存插槽数，每条内存大小
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i size Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: No Module Installed Size: No Module Installed Size: No Module Installed Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: 8192 MB Size: No Module Installed Size: No Module Installed Size: No Module Installed -
获取最大支持内存
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i max Maximum Capacity: 288 GB -
获取内存频率
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i speed Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: Unknown Speed: Unknown Speed: Unknown Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) Speed: Unknown Speed: Unknown Speed: Unknown
1.4. 硬盘
1.4.1. lspci
-
LSI MagaSAS
$ lspci |grep -i raid 03:00.0 RAID bus controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic LSI MegaSAS 9260 (rev 05)megacli megasasctl/megactl megaraidsas-status/megaraid-status megclisas-status megamgr -
Adaptec
$ lspci |grep -i raid 02:00.0 RAID bus controller: Adaptec AAC-RAID (rev 09)arcconf
1.4.2. lsscsi
-
lsscsi
$ sudo lsscsi [0:0:0:0] cd/dvd Dell Virtual CDROM 123 /dev/scd0 [1:0:0:0] disk Dell Virtual Floppy 123 /dev/sdc [2:0:0:0] disk ATA Maxtor 7L250S0 1G10 /dev/sda [2:0:4:0] disk SEAGATE ST3300555SS T105 /dev/sdb -
/proc/scsi/scsi
$ cat /proc/scsi/scsi Attached devices: Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: ATA Model: Maxtor 7L250S0 Rev: 1G10 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: Dell Model: Virtual CDROM Rev: 123 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: Dell Model: Virtual Floppy Rev: 123 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02 Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 04 Lun: 00 Vendor: SEAGATE Model: ST3300555SS Rev: T105 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05
1.4.3. smartctl
-
smartctl -a /dev/sda
$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Model Family: Hitachi Travelstar 5K320 Device Model: Hitachi HTS543216L9A300 Serial Number: 090107FB0200LCJJVXPB LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 561e3da05 Firmware Version: FB2OC40F User Capacity: 160,041,885,696 bytes [160 GB] Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: 8 ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 3f Local Time is: Tue Mar 26 12:52:42 2013 CST SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled -
smartctl -a -d megaraid,1 /dev/sda
-
smartctl -a /dev/sda|grep -i serial
$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda|grep -i serial Serial Number: 090107FB0200LCJJVXPB
1.5. 网卡
1.5.1. 网卡类型
$ lspci|grep -i net
16:00.0 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect 10Gb NIC (be3) (rev 03)
05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 12)
00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82562GT 10/100 Network Connection (rev 03)
10:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY (rev 01)
1.5.2. 网卡驱动
升级系统的时候，就要查看下网卡驱动安装上了没，尤其是bnx系列网卡特别要注意
$ update-initramfs -u -k \`uname -r\`
1.5.3. 查看工具
-
ethtool
$ sudo ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full Supported pause frame use: No Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full Advertised pause frame use: No Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Speed: 100Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on MDI-X: off Supports Wake-on: pumbg Wake-on: g Current message level: 0x00000001 (1) drv Link detected: yes -
mii－tool
$ sudo mii-tool eth0: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok eth1: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok SIOCGMIIPHY on 'eth2' failed: Resource temporarily unavailable SIOCGMIIPHY on 'eth3' failed: Resource temporarily unavailable -
ip addr
$ ip addr 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:24:81:36:37:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.144.242/22 brd 192.168.147.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::224:81ff:fe36:37a7/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000 link/ether 00:21:00:a4:49:f6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
2. 内存
2.1. free
$ free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 993 914 78 0 132 607
-/+ buffers/cache: 174 818
Swap: 1013 10 1003
free 详解
1. total: 内存总数
2. used：已经使用的内存数
3. free： 空闲的内存数
4. shared： 多个进程共享的内存总额
5. -buffers/cache: （已用）的内存数，即used-buffers-cached //反映实际被用掉的内存数
6. +buffers/cache: (可用)的内存数，即free+buffers+cached //反映可以使用的内存数
可用内存的计算公式为：
可用内存=free+buffers+cached,即399M+109M+723M=1232M
内存总数与已使用内存数和空闲内存数的关系：
total（1968M）=used（1569M）+free（399M）
注：观察Linux的内存使用情况时，只要没有发现用swap的交换空间，就不用担心自己的内存太少；如果常常看到swap用了很多，那么就要考虑增加物理内存了。这也是在Linux服务器上看内存是否够用的标准。
=== vmstat . vmstat 1
+
$ vmstat -S M 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
1 0 1 56541 384 36313 0 0 10 152 0 0 3 1 95 1
1 0 1 56543 384 36313 0 0 128 168 7271 11527 1 0 99 0
0 0 1 56542 384 36313 0 0 0 112 6045 9615 1 0 99 0
0 0 1 56543 384 36313 0 0 132 192 11305 17468 1 1 98 0
0 0 1 56539 384 36313 0 0 128 456 13028 20222 1 1 98 0
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vmstat -a
$ vmstat -S M 1 5 -a procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 2 0 1 56540 30690 7020 0 0 10 152 0 0 3 1 95 1 1 0 1 56543 30690 7017 0 0 128 200 8258 12908 1 1 99 0 0 0 1 56540 30691 7020 0 0 0 176 8696 13414 1 1 98 0 1 0 1 56543 30691 7017 0 0 128 1116 11617 17652 1 0 98 0 0 0 1 56541 30691 7019 0 0 0 176 7946 12529 1 0 99 0 -
vmstat -s
$ vmstat -s 99197360 K total memory 41313428 K used memory 7193792 K active memory 31438464 K inactive memory 57883936 K free memory 394068 K buffer memory 37204624 K swap cache 2096444 K total swap 1992 K used swap 2094452 K free swap 1277643835 non-nice user cpu ticks 11 nice user cpu ticks 371033881 system cpu ticks 41192773129 idle cpu ticks 247499620 IO-wait cpu ticks 39100 IRQ cpu ticks 48138900 softirq cpu ticks 0 stolen cpu ticks 4450333523 pages paged in 65678511936 pages paged out 132467 pages swapped in 180917 pages swapped out 1237774778 interrupts 3301154853 CPU context switches 1346296992 boot time 44515969 forks
2.2. ps
-
ps aux
-
ps -e -o "%c : %p : %z :%a" |sort -k5 -nr|head
2.3. dstat
-
dstat -ms
$ dstat -ms 1 5 ------memory-usage----- ----swap--- used buff cach free| used free 3639M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M 3641M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M 3638M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M 3638M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M 3638M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M 3641M 385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M -
dstat --top-mem
$ dstat --top-mem 1 5 --most-expensive- memory process mongod 35.0G mongod 35.0G mongod 35.0G mongod 35.0G mongod 35.0G mongod 35.0G -
dstat -v
$ dstat -v 1 5 ---procs--- ------memory-usage----- ---paging-- -dsk/total- ---system-- ----total-cpu-usage---- run blk new| used buff cach free| in out | read writ| int csw |usr sys idl wai hiq siq 0.0 0 2.5|3649M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 30B 41B| 247k 3638k|3162 20k| 3 1 95 1 0 0 3.0 0 2.0|3646M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 0 0 | 0 144k|7217 11k| 1 1 99 0 0 0 0 0 1.0|3650M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 0 0 | 176k 376k| 17k 28k| 1 1 98 0 0 0 1.0 0 1.0|3647M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 0 0 | 128k 160k|8258 13k| 1 0 99 0 0 0 1.0 0 5.0|3648M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 0 0 | 0 120k|8138 12k| 1 1 99 0 0 0 0 0 1.0|3646M 385M 35.6G 55.1G| 0 0 | 128k 336k| 15k 23k| 1 1 98 0 0 0
2.4. top
2.5. slabtop
2.6. buffer 与 cache
buffer与cache操作的对象不一样。
buffer(缓冲)是为了提高内存和硬盘(或其它I/O设备)之间的数据交换的速度而设计的。
cache(缓存)是为了提高cpu和内存之间的数据交换而设计的，也就是平常见到的一级缓存、二级缓存、三级缓存等。
cpu在执行程序所用的指令和读数据都是针对内存的，也就是从内存中取得的。由于内存的读写速度慢，为了提高cpu和内存之间的数据交换的速度，在cpu 和内存之间增加了cache，他的速度比内存块，但是造价高，又由于在cpu内不能集成太对集成电路，所以一般cache比较小，以后intel等公司为 了进一步提高速度，又增加了二级cache，甚至三级cache，它是根据程序的局部性原理而设计的，就是cpu执行的指令和访问的数据往往在集中的某一块，所以把这块内容放入cache后，cpu就不用再访问内存了，这就提高了访问速度。当然若cache中没有cpu所需要的内容，还是要访问内存的。
缓冲(buffers) 是根据磁盘的读写设计的，把分散的写操作集中进行，减少了磁盘碎片和硬盘的反复寻道，从而提高系统性能。linux有一个守护进程定期清空缓冲内容(即写入磁盘)，也可以通过sync命令手动清空缓冲。举个例子吧：我这里有一个ext2的U盘，我往里面copy一个3M的MP3.但U盘的灯没有跳动，过了 一会儿(或者手动输入sync)U盘的灯就跳动起来了。卸载设备时会清空缓冲，所以有些时候卸载一个设备要等上几秒钟。
修改/etc/sysctl.conf中的vm.swappiness右边的数字可以在下次开机时调节swap使用策略。该数字范围是0-100，数字越大越倾向于使用swap。默认为60，可以改一下试试。--两者都是RAM中的数据。
简单来说，buffer是即将要写入磁盘的，而cache是被从磁盘中读出来的。
buffer是由各种进程分配的，被用在如输入队列等方面。一个简单的例子如某个进程要求有多个字段读入，在所有字段被读入完整之前，进程就先前读入的字段放在buffer中保存。
cache经常被用在磁盘的I/O请求上，如果有多个进程都要访问某个文件，于是该文件便被做成cache以方便下次被访问，这样可提高系统性能。
3. CPU和进程状态
3.1. CPU
3.1.1. top
-
整体占用
$ top top - 11:49:30 up 3 days, 16:54, 1 user, load average: 4.18, 3.82, 3.82 Tasks: 294 total, 4 running, 290 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 16.6 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 83.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.1 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 99197352 total, 51128244 used, 48069108 free, 797128 buffers KiB Swap: 2096444 total, 0 used, 2096444 free, 44232372 cached us, user : time running un-niced user processes sy, system : time running kernel processes ni, nice : time running niced user processes wa, IO-wait : time waiting for I/O completion hi : time spent servicing hardware interrupts si : time spent servicing software interrupts st : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor -
单核占用(按数字1即可查看)
top - 11:50:19 up 3 days, 16:55, 1 user, load average: 4.33, 3.94, 3.86 Tasks: 294 total, 5 running, 289 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu0 : 71.7 us, 1.6 sy, 0.0 ni, 26.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu1 :100.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 0.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu2 : 48.8 us, 1.6 sy, 0.0 ni, 48.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.8 si, 0.0 st %Cpu3 : 6.5 us, 0.8 sy, 0.0 ni, 92.7 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu4 : 11.5 us, 1.6 sy, 0.0 ni, 86.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu5 : 8.2 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 91.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu6 : 10.6 us, 1.6 sy, 0.0 ni, 87.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu7 : 17.9 us, 0.8 sy, 0.0 ni, 81.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu8 : 18.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 82.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu9 : 0.8 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu10 : 4.0 us, 0.8 sy, 0.0 ni, 95.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu11 : 0.8 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu12 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu13 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu14 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu15 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu16 : 0.0 us, 1.6 sy, 0.0 ni, 98.4 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu17 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu18 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu19 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu20 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu21 : 0.8 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu22 : 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu23 : 0.0 us, 0.8 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 99197352 total, 51119700 used, 48077652 free, 797228 buffers KiB Swap: 2096444 total, 0 used, 2096444 free, 44230160 cached
3.1.2. ps
-
ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.0 10648 696 ? Ss 2012 2:39 init [2] root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2012 0:00 [kthreadd] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2012 15:37 [ksoftirqd/0] root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2012 7:29 [kworker/u:0] root 6 69.3 0.0 0 0 ? S 2012 260714:15 [migration/0] -
cpu占用排名前十
ps -e -o "%c : %p : %z :%a" |sort -k5 -nr|head
3.1.3. vmstat
-
vmstat 1
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 2 0 1 54362 656 21028 0 0 8 135 0 0 3 1 95 0 1 0 1 54340 656 21046 0 0 0 64 23399 38962 5 1 93 0 1 0 1 54322 656 21064 0 0 0 236 3714 4284 5 0 95 0 1 0 1 54303 656 21082 0 0 0 40 5053 6121 5 1 95 0 2 0 1 54285 656 21101 0 0 0 0 11561 7237 5 1 94 0 2 0 1 54265 656 21118 0 0 0 52 12087 19945 5 1 95 0 1 0 1 54245 656 21136 0 0 0 172 17392 28452 5 1 94 0 1 0 1 54227 656 21154 0 0 0 0 3600 4315 4 0 95 0 1 0 1 54210 656 21172 0 0 0 0 6312 8115 5 0 95 0 2 0 1 54189 656 21190 0 0 0 200 9554 17258 5 1 94 0 us: Time spent running non-kernel code. (user time, including nice time) sy: Time spent running kernel code. (system time) id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time. wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, included in idle. st: Time stolen from a virtual machine. Prior to Linux 2.6.11, unknown.
3.1.4. dstat
-
dstat
----total-cpu-usage---- -dsk/total- -net/total- ---paging-- ---system-- usr sys idl wai hiq siq| read writ| recv send| in out | int csw 3 1 95 0 0 0| 201k 3220k| 0 0 | 24B 33B|4502 25k 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 0 | 715k 477k| 0 0 |7078 9979 5 1 95 0 0 0| 0 320k| 216k 140k| 0 0 |5786 8076 5 0 95 0 0 0| 0 0 | 195k 124k| 0 0 |4611 5927 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 184k| 191k 111k| 0 0 | 16k 27k 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 176k| 399k 302k| 0 0 | 14k 23k 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 220k|3315k 288k| 0 0 | 15k 24k 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 160k| 791k 281k| 0 0 | 10k 15k 5 1 94 0 0 0| 0 148k|1459k 252k| 0 0 | 12k 17k 4 0 95 0 0 0| 0 0 | 407k 186k| 0 0 |3458 3454 5 0 95 0 0 0| 0 76k| 192k 86k| 0 0 |6801 9760 -
dstat -v
---procs--- ------memory-usage----- ---paging-- -dsk/total- ---system-- ----total-cpu-usage---- run blk new| used buff cach free| in out | read writ| int csw |usr sys idl wai hiq siq 0.0 0 2.6|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 24B 33B| 201k 3220k|4502 25k| 3 1 95 0 0 0 1.0 0 3.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 268k| 19k 30k| 1 1 97 0 0 0 1.0 0 1.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 0 |4471 6321 | 1 0 99 0 0 0 1.0 0 2.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 64k|5223 8064 | 1 1 99 0 0 0 0 0 2.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 208k| 18k 30k| 1 1 97 0 0 0 0 0 1.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 156k|8036 12k| 1 1 99 0 0 0 1.0 0 1.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 160k| 16k 27k| 1 1 97 0 0 0 1.0 0 3.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 148k|7654 11k| 1 1 98 0 0 0 1.0 0 1.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 148k| 15k 21k| 3 1 97 0 0 0 0 0 3.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 0 |5672 6959 | 1 1 99 0 0 0 0 0 1.0|20.1G 656M 19.3G 54.5G| 0 0 | 0 0 |3359 4272 | 0 0 99 0 0 0
3.1.5. pidstat
3.1.6. mpstat
-
mpstat 1 5
Linux 3.2.0-3-amd64 (xxxx.hostname) 05/18/2013 _x86_64_ (24 CPU) 12:13:38 PM CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %idle 12:13:39 PM all 5.26 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 93.82 12:13:40 PM all 4.92 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 94.12 12:13:41 PM all 4.64 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 94.60 12:13:42 PM all 4.92 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 94.49 12:13:43 PM all 5.48 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 93.35 Average: all 5.05 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 94.08 CPU Processor number. The keyword all indicates that statistics are calculated as averages among all processors. %usr Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level (application). %nice Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priority. %sys Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the system level (kernel). %iowait Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request. %irq Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service hardware interrupts. %soft Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service software interrupts. %steal Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual processor. %guest Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to run a virtual processor. %idle Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request. -
mpstat -P ALL 1 5
查看单个CPU占用
3.2. 进程
3.2.1. 状态
-
R
-
S
-
D
-
T
-
Z
3.2.2. ps
-
ps aux
-
ps auxf
-
ps -ef
3.2.3. top
3.2.4. lsof
- lsof -p pid
4. 网络
4.1. 网卡状态
-
erhtool
ethtool eth0 -
mii-tool
mii-tool eth0 -
ip link
ip link show
4.2. 网卡流量
-
sar -n DEV 1 1000
-
bmon
-
iptraf
-
dstat --net-packets -n
-
iftop
4.3. 网络配置
4.3.1. ip
-
/etc/network/interfaces
-
ip address
-
ifconfig
-
curl ifconfig.me
4.3.2. route
-
ip route
-
netstat -rn
-
route -n
4.4. 防火墙
-
shorewall
-
iptables
4.5. 调试工具
-
lsof
-
telnet
-
nc
-
netstat
-
tcpdump/wireshark
-
nmap
-
tc
5. 文件系统和磁盘IO
5.1. 了解ext3，ext4，xfs，swap
-
ext3
mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext3 -U uuid -
ext4
mkfs.ext4 mkfs.ext4 -U uuid -
xfs
mkfs.xfs xfs_admin uuid -
swap
mkswap dd文件swap swap分区
5.2. 会使用文件系统调试工具
-
fsck
fsck.ext3 fsck.ext4 fsck.xfs
5.3. 熟悉iostat，iotop
-
iostat
iostat -x 1 10 iostat -k 1 10 -
iotop
-
查看iowait
iostat -x 1 10 mpstat 1 10
5.4. 了解目录挂载，磁盘挂载，阅读fstab
-
mount
mount -a umount umount -l -
fstab
UUID=uuid /file ext3/ext4/xfs noatime 0 0 -
内存文件系统挂载
mount -t tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev,size=10G,mode=1777 tmpfs /mnt/ -
移动硬盘挂载
mount -t ntfs -o uid=tom,gid=tom,fmask=133,dmask=022 /dev/sdz1 /mnt/usb/ -
blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="b2bd9f7a-986c-4ee7-bc05-4cf43a896663" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sda5: UUID="ff6117cf-5f8f-4b03-abcf-e784849a30eb" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda6: LABEL="var" UUID="a0a59083-abb4-40e8-a7d6-b635e0db5d46" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sda7: LABEL="tmp" UUID="1aa5f9c8-524a-4e69-b16b-2bfbc46bd948" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sda8: LABEL="home" UUID="73cd148c-321b-4301-b099-8e0d1b1521b3" TYPE="ext4"
5.5. 增减swap
-
swapon
-
swapoff
-
禁用swap
echo 0 >/proc/sys/vm/swappiness /etc/sysctl.conf && sysctl -p sysctl -a|grep swappiness
5.6. 查看文件占用空间
-
du -sh
-
du -sh *
5.7. 查看文件系统占用空间
-
df -h
-
df -Th
-
df -ih
5.8. 查找进程打开的文件
-
fuser
fuser -mv /file -
lsof
lsof -i:port lsof /file
5.9. raid管理
5.9.1. LSI MeggaSAS
- megacli
5.9.2. Adaptec
- arcconf
6. Troubleshooting
6.1. dmesg
6.2. vmstat
6.3. top/iostat/free
6.4. last/lastlog
6.5. log
/var/log/auth.log
/var/log/user.log
/var/log/messages
6.6. shell
-
chsh -s /bin/bash user
-
bashrc
-
export
-
jdk
update-java-alternatives -s java-6-sun
6.7. 经验
7. 在线资源调整
7.1. /etc/sysctl.conf
7.2. /etc/sysfs.conf
7.3. sysctl
sysctl -a
sysctl -q
7.4. /proc
7.5. /sys
8. 其他
8.1. 1. 基本命令
-
awk
-
sed
-
find
-
grep/egrep
8.2. 2. 配置管理
-
git
-
svn
8.3. 3. 窗口管理
-
tmux
-
screen