#字词句篇#
*harness*
[释义] to control something, usually in order to use its power 控制；利用。。。的动力
[例句] There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. 人们对开发利用风和波浪这些新能源非常感兴趣。
[造句] It is much useful to harness and make use of those waste. 利用这些废弃物是有益的。
*baffle*
Few cities in the world can baffle a GPS system like London can.
[释义] verb transitive: to cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something 使困惑，使迷惑
[例句] She was completely baffled by his strange behavior. 她完全被他怪异的举动弄糊涂了。
[造句] His painting baffled us all.
健身相关词汇：
bodybuilder 健美运动员；
lift weights 举重
runner; 赛跑者 weightlifter; 举重者️
biceps, triceps, quadriceps, pecs, delts, lats, traps, abs, glutes, calves, and hamstrings
肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肱四头肌、胸大肌、三角肌、背阔肌、斜方肌、腹肌、臀大肌、小腿肌肉、腘绳肌。
your muscles falter due to lactic acid buildup 直到肌肉由于乳酸的累积而颤抖为止。
a particular tough training session
短语学习：
1. track the results/ progress
2. increase your endurance
3. brain-imaging techniques = magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. a car with a navigational system 装载导航系统的汽车
句子学习：
1. “Interestingly enough, however, some of the best studies to date of how the brain changes in response to extended training were carried out not with musicians or chess players or mathematicians—some of the more traditional subjects in studies of the effects of practice on performance—but instead with taxi drivers.”
这个句子的主干是studies were carried out with taxi drivers. 修饰studies的是 how the brain changes in response to extended training. 这个小句子里面注意 in response to 和 extended training （这个是作者在叙述事例时常用到的词）
to date: up to the present moment
[例句] To date, we have received over 200 replies.
[造句] I have written 50 English notes to date. I was really proud of my persistence.
2. 街道描述：
"To start with, there is no grid of thoroughfares that can be used for orientation and routing as you will find in Manhattan or Paris or Tokyo. "
这个句子中要学习一个叙事的开头用语“to start with”，可以用来替换to begin with, firstly, first of all。写记叙文中的方向时，用到orientation and routing 方向和路线。grid则是map上的坐标方格，较为具体的解释为 a pattern of squares with numbers or letters used to find places on a map；thoroughfare 的意思是大街，大道（a main road for public use or a passage through somewhere），所以grid of thoroughfare即如下图：
“Instead the city’s major streets are set at odd angles to each other. They curve and they squiggle. One-way streets abound, there are traffic circles and dead ends all over, and through the middle of everything runs the Thames River, spanned by a dozen bridges in central London, at least one of which—and sometimes more—will likely have to be crossed during a trip of any length through the city. And the erratic numbering system doesn’t always tell you exactly where to find a particular address even when you’ve found the right street.”
中文译本：
城市的主干道相互之间都形成奇怪的夹角。主干道则呈曲线状地弯曲着。城市中到处都是单行道，环形交叉路和“断头路”也随处可见，而且，泰晤士河在城市中央穿过，因此，伦敦的市中心被十几座桥梁跨过，使得人们在这座城市中不论进行多长时间的旅行，可能都得至少跨过一座桥梁（有时候甚至更多）。此外，伦敦市采用古怪的编号系统，有时候会让你搞不清楚，要到哪里才能找到某个特定的地址，即使你已经找对了地址上标明的街道。
3. 伦敦出租车司机的职责：“All London” taxi driver
“they are astonishingly good at getting you from point A to point B in the most efficient way possible, taking into account not only the lengths of the various possible paths, but the time of day, the expected traffic, temporary roadwork and road closings, and any other details that might be relevant to the trip.”
司机需要在短时间内想出最有效的出行线路：可行线路的长度，时间，预期的交通状况，临时路况以及道路关闭情况。
4. 伦敦司机如何考试？-- “Knowledge boys” or "Knowledge girls"
“Tests consist of a series of “runs” in which the examiner gives two points in London and the examinee must provide the precise location of each of the points and then describe the best route between them, turn by turn, naming each street in the sequence”
仅仅给出两个点，就需要告知准确位置以及到达这个地方将要经过的每一个地点。
“the tests get harder and harder, with the endpoints becoming more obscure and the routes longer, more complicated, and more convoluted.”
5. 伦敦司机同其他人的对比-- hippocampus was larger in the taxi drivers
prospective taxi drivers from the time they started training for their licenses until the point at which all of them had either passed the tests and become licensed cabbies or else had given up and gone on to do something else.
“the new taxi drivers who had learned enough about London’s streets to pass the series of tests, the trainees who had not learned enough to pass, and the group who had not ever trained at all.”
纵观式的对比伦敦司机脑内的海马体情况。
6. 人为什么局限了？
“This idea went hand in hand with the belief that individual differences in abilities were due mainly to genetically determined differences in the brain’s wiring and that learning was just a way of fulfilling one’s genetic potential.”
基因决定论。
#熟读深思#
The human brain grows and changes in response to intense training.
人的局限，是说自己的精神层面的局限和身体极限。作者说明伦敦出租车司机的大脑情况以及运动项目中的运动员不断打破记录，这两个极端的例子说明，“极限”是相对的，不是绝对的。而这一极限的打破不是单纯重复和想象，是有一一条黄金准则的，在这一准则实现之前，是人自身的“适应性”使得突破成为可能。证明的前提是经得起检验的说明和例子。