ContentProvider是Android4大组件之一,我们平时使用的机会可能比较少。其底层通过Binder进行数据共享。如果我们要对第三方应用提供数据,可以考虑使用ContentProvider实现。
要实现与其他的ContentProvider通信首先要查找到对应的ContentProvider进行匹配。android中ContenProvider借助ContentResolver通过Uri与其他的ContentProvider进行匹配通信。
URI为系统中的每一个资源赋予一个名字,比方说通话记录。每一个ContentProvider都拥有一个公共的URI,用于表示ContentProvider所提供的数据。 Android所提供的ContentProvider都位于android.provider包中, 可以将URI分为A、B、C、D 4个部分来理解。如对于content://com.wang.provider.myprovider/tablename/id:
a、标准前缀——content://,用来说明一个Content Provider控制这些数据;
b、URI的标识——com.wang.provider.myprovider,用于唯一标识这个ContentProvider,外部调用者可以根据这个标识来找到它。对于第三方应用程序,为了保证URI标识的唯一性,它必须是一个完整的、小写的类名。这个标识在元素的authorities属性中说明,一般是定义该ContentProvider的包.类的名称;
c、路径——tablename,通俗的讲就是你要操作的数据库中表的名字,或者你也可以自己定义,记得在使用的时候保持一致就可以了;
d、记录ID——id,如果URI中包含表示需要获取的记录的ID,则返回该id对应的数据,如果没有ID,就表示返回全部;
对于第三部分路径(path)做进一步的解释,用来表示要操作的数据,构建时应根据实际项目需求而定。如:
a、操作tablename表中id为11的记录,构建路径:/tablename/11;
b、操作tablename表中id为11的记录的name字段:tablename/11/name;
c、操作tablename表中的所有记录:/tablename;
d、操作来自文件、xml或网络等其他存储方式的数据,如要操作xml文件中tablename节点下name字段:/ tablename/name;
e、若需要将一个字符串转换成Uri,可以使用Uri类中的parse()方法,如:
Uri uri = Uri.parse("content://com.wang.provider.myprovider/tablename");
ContentResolver resolver = getContentResolver();
Cursor cursor = resolver.query(Uri.parse(""),null,null,null,null);
if(cursor != null){
while (cursor.moveToNext()){
Log.d("tag","query result "+cursor.getColumnNames());
}
cursor.close();
}
实现自的ContentProvider需要继承Android系统的ContentProvider然后实现下面的几个方法。
需要注意的是除了onCreate()其他的方法都运行在binder线程池。
然后在Manifest中声明对应的contentProvider即可。
contentProvider实现
class DataContentProvider : ContentProvider() {
private val tag = "DataContentProvider"
private var dbHelper:DBHelper? = null
override fun insert(uri: Uri, values: ContentValues?): Uri? {
return uri
}
override fun query(uri: Uri, projection: Array<String>?, selection: String?, selectionArgs: Array<String>?, sortOrder: String?): Cursor? {
val cursor = dbHelper?.readableDatabase?.query(DBHelper.USER_TABLE_NAME,projection,null,selectionArgs,null,null,sortOrder)
Log.d(tag,"call query cursor is $cursor")
return cursor
}
override fun onCreate(): Boolean {
dbHelper = DBHelper(this.context)
val db = dbHelper?.writableDatabase
db?.execSQL("delete from ${DBHelper.USER_TABLE_NAME}");
db?.execSQL("insert into ${DBHelper.USER_TABLE_NAME} values(1,'XW');")
db?.execSQL("insert into ${DBHelper.USER_TABLE_NAME} values(2,'XZ');")
return true
}
override fun update(uri: Uri, values: ContentValues?, selection: String?, selectionArgs: Array<String>?): Int {
return 0
}
override fun delete(uri: Uri, selection: String?, selectionArgs: Array<String>?): Int {
return 0
}
override fun getType(uri: Uri): String? {
return null
}
}
class DBHelper //数据库版本号
(context: Context?) : SQLiteOpenHelper(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION) {
override fun onCreate(db: SQLiteDatabase) { // 创建两个表格:用户表 和职业表
db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS $USER_TABLE_NAME(_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, name TEXT)")
}
override fun onUpgrade(db: SQLiteDatabase?, oldVersion: Int, newVersion: Int) {}
companion object {
// 数据库名
private const val DATABASE_NAME = "demo_provider.db"
// 表名
const val USER_TABLE_NAME = "user"
private const val DATABASE_VERSION = 1
}
}
Manifest注册如下:
<provider
android:name=".contentprovider.DataContentProvider"
android:authorities="com.txl.demo.content.provider" />
这样一个及其简单的ContentProvider就实现了。里面只实现了查询功能。
当ContentProvider数据发生改变的时候,可以通过ContentResolver的notifyChange()通知监听者数据发生改变。而外部需要通过ContentResolver注册监听才能接收到数据变化通知。
要理解这个工作流程需要对Android的Binder通信机制有较好的理解。可以参考
我们都知道ContentProvider通过binder向其他组件或者应用程序提供数据。
当ContentProvider所在的进程启动的时候,ContentProvider会同时启动并被发布到AMS中,需要注意的是ContentProvider的onCreate方法会先于Application的OnCreate调用。
应用程序启动的时候会调用ActivityThread#main方法。在这里会创建ActivityThread实例并初始化主线程的消息队列(初始化主线程的消息Looper)。并在ActivityThread#attach方法中远程调用AMS的attachApplication方法。而AMS又会远程调用ActivityThread#ApplicationThread#bindApplication。在bindApplication方法中通过handler切换到ActivityThread#handleBindApplication这里会创建Application和ContentProvider。
我们在handleBindApplication找到了 下面的一段代码:
app = data.info.makeApplication(data.restrictedBackupMode, null);// Propagate autofill compat state
app.setAutofillCompatibilityEnabled(data.autofillCompatibilityEnabled);
mInitialApplication = app;
// don't bring up providers in restricted mode; they may depend on the
// app's custom Application class
if (!data.restrictedBackupMode) {
if (!ArrayUtils.isEmpty(data.providers)) {
//创建ContentProvider
installContentProviders(app, data.providers);
// For process that contains content providers, we want to
// ensure that the JIT is enabled "at some point".
mH.sendEmptyMessageDelayed(H.ENABLE_JIT, 10*1000);
}
}
// Do this after providers, since instrumentation tests generally start their
// test thread at this point, and we don't want that racing.
try {
mInstrumentation.onCreate(data.instrumentationArgs);
}catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Exception thrown in onCreate() of "
+ data.instrumentationName + ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
try {
//调用Application的OnCreate
mInstrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
上面的代码可以证明前面说的ContentProvider创建在Application#onCreate调用之前。
为什么分析query过程?
1.query是Content最常见的一个使用流程,具有代表性。
2.ContentProvider跨进程通信返回了一个未经过Parcelable序列化的Cursor。这让人不得不好奇这个过程经历了什么。
我们通过Context#getContentResolver获取 ContentResolver。Conetx获取到的ContentResolver是ApplicationContentResolver对象。
ApplicationContentResolver的query方法在它的父类中实现ContentResolver中实现,在query中首先会获取 一个IContentProvider对象,不管是通过 acquireUnstableProvider 方法还是通过acquireProvider()方法其本质最终都是通过调研ActivityThread#acquireProvider方法来实现
ActivityThread#acquireProvider
public final IContentProvider acquireProvider(
Context c, String auth, int userId, boolean stable) {
final IContentProvider provider = acquireExistingProvider(c, auth, userId, stable);
if (provider != null) {
return provider;
}
// There is a possible race here. Another thread may try to acquire
// the same provider at the same time. When this happens, we want to ensure
// that the first one wins.
// Note that we cannot hold the lock while acquiring and installing the
// provider since it might take a long time to run and it could also potentially
// be re-entrant in the case where the provider is in the same process.
ContentProviderHolder holder = null;
try {
synchronized (getGetProviderLock(auth, userId)) {
holder = ActivityManager.getService().getContentProvider(
getApplicationThread(), auth, userId, stable);
}
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
throw ex.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
if (holder == null) {
Slog.e(TAG, "Failed to find provider info for " + auth);
return null;
}
// Install provider will increment the reference count for us, and break
// any ties in the race.
holder = installProvider(c, holder, holder.info,
true /*noisy*/, holder.noReleaseNeeded, stable);
return holder.provider;
}
上面的代码逻辑是:首先查询是否存在对应的ContentProvider,如果不存在则通过ActivityManagerServer获取对应的ContentProviderHolder,在ActivityManager获取ContentProviderHolder的过程中会判断contentProvider所在的进程是否存在如果不存在的话会创建对应的进程并启动ContentProvider。最后调用installProvider来获取IContentProvider对象。
private ContentProviderHolder installProvider(Context context,
ContentProviderHolder holder, ProviderInfo info,
boolean noisy, boolean noReleaseNeeded, boolean stable) {
ContentProvider localProvider = null;
IContentProvider provider;
if (holder == null || holder.provider == null) {
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER || noisy) {
Slog.d(TAG, "Loading provider " + info.authority + ": "
+ info.name);
}
Context c = null;
ApplicationInfo ai = info.applicationInfo;
if (context.getPackageName().equals(ai.packageName)) {
c = context;
} else if (mInitialApplication != null &&
mInitialApplication.getPackageName().equals(ai.packageName)) {
c = mInitialApplication;
} else {
try {
c = context.createPackageContext(ai.packageName,
Context.CONTEXT_INCLUDE_CODE);
} catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
// Ignore
}
}
if (c == null) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Unable to get context for package " +
ai.packageName +
" while loading content provider " +
info.name);
return null;
}
if (info.splitName != null) {
try {
c = c.createContextForSplit(info.splitName);
} catch (NameNotFoundException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
try {
final java.lang.ClassLoader cl = c.getClassLoader();
LoadedApk packageInfo = peekPackageInfo(ai.packageName, true);
if (packageInfo == null) {
// System startup case.
packageInfo = getSystemContext().mPackageInfo;
}
localProvider = packageInfo.getAppFactory()
.instantiateProvider(cl, info.name);
provider = localProvider.getIContentProvider();
if (provider == null) {
Slog.e(TAG, "Failed to instantiate class " +
info.name + " from sourceDir " +
info.applicationInfo.sourceDir);
return null;
}
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) Slog.v(
TAG, "Instantiating local provider " + info.name);
// XXX Need to create the correct context for this provider.
localProvider.attachInfo(c, info);
} catch (java.lang.Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(null, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to get provider " + info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
return null;
}
} else {
provider = holder.provider;
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) Slog.v(TAG, "Installing external provider " + info.authority + ": "
+ info.name);
}
ContentProviderHolder retHolder;
synchronized (mProviderMap) {
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) Slog.v(TAG, "Checking to add " + provider
+ " / " + info.name);
IBinder jBinder = provider.asBinder();
if (localProvider != null) {
ComponentName cname = new ComponentName(info.packageName, info.name);
ProviderClientRecord pr = mLocalProvidersByName.get(cname);
if (pr != null) {
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) {
Slog.v(TAG, "installProvider: lost the race, "
+ "using existing local provider");
}
provider = pr.mProvider;
} else {
holder = new ContentProviderHolder(info);
holder.provider = provider;
holder.noReleaseNeeded = true;
pr = installProviderAuthoritiesLocked(provider, localProvider, holder);
mLocalProviders.put(jBinder, pr);
mLocalProvidersByName.put(cname, pr);
}
retHolder = pr.mHolder;
} else {
ProviderRefCount prc = mProviderRefCountMap.get(jBinder);
if (prc != null) {
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) {
Slog.v(TAG, "installProvider: lost the race, updating ref count");
}
// We need to transfer our new reference to the existing
// ref count, releasing the old one... but only if
// release is needed (that is, it is not running in the
// system process).
if (!noReleaseNeeded) {
incProviderRefLocked(prc, stable);
try {
ActivityManager.getService().removeContentProvider(
holder.connection, stable);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
//do nothing content provider object is dead any way
}
}
} else {
ProviderClientRecord client = installProviderAuthoritiesLocked(
provider, localProvider, holder);
if (noReleaseNeeded) {
prc = new ProviderRefCount(holder, client, 1000, 1000);
} else {
prc = stable
? new ProviderRefCount(holder, client, 1, 0)
: new ProviderRefCount(holder, client, 0, 1);
}
mProviderRefCountMap.put(jBinder, prc);
}
retHolder = prc.holder;
}
}
return retHolder;
}
整个installProvider方法的代码比较长,核心思想是,如果传入的holder为空或者它的provider为空,那么会执行本地创建逻辑,调用创建的ContentProvider#getIContentProvider()获取IContentProvider对象。然后放入对应的Holder。如果传入的holder不为空,直接获取holder中的provider。也就是说我们可以简单理解为获取到的IContentProvider为getIContentProvider方法返回的对象。
public IContentProvider getIContentProvider() {
return mTransport;
}
可以看到ContentProvider#getIContentProvider返回了mTransport,mTransport对应的类为ContentProvider#Transport,Transport继承了ContentProviderNative,而ContentProviderNative又继承了BInder。这样我们就明白了Transport通过继承Binder的方式实现了跨进程传输。我们知道Binder通信跨进程进行方法调用时通过onTransact才能处理到对应的方法。我们直接看到ContentProviderNative#onTransact。
因为onTransact方法实现过长,这里我们只关心query的实现部分。
case QUERY_TRANSACTION:
{
data.enforceInterface(IContentProvider.descriptor);
String callingPkg = data.readString();
Uri url = Uri.CREATOR.createFromParcel(data);
// String[] projection
int num = data.readInt();
String[] projection = null;
if (num > 0) {
projection = new String[num];
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
projection[i] = data.readString();
}
}
Bundle queryArgs = data.readBundle();
IContentObserver observer = IContentObserver.Stub.asInterface(
data.readStrongBinder());
ICancellationSignal cancellationSignal = ICancellationSignal.Stub.asInterface(
data.readStrongBinder());
Cursor cursor = query(callingPkg, url, projection, queryArgs, cancellationSignal);
if (cursor != null) {
CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor adaptor = null;
try {
adaptor = new CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor(cursor, observer,
getProviderName());
cursor = null;
BulkCursorDescriptor d = adaptor.getBulkCursorDescriptor();
adaptor = null;
reply.writeNoException();
reply.writeInt(1);
d.writeToParcel(reply, Parcelable.PARCELABLE_WRITE_RETURN_VALUE);
} finally {
// Close cursor if an exception was thrown while constructing the adaptor.
if (adaptor != null) {
adaptor.close();
}
if (cursor != null) {
cursor.close();
}
}
} else {
reply.writeNoException();
reply.writeInt(0);
}
return true;
}
在这个主要涉及到这两个类CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor,BulkCursorDescriptor。BulkCursorDescriptor实现了Parcelable可以跨进程进行传输,CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor间接继承了Binder页具备跨进程传输能力。在跨进程返回数据的时将BulkCursorDescriptor写入到返回数据中。在ContentProviderProxy中进行反序列化得到CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor类。这样整个查询过程就清晰了。
对于ContentProvider#getIContentProvider补充说明,前面我们直接简单理解成返回了mTransport这个是有点问题的。其实在哪个位置获取到的IContentProvider对象是ContentProviderProxy。我们来看看原因。
在应用程序启动的时候会启动ContentProvider,并将对用的ContentProvider发布到ActivityManagerServer。
private void installContentProviders(
Context context, List<ProviderInfo> providers) {
final ArrayList<ContentProviderHolder> results = new ArrayList<>();
for (ProviderInfo cpi : providers) {
if (DEBUG_PROVIDER) {
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(128);
buf.append("Pub ");
buf.append(cpi.authority);
buf.append(": ");
buf.append(cpi.name);
Log.i(TAG, buf.toString());
}
ContentProviderHolder cph = installProvider(context, null, cpi,
false /*noisy*/, true /*noReleaseNeeded*/, true /*stable*/);
if (cph != null) {
cph.noReleaseNeeded = true;
results.add(cph);
}
}
try {
//将ContentProvider相关信心发布到ActivityManagerService
ActivityManager.getService().publishContentProviders(
getApplicationThread(), results);
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
throw ex.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
}
可以看到最终将results发布到了ActivityManagerService。而这个result列表里面装的是ContentProviderHolder。它实现了Parcelable。我们知道跨进程传输需要涉及到序列化与反序列化。
public class ContentProviderHolder implements Parcelable {
public final ProviderInfo info;
public IContentProvider provider;
public IBinder connection;
public boolean noReleaseNeeded;
public ContentProviderHolder(ProviderInfo _info) {
info = _info;
}
@Override
public int describeContents() {
return 0;
}
@Override
public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
info.writeToParcel(dest, 0);
if (provider != null) {
dest.writeStrongBinder(provider.asBinder());
} else {
dest.writeStrongBinder(null);
}
dest.writeStrongBinder(connection);
dest.writeInt(noReleaseNeeded ? 1 : 0);
}
public static final Parcelable.Creator<ContentProviderHolder> CREATOR
= new Parcelable.Creator<ContentProviderHolder>() {
@Override
public ContentProviderHolder createFromParcel(Parcel source) {
return new ContentProviderHolder(source);
}
@Override
public ContentProviderHolder[] newArray(int size) {
return new ContentProviderHolder[size];
}
};
private ContentProviderHolder(Parcel source) {
info = ProviderInfo.CREATOR.createFromParcel(source);
provider = ContentProviderNative.asInterface(
source.readStrongBinder());
connection = source.readStrongBinder();
noReleaseNeeded = source.readInt() != 0;
}
}
可以看到 反序列化的时候通过ContentProviderNative#asInterface得到了 ContentProviderProxy的实例对象。因此在跨进程是我们 getIContentProvider时获取到的是ContentProviderProxy实例对象。这是一个典型的Binder通信过程。
AutoSize是一款优秀的基于今日头条方案的屏幕适配框架,它的使用非常简单。引入框架,然后在manifest中声明对应设计图的宽高即可使用。侵入性非常低。那么开启应用即可使用的呢?答案是利用ContentProvider会随应用程序启动而启动的特性。然后在ContentProvider中做自己的初始化操作。这个是一个非常好的实现思路。我们不仅可以用ContentProvider提供数据,也可以利用它的特性初始化自己的特定逻辑。
如何通过ContentProvider查询数据
通过ContentResolver 进行uri匹配
如何实现自己的ContentProvider
继承ContentProvider,实现对应的方法。在manifest中声明
ContentResolver如何返回Cursor对象
在跨进程的情况下返回的是CursorToBulkCursorAdaptor对象,其实质是借助Binder的跨进程传输能力,在ContentProvider进程中序列化,在调用程序中反序列化。