Urllib3是一个功能强大,条理清晰,用于HTTP客户端的Python库。许多Python的原生系统已经开始使用urllib3。Urllib3提供了很多python标准库urllib里所没有的重要特性:
线程安全
连接池
客户端SSL/TLS验证
文件分部编码上传
协助处理重复请求和HTTP重定位
支持压缩编码
支持HTTP和SOCKS代理
urllib3主要使用连接池进行网络请求的访问,所以访问之前我们需要创建一个连接池对象,如下所示:
import urllib3
url = "http://httpbin.org"
http = urllib3.PoolManager();
r = http.request('GET',url+"/get")
print(r.data.decode())
print(r.status)
带参数的get
r = http.request('get','http://www.baidu.com/s',fields={'wd':'周杰伦'})
print(r.data.decode())
经查看源码:
def request(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
request请求的返回值是
我们可以通过dir()查看其所有的属性和方法。
dir(r)
直截取了一部分
#'data', 'decode_content', 'enforce_content_length', 'fileno', 'flush', 'from_httplib',
# 'get_redirect_location', 'getheader', 'getheaders', 'headers', 'info', 'isatty',
# 'length_remaining', 'read', 'read_chunked', 'readable', 'readinto', 'readline',
# 'readlines', 'reason', 'release_conn', 'retries', 'seek', 'seekable', 'status',
# 'stream', 'strict', 'supports_chunked_reads', 'tell', 'truncate', 'version', 'writable',
# 'writelines']
import urllib3
url = "http://httpbin.org"
fields = {
'name':'xfy'
}
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
r = http.request('post',url+"/post",fields=fields)
print(r.data.decode())
可以看到很简单,只是第一个参数get换成了post。
并且参数不需要再像urllib一样转换成byte型了。
import urllib3
headers = {
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36'
}
http = urllib3.PoolManager();
r = http.request('get',url+"/get",headers = headers)
print(r.data.decode())
四、设置代理
import urllib3
url = "http://httpbin.org"
headers = {
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36'
}
proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://101.236.19.165:8866',headers = headers)
r = proxy.request('get',url+"/ip")
print(r.data.decode())
在发起请求时,可以通过定义body 参数并定义headers的Content-Type参数来发送一个已经过编译的JSON数据
import urllib3
url = "http://httpbin.org"
import json
data = {'name':'徐繁韵'}
json_data = json.dumps(data)
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
r = http.request('post',url+"/post",body = json_data,headers = {'Content-Type':'application/json'})
print(r.data.decode('unicode_escape'))
六、上传文件
#元组形式
with open('a.html','rb') as f:
data = f.read()
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
r = http.request('post','http://httpbin.org/post',fields = {'filefield':('a.html',data,'text/plain')})
print(r.data.decode())
#二进制形式
r = http.request('post','http://httpbin.org/post',body = data,headers={'Content-Type':'image/jpeg'})
print(r.data.decode())
import urllib3
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
#重试
r = http.request('post','http://httpbin.org/post',retries = 5) #请求重试测次数为5次 ,默认为3ci
print(r.retries) #Retry(total=5, connect=None, read=None, redirect=0, status=None)
#关闭重试
http.request('post','http://httpbin.org/post',retries = False) #请求重试测次数为5次 ,默认为3ci
r = http.request('get','http://httpbin.org/redirect/1',redirect = False)
print(r.retries)# Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)
print(r.status)
print(r.data.decode())
print("--------------------")
print(r.get_redirect_location())
#302不是异常
虽然可以请求,但是报如下警告:
InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warningsInsecureRequestWarning)
禁用警告:
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings() #禁用各种警告
url = "https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/"
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
r = http.request('get',url)
print(r.data.decode())
urllib3很强大,但是并没有requests好用。了解为主。