在NIO中通过Selector的轮询当前是否有IO事件,根据JDK NIO api描述,Selector的select方法会一直阻塞,直到IO事件达到或超时,但是在Linux平台上这里有时会出现问题,在某些场景下select方法会直接返回,即使没有超时并且也没有IO事件到达,这就是著名的epoll bug,这是一个比较严重的bug,它会导致线程陷入死循环,会让CPU飙到100%,极大地影响系统的可靠性,到目前为止,JDK都没有完全解决这个问题。
但是Netty有效的规避了这个问题,经过实践证明,epoll bug已Netty框架解决,Netty的处理方式是这样的:
记录select空转的次数,定义一个阀值,这个阀值默认是512,可以在应用层通过设置系统属性io.netty.selectorAutoRebuildThreshold传入,当空转的次数超过了这个阀值,重新构建新Selector,将老Selector上注册的Channel转移到新建的Selector上,关闭老Selector,用新的Selector代替老Selector,详细实现可以查看NioEventLoop中的selector和rebuildSelector方法:
for (;;) {
long timeoutMillis = (selectDeadLineNanos - currentTimeNanos + 500000L) / 1000000L;
if (timeoutMillis <= 0) {
if (selectCnt == 0) {
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
}
break;
}
int selectedKeys = selector.select(timeoutMillis);
selectCnt ++;
if (selectedKeys != 0 || oldWakenUp || wakenUp.get() || hasTasks()) {
// Selected something,
// waken up by user, or
// the task queue has a pending task.
break;
}
if (selectedKeys == 0 && Thread.interrupted()) {
// Thread was interrupted so reset selected keys and break so we not run into a busy loop.
// As this is most likely a bug in the handler of the user or it's client library we will
// also log it.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2426
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Selector.select() returned prematurely because " +
"Thread.currentThread().interrupt() was called. Use " +
"NioEventLoop.shutdownGracefully() to shutdown the NioEventLoop.");
}
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
if (SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD > 0 &&
selectCnt >= SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD) {
// The selector returned prematurely many times in a row.
// Rebuild the selector to work around the problem.
logger.warn(
"Selector.select() returned prematurely {} times in a row; rebuilding selector.",
selectCnt);
rebuildSelector();
selector = this.selector;
// Select again to populate selectedKeys.
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
currentTimeNanos = System.nanoTime();
}
public void rebuildSelector() {
if (!inEventLoop()) {
execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
rebuildSelector();
}
});
return;
}
final Selector oldSelector = selector;
final Selector newSelector;
if (oldSelector == null) {
return;
}
try {
newSelector = openSelector();
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to create a new Selector.", e);
return;
}
// Register all channels to the new Selector.
int nChannels = 0;
for (;;) {
try {
for (SelectionKey key: oldSelector.keys()) {
Object a = key.attachment();
try {
if (!key.isValid() || key.channel().keyFor(newSelector) != null) {
continue;
}
int interestOps = key.interestOps();
key.cancel();
key.channel().register(newSelector, interestOps, a);
nChannels ++;
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to re-register a Channel to the new Selector.", e);
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
AbstractNioChannel ch = (AbstractNioChannel) a;
ch.unsafe().close(ch.unsafe().voidPromise());
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask task = (NioTask) a;
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, key, e);
}
}
}
} catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
// Probably due to concurrent modification of the key set.
continue;
}
break;
}
selector = newSelector;
try {
// time to close the old selector as everything else is registered to the new one
oldSelector.close();
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Failed to close the old Selector.", t);
}
}
logger.info("Migrated " + nChannels + " channel(s) to the new Selector.");
}
线程是多路复用器的核心,所有IO事件执行的载体,一旦线程出现异常线程跑飞(run方法执行结束),那么可能会导致整个多路复用器不可用,导致挂载在多路复用器上的连接不可用,进而大量的业务请求失败。由于Netty中的同时处理IO事件和非IO事件逻辑,所以线程不仅仅要处理IO异常,业务测触发的异常也需要被正确的处理,一旦处理不当,会导致线程跑飞。Netty的处理是在run方法中catch所有的Throwable即所有的Exception和Error,不做任何处理,休眠1s继续执行循环,休眠1s的目的是为了防止捕获异常之后继续执行再次进入该异常形成死循环。实现代码在NioEventLoop的run方法中:
@Override
protected void run() {
for (;;) {
oldWakenUp = wakenUp.getAndSet(false);
try {
...
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Unexpected exception in the selector loop.", t);
// Prevent possible consecutive immediate failures that lead to
// excessive CPU consumption.
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Ignore.
}
}
}
}
为了提升内存的利用率,Netty提供了内存池和对象池,内存泄露保护主要是针对Netty中的内存池的,Netty要求在使用完内存池中的内存之后要显示的归还,以免内存中的对象存在额外的引用造成内存泄露,Netty提供了SimpleChannelInboundHandler,该处理器会自动释放内存,使用者可以直接继承该处理器,它的channelRead方法的finally块中调用了释放内存的方法,另外内存泄露监控处理可以参考ResourceLeakDetector类中的代码:
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
boolean release = true;
try {
if (acceptInboundMessage(msg)) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
I imsg = (I) msg;
channelRead0(ctx, imsg);
} else {
release = false;
ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
}
} finally {
if (autoRelease && release) {
ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
}
}
}
为了防止一些超长的恶意流量耗尽服务器内存压垮服务器,有必要会缓存区设置上限,Netty做了如下处理: