随机森林回归
算法介绍:
随机森林是决策树的集成算法。随机森林包含多个决策树来降低过拟合的风险。随机森林同样具有易解释性、可处理类别特征、易扩展到多分类问题、不需特征缩放等性质。
随机森林分别训练一系列的决策树,所以训练过程是并行的。因算法中加入随机过程,所以每个决策树又有少量区别。通过合并每个树的预测结果来减少预测的方差,提高在测试集上的性能表现。
随机性体现:
1.每次迭代时,对原始数据进行二次抽样来获得不同的训练数据。
2.对于每个树节点,考虑不同的随机特征子集来进行分裂。
除此之外,决策时的训练过程和单独决策树训练过程相同。
对新实例进行预测时,随机森林需要整合其各个决策树的预测结果。回归和分类问题的整合的方式略有不同。分类问题采取投票制,每个决策树投票给一个类别,获得最多投票的类别为最终结果。回归问题每个树得到的预测结果为实数,最终的预测结果为各个树预测结果的平均值。
spark.ml支持二分类、多分类以及回归的随机森林算法,适用于连续特征以及类别特征。
参数:
checkpointInterval:
类型:整数型。
含义:设置检查点间隔(>=1),或不设置检查点(-1)。
featureSubsetStrategy:
类型:字符串型。
含义:每次分裂候选特征数量。
featuresCol:
类型:字符串型。
含义:特征列名。
impurity:
类型:字符串型。
含义:计算信息增益的准则(不区分大小写)。
labelCol:
类型:字符串型。
含义:标签列名。
maxBins:
类型:整数型。
含义:连续特征离散化的最大数量,以及选择每个节点分裂特征的方式。
maxDepth:
类型:整数型。
含义:树的最大深度(>=0)。
minInfoGain:
类型:双精度型。
含义:分裂节点时所需最小信息增益。
minInstancesPerNode:
类型:整数型。
含义:分裂后自节点最少包含的实例数量。
numTrees:
类型:整数型。
含义:训练的树的数量。
predictionCol:
类型:字符串型。
含义:预测结果列名。
seed:
类型:长整型。
含义:随机种子。
subsamplingRate:
类型:双精度型。
含义:学习一棵决策树使用的训练数据比例,范围[0,1]。
thresholds:
类型:双精度数组型。
含义:多分类预测的阀值,以调整预测结果在各个类别的概率。
调用示例:
下面的例子导入LibSVM格式数据,并将之划分为训练数据和测试数据。使用第一部分数据进行训练,剩下数据来测试。训练之前我们使用了两种数据预处理方法来对特征进行转换,并且添加了元数据到DataFrame。
Scala:
import org.apache.spark.ml.Pipeline
import org.apache.spark.ml.evaluation.RegressionEvaluator
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexer
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.{RandomForestRegressionModel, RandomForestRegressor}
// Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame.
val data = spark.read.format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt")
// Automatically identify categorical features, and index them.
// Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous.
val featureIndexer = new VectorIndexer()
.setInputCol("features")
.setOutputCol("indexedFeatures")
.setMaxCategories(4)
.fit(data)
// Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing).
val Array(trainingData, testData) = data.randomSplit(Array(0.7, 0.3))
// Train a RandomForest model.
val rf = new RandomForestRegressor()
.setLabelCol("label")
.setFeaturesCol("indexedFeatures")
// Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline.
val pipeline = new Pipeline()
.setStages(Array(featureIndexer, rf))
// Train model. This also runs the indexer.
val model = pipeline.fit(trainingData)
// Make predictions.
val predictions = model.transform(testData)
// Select example rows to display.
predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5)
// Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error.
val evaluator = new RegressionEvaluator()
.setLabelCol("label")
.setPredictionCol("prediction")
.setMetricName("rmse")
val rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions)
println("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = " + rmse)
val rfModel = model.stages(1).asInstanceOf[RandomForestRegressionModel]
println("Learned regression forest model:\n" + rfModel.toDebugString)
Java:
import org.apache.spark.ml.Pipeline;
import org.apache.spark.ml.PipelineModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.PipelineStage;
import org.apache.spark.ml.evaluation.RegressionEvaluator;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexer;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexerModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.RandomForestRegressionModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.RandomForestRegressor;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession;
// Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame.
Dataset data = spark.read().format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt");
// Automatically identify categorical features, and index them.
// Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous.
VectorIndexerModel featureIndexer = new VectorIndexer()
.setInputCol("features")
.setOutputCol("indexedFeatures")
.setMaxCategories(4)
.fit(data);
// Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing)
Dataset[] splits = data.randomSplit(new double[] {0.7, 0.3});
Dataset trainingData = splits[0];
Dataset testData = splits[1];
// Train a RandomForest model.
RandomForestRegressor rf = new RandomForestRegressor()
.setLabelCol("label")
.setFeaturesCol("indexedFeatures");
// Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline
Pipeline pipeline = new Pipeline()
.setStages(new PipelineStage[] {featureIndexer, rf});
// Train model. This also runs the indexer.
PipelineModel model = pipeline.fit(trainingData);
// Make predictions.
Dataset predictions = model.transform(testData);
// Select example rows to display.
predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5);
// Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error
RegressionEvaluator evaluator = new RegressionEvaluator()
.setLabelCol("label")
.setPredictionCol("prediction")
.setMetricName("rmse");
double rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions);
System.out.println("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = " + rmse);
RandomForestRegressionModel rfModel = (RandomForestRegressionModel)(model.stages()[1]);
System.out.println("Learned regression forest model:\n" + rfModel.toDebugString());
Python:
from pyspark.ml import Pipeline
from pyspark.ml.regression import RandomForestRegressor
from pyspark.ml.feature import VectorIndexer
from pyspark.ml.evaluation import RegressionEvaluator
# Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame.
data = spark.read.format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt")
# Automatically identify categorical features, and index them.
# Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous.
featureIndexer =\
VectorIndexer(inputCol="features", outputCol="indexedFeatures", maxCategories=4).fit(data)
# Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing)
(trainingData, testData) = data.randomSplit([0.7, 0.3])
# Train a RandomForest model.
rf = RandomForestRegressor(featuresCol="indexedFeatures")
# Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline
pipeline = Pipeline(stages=[featureIndexer, rf])
# Train model. This also runs the indexer.
model = pipeline.fit(trainingData)
# Make predictions.
predictions = model.transform(testData)
# Select example rows to display.
predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5)
# Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error
evaluator = RegressionEvaluator(
labelCol="label", predictionCol="prediction", metricName="rmse")
rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions)
print("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = %g" % rmse)
rfModel = model.stages[1]
print(rfModel) # summary only