数据库关键字:distinct去重,放于列前,用于所有的列,不能部分使用
top关键字限制返回的行。sql server中select top 5 name限制。oracle用where rownum = 5限制。mysql用limit 5限制。
limit 5 offset 6从第5行开始往后6行,也写作limit 6,5.注意sql必知必会上的这个地方说法有歧义,刷的题中用法相反
排序检索出来的数据:select from order by。。。注意order by必须作为查询语句的最后一行,后面可以跟多个属性列,比如先按价格排,再按名字排。。。默认A-Z,如果要降序,要加DESC(可针对每一个属性)关键字在属性后。
过滤数据:where关键字,<>不等于可以和!=互换。between 5 and 10。。。where number is null查询电话号码为空的记录。
高级数据过滤:OR和AND相反,并且AND关键字优先级较高,应该使用圆括号消除歧义。IN和or相像,但是in效率更高,并且in能包含其他的select语句,能更加动态的简历where字句。
NOT用法where not id = ‘1001’就等价于where id <> '1001',在复杂句子中not很常用,和in联合使用。
用通配符进行过滤:%表示任何字符出现任意次数,where name like 'Fish%'找出以Fish开头的词。
通配符%看起来可以匹配任何东西,但是有个例外,就是NULL,例如where name like '%'就不会匹配产品名称为NULL的行。
_匹配单个字符,[]通配符,指定一个字符集,比如where name like '[JM]%'意思是找出以J或者M开头的名字。他可以用^l来表示否定:where name like '[^JM]%'
7.2创建计算字段
1.组合两个表175
题目描述:编写查询,满足无论person是否有地址信息,都要基于量表提供person一下信息
FirstName, LastName, City, State
知识点:
innner join是两个表的交集。
outer join又分为
left join:产生A的完全集,B中匹配才有值
right join:产生B的完全集,A中匹配 才有值
fulll join:产生A和B的并集
cross join是指把表A和表B的数据进行N*M组合,即笛卡尔积
注意,如果没有某个人的地址信息,使用where子句将会过滤失败,因为不会显示姓名信息
on和where的区别:
不管on上的条件是否为真,都会返回left或者right表中的记录
# Write your MySQL query statement below
select FirstName, LastName, City, State
from Person left join Address
on Person.Personid = Address.Personid;
2.第二高的薪水
疑惑点:万一表中只有一条数据,那么可以将查询出来的表作为临时表?先死记住临时表在这里这样用。
SELECT DISTINCT
Salary AS SecondHighestSalary
FROM
Employee
ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1
//上述方法不行,因为如果没有第二高工资,那么将会判定为错误答案。
//可以将它作为临时表
select
(select distinct salary
from Employee
order by Salary DESC
limit 1 offset 1) as SecondHighestSalary;
//解决NULL问题的另一种方法是使用“IFNULL”函数
select ifnull((select distinct salary
from Employee
order by Salary DESC
limit 1 offset 1),null) as SecondHighestSalary;
3.第N高的薪水
CREATE FUNCTION getNthHighestSalary(N INT) RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE P INT;
DECLARE Q INT;
IF(N<1)
THEN SET P = 0,Q = 0;
ELSE
SET P = N-1,Q =1;
END IF;
RETURN (
# Write your MySQL query statement below.
SELECT IFNULL(
(SELECT DISTINCT Salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT P,Q),NULL
)AS getNthHighestSalary
);
END
4.分数排名
# Write your MySQL query statement below
select a.Score,(
select count(distinct b.Score)
from Scores b
where b.Score>=a.Score
)as rank
from Scores a
order by Score desc;
5.连续出现的数字
连续出现3次,意味着相同数字的id是连续的,可使用logs并检查是否有3个连续的相同数字。
//用distinct和where语句来做
# Write your MySQL query statement below
select distinct
l1.Num as ConsecutiveNums
from
Logs l1,Logs l2,Logs l3
where
l1.Id=l2.Id-1
and l2.Id = l3.Id -1
and l1.Num = l2.Num
and l2.Num = l3.NumNum
6.超过经理收入的员工
SELECT
a.Name AS 'Employee'
FROM
Employee AS a,
Employee AS b
WHERE
a.ManagerId = b.Id
AND a.Salary > b.Salary
7.查找重复的电子邮箱
select distinct l1.Email as Email
from Person l1,Person l2
where l1.Id <> l2.Id
and l1.Email = l2.Email;
select Email
from Person
group by Email
having count(Email)>1
select Email
from (select Email,count(Email) as num
from Person
group by Email
) as static
where num>1
8.从不订购的客户
# Write your MySQL query statement below
select Customers.Name as 'Customers'
from Customers
where Customers.Id not in
(select CustomerId from Orders);
9.部门工资最高的员工
# Write your MySQL query statement below
select Department.name as Department,
Employee.name as Employee,
Salary
from Employee join Department on (Department.Id = Employee.DepartmentId)
where (Employee.DepartmentId,Salary) in
(select DepartmentId,max(Salary)
from Employee
group by DepartmentId);
10.删除重复的电子邮箱
心路历程:从两个表找出email相同的元素,并且只留下id最小的。where p1.Id > p2.Id and p1.Email = p2.Email
delete p1
from Person p1,Person p2
where p1.Id>p2.Id and p1.Email = p2.Email;
11.上升的温度
mysql使用DATEDIFF来比较两个日期类型的值,因此可通过将weather与自身相结合,并使用DATEDIFF()函数
select weather.id as 'Id'
from
weather join weather w on DATEDIFF(weather.date,w.date) = 1
and weather.Temperature > w.Temperature
12.部门工资前三高的所有员工
公司前3高的薪水意味着有不超过3个工资比这个值大。
/*Employee 表包含所有员工信息,每个员工有其对应的工号 Id,姓名 Name,工资 Salary 和部门编号 DepartmentId 。
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name | Salary | DepartmentId |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | Joe | 85000 | 1 |
| 2 | Henry | 80000 | 2 |
| 3 | Sam | 60000 | 2 |
| 4 | Max | 90000 | 1 |
| 5 | Janet | 69000 | 1 |
| 6 | Randy | 85000 | 1 |
| 7 | Will | 70000 | 1 |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
Department 表包含公司所有部门的信息。
+----+----------+
| Id | Name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | IT |
| 2 | Sales |
+----+----------+
编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门获得前三高工资的所有员工。例如,根据上述给定的表,查询结果应返回:
+------------+----------+--------+
| Department | Employee | Salary |
+------------+----------+--------+
| IT | Max | 90000 |
| IT | Randy | 85000 |
| IT | Joe | 85000 |
| IT | Will | 70000 |
| Sales | Henry | 80000 |
| Sales | Sam | 60000 |
+------------+----------+--------+
解释:
IT 部门中,Max 获得了最高的工资,Randy 和 Joe 都拿到了第二高的工资,Will 的工资排第三。销售部门(Sales)只有两名员工,Henry 的工资最高,Sam 的工资排第二。
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/department-top-three-salaries
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
SELECT
Department.NAME AS Department,
e1.NAME AS Employee,
e1.Salary AS Salary
FROM
Employee AS e1,Department
WHERE
e1.DepartmentId = Department.Id
AND 3 > (SELECT count( DISTINCT e2.Salary )
FROM Employee AS e2
WHERE e1.Salary < e2.Salary AND e1.DepartmentId = e2.DepartmentId )
ORDER BY Department.NAME,Salary DESC;
620.有趣的电影
/*某城市开了一家新的电影院,吸引了很多人过来看电影。该电影院特别注意用户体验,专门有个 LED显示板做电影推荐,上面公布着影评和相关电影描述。
作为该电影院的信息部主管,您需要编写一个 SQL查询,找出所有影片描述为非 boring (不无聊) 的并且 id 为奇数 的影片,结果请按等级 rating 排列。
例如,下表 cinema:
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
| 2 | Science | fiction | 8.5 |
| 3 | irish | boring | 6.2 |
| 4 | Ice song | Fantacy | 8.6 |
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
对于上面的例子,则正确的输出是为:
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/not-boring-movies
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
select *
from cinema
where mod(id,2) = 1 and description != 'boring'
order by rating DESC
;
627.交换工资
/*给定一个 salary 表,如下所示,有 m = 男性 和 f = 女性 的值。交换所有的 f 和 m 值(例如,将所有 f 值更改为 m,反之亦然)。要求只使用一个更新(Update)语句,并且没有中间的临时表。
注意,您必只能写一个 Update 语句,请不要编写任何 Select 语句。
例如:
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | m | 2500 |
| 2 | B | f | 1500 |
| 3 | C | m | 5500 |
| 4 | D | f | 500 |
运行你所编写的更新语句之后,将会得到以下表:
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | f | 2500 |
| 2 | B | m | 1500 |
| 3 | C | f | 5500 |
| 4 | D | m | 500 |
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/swap-salary
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
update salary
SET
sex = case sex
when 'm' then 'f'
else 'm'
end;
595.大的国家
/*这里有张 World 表
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| name | continent | area | population | gdp |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Afghanistan | Asia | 652230 | 25500100 | 20343000 |
| Albania | Europe | 28748 | 2831741 | 12960000 |
| Algeria | Africa | 2381741 | 37100000 | 188681000 |
| Andorra | Europe | 468 | 78115 | 3712000 |
| Angola | Africa | 1246700 | 20609294 | 100990000 |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
如果一个国家的面积超过300万平方公里,或者人口超过2500万,那么这个国家就是大国家。
编写一个SQL查询,输出表中所有大国家的名称、人口和面积。
例如,根据上表,我们应该输出:
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| name | population | area |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| Afghanistan | 25500100 | 652230 |
| Algeria | 37100000 | 2381741 |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/big-countries
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
select name,population,area
from World
where area >3000000 or population > 25000000
626.换座位
/*小美是一所中学的信息科技老师,她有一张 seat 座位表,平时用来储存学生名字和与他们相对应的座位 id。
其中纵列的 id 是连续递增的
小美想改变相邻俩学生的座位。
你能不能帮她写一个 SQL query 来输出小美想要的结果呢?
示例:
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Abbot |
| 2 | Doris |
| 3 | Emerson |
| 4 | Green |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
假如数据输入的是上表,则输出结果如下:
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Doris |
| 2 | Abbot |
| 3 | Green |
| 4 | Emerson |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
注意:
如果学生人数是奇数,则不需要改变最后一个同学的座位。
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/exchange-seats
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
select (
case
when mod(id,2) != 0 and counts != id then id+1
when mod(id,2) != 0 and counts =id then id
else id -1
end
)as id,student
from seat,(
select count(*) as counts from seat
) as count_seats
order by id ASC
596.超过5名学生的课
/*有一个courses 表 ,有: student (学生) 和 class (课程)。
请列出所有超过或等于5名学生的课。
例如,表:
+---------+------------+
| student | class |
+---------+------------+
| A | Math |
| B | English |
| C | Math |
| D | Biology |
| E | Math |
| F | Computer |
| G | Math |
| H | Math |
| I | Math |
+---------+------------+
应该输出:
+---------+
| class |
+---------+
| Math |
+---------+
Note:
学生在每个课中不应被重复计算。
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/classes-more-than-5-students
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权,非商业转载请注明出处。*/
select class
from
(select class,count(distinct student)as counts
from courses
group by class) as e1
where counts >= 5
1179.重新格式化部门表