iOS多线程简介

1、简介：

1.1 iOS有三种多线程编程的技术，分别是：

1.、NSThread 

2、Cocoa NSOperation （iOS多线程编程之NSOperation和NSOperationQueue的使用）

3、GCD  全称：Grand Central Dispatch（ iOS多线程编程之Grand Central Dispatch(GCD)介绍和使用）

这三种编程方式从上到下，抽象度层次是从低到高的，抽象度越高的使用越简单，也是Apple最推荐使用的。

这篇我们主要介绍和使用NSThread，后面会继续2、3 的讲解和使用。

1.2 三种方式的有缺点介绍：

NSThread:

优点：NSThread 比其他两个轻量级

缺点：需要自己管理线程的生命周期，线程同步。线程同步对数据的加锁会有一定的系统开销

NSThread实现的技术有下面三种：

Technology	Description
Cocoa threads	Cocoa implements threads using the NSThread class. Cocoa also provides methods on NSObject for spawning new threads and executing code on already-running threads. For more information, see “Using NSThread” and “Using NSObject to Spawn a Thread.”
POSIX threads	POSIX threads provide a C-based interface for creating threads. If you are not writing a Cocoa application, this is the best choice for creating threads. The POSIX interface is relatively simple to use and offers ample flexibility for configuring your threads. For more information, see “Using POSIX Threads”
Multiprocessing Services	Multiprocessing Services is a legacy C-based interface used by applications transitioning from older versions of Mac OS. This technology is available in OS X only and should be avoided for any new development. Instead, you should use the NSThread class or POSIX threads. If you need more information on this technology, see Multiprocessing Services Programming Guide.

一般使用cocoa thread 技术。

Cocoa operation 

优点：不需要关心线程管理，数据同步的事情，可以把精力放在自己需要执行的操作上。

Cocoa operation 相关的类是 NSOperation ，NSOperationQueue。NSOperation是个抽象类，使用它必须用它的子类，可以实现它或者使用它定义好的两个子类：NSInvocationOperation 和 NSBlockOperation。创建NSOperation子类的对象，把对象添加到NSOperationQueue队列里执行。

GCD

Grand Central Dispatch (GCD)是Apple开发的一个多核编程的解决方法。在iOS4.0开始之后才能使用。GCD是一个替代诸如NSThread, NSOperationQueue, NSInvocationOperation等技术的很高效和强大的技术。现在的iOS系统都升级到6了，所以不用担心该技术不能使用。

介绍完这三种多线程编程方式，我们这篇先介绍NSThread的使用。

2、NSThread的使用

2.1 NSThread 有两种直接创建方式：

- (id)initWithTarget:(id)target selector:(SEL)selector object:(id)argument

+ (void)detachNewThreadSelector:(SEL)aSelector toTarget:(id)aTarget withObject:(id)anArgument

第一个是实例方法，第二个是类方法

 1、[NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:@selector(doSomething:) toTarget:self withObject:nil];
 2、NSThread* myThread = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self
                                         selector:@selector(doSomething:)
                                         object:nil];
 [myThread start];

2.2参数的意义：

selector ：线程执行的方法，这个selector只能有一个参数，而且不能有返回值。

target  ：selector消息发送的对象

argument:传输给target的唯一参数，也可以是nil

第一种方式会直接创建线程并且开始运行线程，第二种方式是先创建线程对象，然后再运行线程操作，在运行线程操作前可以设置线程的优先级等线程信息

2.3 PS:不显式创建线程的方法：

用NSObject的类方法  performSelectorInBackground:withObject: 创建一个线程：
[Obj performSelectorInBackground:@selector(doSomething) withObject:nil];

2.4 下载图片的例子：

2.4.1  新建singeView app

新建项目，并在xib文件上放置一个imageView控件。按住control键拖到viewControll

er.h文件中创建imageView IBOutlet 

ViewController.m中实现：

 //
 //  ViewController.m
 //  NSThreadDemo
 //
 //  Created by rongfzh on 12-9-23.
 //  Copyright (c) 2012年 rongfzh. All rights reserved.
 //

 #import "ViewController.h"
 #define kURL @"http://avatar.csdn.net/2/C/D/1_totogo2010.jpg"
 @interface ViewController ()

 @end

 @implementation ViewController

 -(void)downloadImage:(NSString *) url{
     NSData *data = [[NSData alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:[NSURL URLWithString:url]];
     UIImage *image = [[UIImage alloc]initWithData:data];
     if(image == nil){

     }else{
         [self performSelectorOnMainThread:@selector(updateUI:) withObject:image waitUntilDone:YES];
     }
 }

 -(void)updateUI:(UIImage*) image{
     self.imageView.image = image;
 }


 - (void)viewDidLoad
 {
     [super viewDidLoad];

 //    [NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:@selector(downloadImage:) toTarget:self withObject:kURL];
     NSThread *thread = [[NSThread alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(downloadImage:) object:kURL];
     [thread start];
 }

 - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning
 {
     [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
     // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
 }

 @end

2.4.2线程间通讯

线程下载完图片后怎么通知主线程更新界面呢？

[self performSelectorOnMainThread:@selector(updateUI:) withObject:image waitUntilDone:YES];

performSelectorOnMainThread是NSObject的方法，除了可以更新主线程的数据外，还可以更新其他线程的比如：

用：performSelector:onThread:withObject:waitUntilDone: 

运行下载图片：

图片下载下来了。

2.3 线程同步

我们演示一个经典的卖票的例子来讲NSThread的线程同步：

.h

 #import

 @class ViewController;

 @interface AppDelegate : UIResponder
 {
     int tickets;
     int count;
     NSThread* ticketsThreadone;
     NSThread* ticketsThreadtwo;
     NSCondition* ticketsCondition;
     NSLock *theLock;
 }
 @property (strong, nonatomic) UIWindow *window;

 @property (strong, nonatomic) ViewController *viewController;

 @end

 - (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
 {

     tickets = 100;
     count = 0;
     theLock = [[NSLock alloc] init];
     // 锁对象
     ticketsCondition = [[NSCondition alloc] init];
     ticketsThreadone = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run) object:nil];
     [ticketsThreadone setName:@"Thread-1"];
     [ticketsThreadone start];


     ticketsThreadtwo = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run) object:nil];
     [ticketsThreadtwo setName:@"Thread-2"];
     [ticketsThreadtwo start];

     self.window = [[UIWindow alloc] initWithFrame:[[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]];
     // Override point for customization after application launch.
     self.viewController = [[ViewController alloc] initWithNibName:@"ViewController" bundle:nil];
     self.window.rootViewController = self.viewController;
     [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];
     return YES;
 }

 - (void)run{
     while (TRUE) {
         // 上锁
 //        [ticketsCondition lock];
         [theLock lock];
         if(tickets >= 0){
             [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.09];
             count = 100 - tickets;
             NSLog(@"当前票数是:%d,售出:%d,线程名:%@",tickets,count,[[NSThread currentThread] name]);
             tickets--;
         }else{
             break;
         }
         [theLock unlock];
 //        [ticketsCondition unlock];
     }
 }

如果没有线程同步的lock，卖票数可能是-1.加上lock之后线程同步保证了数据的正确性。
上面例子我使用了两种锁，一种NSCondition ，一种是：NSLock。 NSCondition我已经注释了。

线程的顺序执行

他们都可以通过

        [ticketsCondition signal]; 发送信号的方式，在一个线程唤醒另外一个线程的等待。

比如：

 #import "AppDelegate.h"

 #import "ViewController.h"

 @implementation AppDelegate

 - (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
 {

     tickets = 100;
     count = 0;
     theLock = [[NSLock alloc] init];
     // 锁对象
     ticketsCondition = [[NSCondition alloc] init];
     ticketsThreadone = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run) object:nil];
     [ticketsThreadone setName:@"Thread-1"];
     [ticketsThreadone start];

     ticketsThreadtwo = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run) object:nil];
     [ticketsThreadtwo setName:@"Thread-2"];
     [ticketsThreadtwo start];

     NSThread *ticketsThreadthree = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run3) object:nil];
     [ticketsThreadthree setName:@"Thread-3"];
     [ticketsThreadthree start];
     self.window = [[UIWindow alloc] initWithFrame:[[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]];
     // Override point for customization after application launch.
     self.viewController = [[ViewController alloc] initWithNibName:@"ViewController" bundle:nil];
     self.window.rootViewController = self.viewController;
     [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];
     return YES;
 }

 -(void)run3{
     while (YES) {
         [ticketsCondition lock];
         [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:3];
         [ticketsCondition signal];
         [ticketsCondition unlock];
     }
 }

 - (void)run{
     while (TRUE) {
         // 上锁
         [ticketsCondition lock];
         [ticketsCondition wait];
         [theLock lock];
         if(tickets >= 0){
             [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.09];
             count = 100 - tickets;
             NSLog(@"当前票数是:%d,售出:%d,线程名:%@",tickets,count,[[NSThread currentThread] name]);
             tickets--;
         }else{
             break;
         }
         [theLock unlock];
         [ticketsCondition unlock];
     }
 }

wait是等待，我加了一个 线程3 去唤醒其他两个线程锁中的wait

其他同步

我们可以使用指令 @synchronized 来简化 NSLock的使用，这样我们就不必显示编写创建NSLock,加锁并解锁相关代码。
- (void)doSomeThing:(id)anObj
{
    @synchronized(anObj)
    {
        // Everything between the braces is protected by the @synchronized directive.
    }
}
还有其他的一些锁对象，比如：循环锁NSRecursiveLock，条件锁NSConditionLock，分布式锁NSDistributedLock等等,可以自己看官方文档学习

原文出处： 容芳志的博客   

http://blog.csdn.net/totogo2010/article/details/8010231