#include
函数说明:
函数getopt用来解析命令行参数。
函数getopt_long支持长选项的命令行解析。
函数原型:
intgetopt_long(int argc, char* constargv[],
const char*optstring,
const struct option*longopts,
int*longindex);
参数:
argc、argv直接从main函数中获取。
opting是选项参数组成的字符串,由下列元素组成:
1.单个字符,表示选项,
2.单个字符后接一个冒号:表示该选项后必须跟一个参数。参数紧跟在选项后或者以空格隔开。该参数的指针赋给optarg。
3.单个字符后跟两个冒号,表示该选项后可以有参数也可以没有参数。如果有参数,参数必须紧跟在选项后不能以空格隔开。该参数的指针赋给optarg。(这个特性是GNU的扩张)。
optstring是一个字符串,表示可以接受的参数。例如,"a:b:cd",表示可以接受的参数是a,b,c,d,其中,a和b参数后面跟有更多的参数值。(例如:-ahost -b name)
longopts是一个结构的实例:
structoption
{
constchar *name; //name表示的是长参数名
inthas_arg; //has_arg有3个值,no_argument(或者是0),表示该参数后面不跟参数值
//required_argument(或者是1),表示该参数后面一定要跟个参数值
//optional_argument(或者是2),表示该参数后面可以跟,也可以不跟参数值
int*flag;
//用来决定getopt_long()的返回值是什么。
//flag是null,则函数会返回与该项option匹配的val值。
int val; //和flag联合决定返回值
};
int *flag 如果这个指针为NULL,那么getopt_long()返回该结构val字段中的数值。如果该指针不NULL,getopt_long()会使得它所指向的变量中填入val字段中的数值,并且getopt_long()返回0。如果flag不是NULL,但未发现长选项,那么它所指向的变量的数值不变。
int val 这个值是发现了长选项时的返回值,或者flag不是NULL时载入*flag中的值。典型情况下,若flag不是NULL,那么val是个真/假值,譬如1或0;另一方面,如果flag是NULL,那么val通常是字符常量,若长选项与短选项一致,那么该字符常量应该与optstring中出现的这个选项的参数相同。
=========================================================================
给个例子:
struct option long_options[] ={
{"a123", required_argument,0, 'a'},
{"c123", no_argument, 0,'c'},
};
现在,如果命令行的参数是-a123,那么调用getopt_long()将返回字符'a',并且将字符串123由
optarg返回(
注意注意!字符串123由optarg带回!optarg不需要定义,在getopt.h中已经有定义)。
那么,如果命令行参数是-c,那么调用getopt_long()将返回字符'c',而此时,optarg是null。
最后,当getopt_long()将命令行所有参数全部解析完成后,返回-1。
===========================================================================
以上来自网络,便于学习记忆摘录在这里,下面是自己的理解:
函数原型:
int getopt_long(intargc, char* const argv[],
const char*optstring,
const struct option*longopts,
int*longindex);
其中
optstring为单个字符参数,称为short_opts。
而longopts为多个字符(即一个或多个单词连接)参数,称为long_opts。
参数longindex为longopts数组中的索引返回值。
具体用法参考suricata中main()函数中解析命令行参数:
//短字符参数
charshort_opts[] = "c:TDhi:l:q:d:r:us:S:U:VF:";
//长字符参数
structoption long_opts[] = {
{"dump-config", 0, &dump_config, 1}, //
getopt_long
返回值为0,
dump_config保存为1
{"pfring", optional_argument, 0, 0}, //
getopt_long
返回值为0
{"pfring-int", required_argument, 0, 0}, //
getopt_long
返回值为0,必须有参数
{"pfring-cluster-id", required_argument, 0,0},
{"pfring-cluster-type", required_argument, 0,0},
{"af-packet", optional_argument, 0, 0},
{"pcap", optional_argument, 0, 0},
{"pcap-buffer-size", required_argument, 0,0},
{"unittest-filter", required_argument, 0,'U'},
//
getopt_long
返回值为‘U’,必须有参数
{"list-app-layer-protos", 0,&list_app_layer_protocols, 1},
{"list-unittests", 0, &list_unittests,1},
{"list-cuda-cards", 0, &list_cuda_cards,1},
{"list-runmodes", 0, &list_runmodes,1},
{"list-keywords", optional_argument,&list_keywords, 1},
{"runmode", required_argument, NULL, 0},
{"engine-analysis", 0, &engine_analysis,1},
{"pidfile", required_argument, 0, 0},
{"init-errors-fatal", 0, 0, 0},
{"fatal-unittests", 0, 0, 0},
{"user", required_argument, 0, 0},
{"group", required_argument, 0, 0},
{"erf-in", required_argument, 0, 0},
{"dag", required_argument, 0, 0},
{"napatech", 0, 0, 0},
{"build-info", 0, &build_info, 1},
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
};
// 长字符数组索引
intoption_index = 0;
// 以下是用法
while ((opt= getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts,&option_index)) != -1)
{
switch (opt)
{ // case为函数返回值
case 0:
if(strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pfring") == 0 || strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pfring-int") ==0)
{
// TO-DO...
}
else if(strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pcap") ==0)
{
// TO-DO...
}
break;
case 'c':
break;
case 'T':
break;
default:
usage(argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
函数使用
众所周知,C程序的主函数有两个参数,其中,第一个参数是整型,可以获得包括程序名字的参数个数,第二个参数是字符数组指针或字符指针的指针,可以按顺序获得命令行上各个字符串参数。其原形是:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]);
或者
int main(int argc, char **argv);
如果有一个解析CDR的程序,名叫destroy,负责将一个二进制格式的CDR文件转换为文本文件,输出的文本的样式由另外一个描述文件定义,那么,命令行要求输入的参数就有三个:CDR文件名、输出文件名和描述文件名。其中,前两个参数是必须输入的,第三个的描述文件名可以不输入,程序会自动采用默认的输出样式。很自然,主函数的三个参数就应该这样排列:
./destroy cdr cdr.txt [cdr.desc]
这样做在一般情况下不会有太大问题,问题来源于扩展性的需求。如果有一天,用户要求解析程序能够按关键字解析,只有含有关键字的CDR才能够输出。解决方法很简单,只要在参数列表的最后,加上它就可以了。不过,这样就使得原本可选的描述文件名变为必须输入:
./destroy cdr cdr.txt cdr.desc [keyword]
因为不改的话,你就不知道,第三个参数究竟是描述文件名,还是关键字。现在还算好办,如果以后陆续有增加参数的需求,关键字也变成必须输入了,这个时候,如果要查找全部CDR,你还得定义一个“特殊的关键字”,告诉程序,把数据统统给我捞出来……
有鉴于此,在Unix/Linux的正式的项目上,程序员通常会使用getopt()或者getopt_long()来获得输入的参数。两者的一个区别在于getopt()只支持短格式参数,而getopt_long()既支持短格式参数,又支持长格式参数。
短格式:./destroy -f cdr -o cdr.txt -c cdr.desc -k 123456
长格式:./destroy --file cdr --output cdr.txt --config cdr.desc --keyword 123456
引入了getopt()和getopt_long()的项目,设计者可以按需要,方便地增加参数,或者随意地放置参数的先后次序,只需要在程序中判断,哪些参数是必须的就可以了。关于这两个函数的用法,大家可以上网搜索一下,不再累述。附件destroy_linux.c给出了在Linux下使用getopt_long()的实例。
- #include
- #include
- #include
- #include
-
- void print_usage(const char *program_name) {
- printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)/n", program_name);
- printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file/n");
- printf("Usage: %s -f -o [-c ] [-k ]/n", program_name);
- printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded/n");
- printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format/n");
- printf(" -c --config the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration/n");
- printf(" -k --keyword the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file/n");
- }
-
- int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
- char *file_name = NULL;
- char *output_name = NULL;
- char *config_name = NULL;
- char *keyword = NULL;
-
- const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:";
- const struct option long_opts[] = {
- {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
- {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
- {"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
- {"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
- {"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'},
- {0, 0, 0, 0}
- };
- int hflag = 0;
-
- int c;
- opterr = 0;
-
- while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) {
- switch ( c ) {
- case 'h' :
- hflag = 1;
- break;
- case 'f' :
- file_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'o' :
- output_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'c' :
- config_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'k' :
- keyword = optarg;
- break;
- case '?' :
- if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' )
- printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument/n", optopt);
- else if ( isprint(optopt) )
- printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'/n", optopt);
- else
- printf("Error: unknown option character '//x%x'/n", optopt);
- return 1;
- default :
- abort();
- }
- }
-
- if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) {
- print_usage(argv[0]);
- return 0;
- }
- if ( !file_name ) {
- printf("Error: file name must be specified/n");
- return 1;
- }
- if ( !output_name ) {
- printf("Error: output name must be specified/n");
- return 1;
- }
-
- // if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
- if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
- if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
- printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s/n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
- return 0;
- }
另外一个区别是,getopt()几乎通用于所有类Unix系统,而getopt_long()只有在GNU的Unix/Linux下才能用。如果把上述程序放到Tru64上编译,就会出现以下错误:
cc -o destroy destroy_linux.c
cc: Error: destroy_linux.c, line 24: In the initializer for long_opts, an array's element type is incomplete, which precludes its initialization. (incompelinit)
{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
----------------^
所以,如果一定要在Tru64等非GNU的OS上做到长格式的效果,除了自己另起炉灶之外,基本上只好借助一些跨平台的开源项目了。附件里的getopt_long.c和getopt.h是从opensolaris的网站上抄下来的,是包含在sg3_utils软件包中的程序。sg3_utils具体是什么,我也不知道,据说是一个Linux的开发包,用来直接使用SCSI命令集访问设备。(sg3_utils is a package of utilities for accessing devices that use SCSI command sets.)反正拿来能用就是了!
- /* $NetBSD: getopt.h,v 1.7 2005/02/03 04:39:32 perry Exp $ */
-
- /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
- * by Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- * must display the following acknowledgement:
- * This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
- * Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
- * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- * from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
- * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
- * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
- * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
- * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
- * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
- * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
- * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
- /*
- * modified May 12, 2005 by Jim Basney
- *
- * removed #include of non-POSIX and
- * removed references to _NETBSD_SOURCE and HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
- * added #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
- * removed __BEGIN_DECLS and __END_DECLS
- */
-
- #ifndef _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_
- #define _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_
-
- #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
-
- #include
-
- /*
- * Gnu like getopt_long() and BSD4.4 getsubopt()/optreset extensions
- */
- #define no_argument 0
- #define required_argument 1
- #define optional_argument 2
-
- extern char *optarg;
- extern int optind;
- extern int optopt;
- extern int opterr;
-
- struct option {
- /* name of long option */
- const char *name;
- /*
- * one of no_argument, required_argument, and optional_argument:
- * whether option takes an argument
- */
- int has_arg;
- /* if not NULL, set *flag to val when option found */
- int *flag;
- /* if flag not NULL, value to set *flag to; else return value */
- int val;
- };
-
- int getopt_long(int, char * const *, const char *,
- const struct option *, int *);
-
- #endif /* !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG */
-
- #endif /* !_MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_ */
- /* $NetBSD: getopt_long.c,v 1.17 2004/06/20 22:20:15 jmc Exp $ */
-
- /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
- * by Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- * must display the following acknowledgement:
- * This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
- * Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
- * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- * from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
- * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
- * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
- * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
- * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
- * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
- * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
- * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
- /*
- * modified May 12, 2005 by Jim Basney
- *
- * removed #include of non-POSIX
- * removed #include of "namespace.h"
- * use local "port_getopt.h" instead of
- * removed REPLACE_GETOPT and HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H sections
- * removed __P() from function declarations
- * use ANSI C function parameter lists
- * removed optreset support
- * replace _DIAGASSERT() with assert()
- * replace non-POSIX warnx(...) with fprintf(stderr, ...)
- * added extern declarations for optarg, optind, opterr, and optopt
- */
-
- #if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint)
- __RCSID("$NetBSD: getopt_long.c,v 1.17 2004/06/20 22:20:15 jmc Exp $");
- #endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */
-
- #include
- #include
- #include "getopt.h"
- #include
- #include
- #include
-
- #ifdef __weak_alias
- __weak_alias(getopt_long,_getopt_long)
- #endif
-
- #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
- #define IGNORE_FIRST (*options == '-' || *options == '+')
- #define PRINT_ERROR ((opterr) && ((*options != ':') /
- || (IGNORE_FIRST && options[1] != ':')))
- #define IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT (getenv("POSIXLY_CORRECT") != NULL)
- #define PERMUTE (!IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT && !IGNORE_FIRST)
- /* XXX: GNU ignores PC if *options == '-' */
- #define IN_ORDER (!IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT && *options == '-')
-
- /* return values */
- #define BADCH (int)'?'
- #define BADARG ((IGNORE_FIRST && options[1] == ':') /
- || (*options == ':') ? (int)':' : (int)'?')
- #define INORDER (int)1
-
- #define EMSG ""
-
- extern char *optarg;
- extern int optind, opterr, optopt;
-
- static int getopt_internal (int, char * const *, const char *);
- static int gcd (int, int);
- static void permute_args (int, int, int, char * const *);
-
- static char *place = EMSG; /* option letter processing */
-
- static int nonopt_start = -1; /* first non option argument (for permute) */
- static int nonopt_end = -1; /* first option after non options (for permute) */
-
- /* Error messages */
- static const char recargchar[] = "option requires an argument -- %c";
- static const char recargstring[] = "option requires an argument -- %s";
- static const char ambig[] = "ambiguous option -- %.*s";
- static const char noarg[] = "option doesn't take an argument -- %.*s";
- static const char illoptchar[] = "unknown option -- %c";
- static const char illoptstring[] = "unknown option -- %s";
-
-
- /*
- * Compute the greatest common divisor of a and b.
- */
- static int
- gcd(int a, int b)
- {
- int c;
-
- c = a % b;
- while (c != 0) {
- a = b;
- b = c;
- c = a % b;
- }
-
- return b;
- }
-
- /*
- * Exchange the block from nonopt_start to nonopt_end with the block
- * from nonopt_end to opt_end (keeping the same order of arguments
- * in each block).
- */
- static void
- permute_args(int panonopt_start, int panonopt_end, int opt_end,
- char * const *nargv)
- {
- int cstart, cyclelen, i, j, ncycle, nnonopts, nopts, pos;
- char *swap;
-
- assert(nargv != NULL);
-
- /*
- * compute lengths of blocks and number and size of cycles
- */
- nnonopts = panonopt_end - panonopt_start;
- nopts = opt_end - panonopt_end;
- ncycle = gcd(nnonopts, nopts);
- cyclelen = (opt_end - panonopt_start) / ncycle;
-
- for (i = 0; i < ncycle; i++) {
- cstart = panonopt_end+i;
- pos = cstart;
- for (j = 0; j < cyclelen; j++) {
- if (pos >= panonopt_end)
- pos -= nnonopts;
- else
- pos += nopts;
- swap = nargv[pos];
- /* LINTED const cast */
- ((char **) nargv)[pos] = nargv[cstart];
- /* LINTED const cast */
- ((char **)nargv)[cstart] = swap;
- }
- }
- }
-
- /*
- * getopt_internal --
- * Parse argc/argv argument vector. Called by user level routines.
- * Returns -2 if -- is found (can be long option or end of options marker).
- */
- static int
- getopt_internal(int nargc, char * const *nargv, const char *options)
- {
- char *oli; /* option letter list index */
- int optchar;
-
- assert(nargv != NULL);
- assert(options != NULL);
-
- optarg = NULL;
-
- /*
- * XXX Some programs (like rsyncd) expect to be able to
- * XXX re-initialize optind to 0 and have getopt_long(3)
- * XXX properly function again. Work around this braindamage.
- */
- if (optind == 0)
- optind = 1;
-
- start:
- if (!*place) { /* update scanning pointer */
- if (optind >= nargc) { /* end of argument vector */
- place = EMSG;
- if (nonopt_end != -1) {
- /* do permutation, if we have to */
- permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end,
- optind, nargv);
- optind -= nonopt_end - nonopt_start;
- }
- else if (nonopt_start != -1) {
- /*
- * If we skipped non-options, set optind
- * to the first of them.
- */
- optind = nonopt_start;
- }
- nonopt_start = nonopt_end = -1;
- return -1;
- }
- if ((*(place = nargv[optind]) != '-')
- || (place[1] == '/0')) { /* found non-option */
- place = EMSG;
- if (IN_ORDER) {
- /*
- * GNU extension:
- * return non-option as argument to option 1
- */
- optarg = nargv[optind++];
- return INORDER;
- }
- if (!PERMUTE) {
- /*
- * if no permutation wanted, stop parsing
- * at first non-option
- */
- return -1;
- }
- /* do permutation */
- if (nonopt_start == -1)
- nonopt_start = optind;
- else if (nonopt_end != -1) {
- permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end,
- optind, nargv);
- nonopt_start = optind -
- (nonopt_end - nonopt_start);
- nonopt_end = -1;
- }
- optind++;
- /* process next argument */
- goto start;
- }
- if (nonopt_start != -1 && nonopt_end == -1)
- nonopt_end = optind;
- if (place[1] && *++place == '-') { /* found "--" */
- place++;
- return -2;
- }
- }
- if ((optchar = (int)*place++) == (int)':' ||
- (oli = strchr(options + (IGNORE_FIRST ? 1 : 0), optchar)) == NULL) {
- /* option letter unknown or ':' */
- if (!*place)
- ++optind;
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, illoptchar, optchar);
- optopt = optchar;
- return BADCH;
- }
- if (optchar == 'W' && oli[1] == ';') { /* -W long-option */
- /* XXX: what if no long options provided (called by getopt)? */
- if (*place)
- return -2;
-
- if (++optind >= nargc) { /* no arg */
- place = EMSG;
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, recargchar, optchar);
- optopt = optchar;
- return BADARG;
- } else /* white space */
- place = nargv[optind];
- /*
- * Handle -W arg the same as --arg (which causes getopt to
- * stop parsing).
- */
- return -2;
- }
- if (*++oli != ':') { /* doesn't take argument */
- if (!*place)
- ++optind;
- } else { /* takes (optional) argument */
- optarg = NULL;
- if (*place) /* no white space */
- optarg = place;
- /* XXX: disable test for :: if PC? (GNU doesn't) */
- else if (oli[1] != ':') { /* arg not optional */
- if (++optind >= nargc) { /* no arg */
- place = EMSG;
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, recargchar, optchar);
- optopt = optchar;
- return BADARG;
- } else
- optarg = nargv[optind];
- }
- place = EMSG;
- ++optind;
- }
- /* dump back option letter */
- return optchar;
- }
-
- /*
- * getopt_long --
- * Parse argc/argv argument vector.
- */
- int
- getopt_long(int nargc, char * const *nargv, const char *options,
- const struct option *long_options, int *idx)
- {
- int retval;
-
- assert(nargv != NULL);
- assert(options != NULL);
- assert(long_options != NULL);
- /* idx may be NULL */
-
- if ((retval = getopt_internal(nargc, nargv, options)) == -2) {
- char *current_argv, *has_equal;
- size_t current_argv_len;
- int i, match;
-
- current_argv = place;
- match = -1;
-
- optind++;
- place = EMSG;
-
- if (*current_argv == '/0') { /* found "--" */
- /*
- * We found an option (--), so if we skipped
- * non-options, we have to permute.
- */
- if (nonopt_end != -1) {
- permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end,
- optind, nargv);
- optind -= nonopt_end - nonopt_start;
- }
- nonopt_start = nonopt_end = -1;
- return -1;
- }
- if ((has_equal = strchr(current_argv, '=')) != NULL) {
- /* argument found (--option=arg) */
- current_argv_len = has_equal - current_argv;
- has_equal++;
- } else
- current_argv_len = strlen(current_argv);
-
- for (i = 0; long_options[i].name; i++) {
- /* find matching long option */
- if (strncmp(current_argv, long_options[i].name,
- current_argv_len))
- continue;
-
- if (strlen(long_options[i].name) ==
- (unsigned)current_argv_len) {
- /* exact match */
- match = i;
- break;
- }
- if (match == -1) /* partial match */
- match = i;
- else {
- /* ambiguous abbreviation */
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, ambig, (int)current_argv_len,
- current_argv);
- optopt = 0;
- return BADCH;
- }
- }
- if (match != -1) { /* option found */
- if (long_options[match].has_arg == no_argument
- && has_equal) {
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, noarg, (int)current_argv_len,
- current_argv);
- /*
- * XXX: GNU sets optopt to val regardless of
- * flag
- */
- if (long_options[match].flag == NULL)
- optopt = long_options[match].val;
- else
- optopt = 0;
- return BADARG;
- }
- if (long_options[match].has_arg == required_argument ||
- long_options[match].has_arg == optional_argument) {
- if (has_equal)
- optarg = has_equal;
- else if (long_options[match].has_arg ==
- required_argument) {
- /*
- * optional argument doesn't use
- * next nargv
- */
- optarg = nargv[optind++];
- }
- }
- if ((long_options[match].has_arg == required_argument)
- && (optarg == NULL)) {
- /*
- * Missing argument; leading ':'
- * indicates no error should be generated
- */
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, recargstring, current_argv);
- /*
- * XXX: GNU sets optopt to val regardless
- * of flag
- */
- if (long_options[match].flag == NULL)
- optopt = long_options[match].val;
- else
- optopt = 0;
- --optind;
- return BADARG;
- }
- } else { /* unknown option */
- if (PRINT_ERROR)
- fprintf(stderr, illoptstring, current_argv);
- optopt = 0;
- return BADCH;
- }
- if (long_options[match].flag) {
- *long_options[match].flag = long_options[match].val;
- retval = 0;
- } else
- retval = long_options[match].val;
- if (idx)
- *idx = match;
- }
- return retval;
- }
- #endif /* !GETOPT_LONG */
拿过来后,把他们放到与destroy_linux.c同一目录下,只需要把destroy_linux.c的头文件改一个地方,#include 改为#include “getopt.h”,就能够编译运行了。而且,这样改好后,不仅在Tru64上能运行,在Linux、SunOS上也能运行。
- #include
- #include
- #include
- #include "getopt.h"
-
- void print_usage(const char *program_name) {
- printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)/n", program_name);
- printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file/n");
- printf("Usage: %s -f -o [-c ] [-k ]/n", program_name);
- printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded/n");
- printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format/n");
- printf(" -c --config the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration/n");
- printf(" -k --keyword the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file/n");
- }
-
- int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
- char *file_name = NULL;
- char *output_name = NULL;
- char *config_name = NULL;
- char *keyword = NULL;
-
- const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:";
- const struct option long_opts[] = {
- {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
- {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
- {"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
- {"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
- {"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'},
- {0, 0, 0, 0}
- };
- int hflag = 0;
-
- int c;
- opterr = 0;
-
- while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) {
- switch ( c ) {
- case 'h' :
- hflag = 1;
- break;
- case 'f' :
- file_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'o' :
- output_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'c' :
- config_name = optarg;
- break;
- case 'k' :
- keyword = optarg;
- break;
- case '?' :
- if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' )
- printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument/n", optopt);
- else if ( isprint(optopt) )
- printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'/n", optopt);
- else
- printf("Error: unknown option character '//x%x'/n", optopt);
- return 1;
- default :
- abort();
- }
- }
-
- if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) {
- print_usage(argv[0]);
- return 0;
- }
- if ( !file_name ) {
- printf("Error: file name must be specified/n");
- return 1;
- }
- if ( !output_name ) {
- printf("Error: output name must be specified/n");
- return 1;
- }
-
- // if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
- if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
- if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
- printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s/n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
- return 0;
- }
Linux下编译
-bash-3.2$ gcc -o destroy destroy.c getopt_long.c
短格式,全部输入
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
前两个长格式,后两个短格式
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy --file aaa --output aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
漏掉一个必须输入的参数会报错
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -output aaa.txt
Error: file name must be specified
次序随意,长短混用
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -c ccc -o aaa.txt -k 222 --file aaa
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
题外话,#include 与#include “filename.h”有什么区别,是面试C程序员经常问到的一个问题。答案大家都知道了,#include ,编译器从标准库路径搜索filename.h,而#include “filename.h”,编译器从用户的工作路径搜索filename.h。
此外,网上也有人说从glibc(http://sourceware.org/glibc/)上把getopt.h、getopt.c和getoptl.c拿过来也能够用。我也试过,但是不清楚什么原因不成功。
在这个小实验的过程中,还发现了C语言在各个OS下的一些细小差异,比如destroy.c里,79行到82行:
// if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s/n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
如果在81行和82行不设置空指针的默认值,Linux和Tru64都会自动帮你转换而避免运行时错误,但是SunOS不会,它会死给你看。
./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt
Segmentation Fault (core dumped)
再比如第62行的abort()在头文件stdlib.h中定义,如果不包含此文件,SunOS与Tru64编译都没问题,Linux编译时会警告:
warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function abort
由此看来,虽然C也公认是可移植性比较好的语言,但是在跨平台的项目中,也应该注意这些微小的差别。
本文来自:http://blog.csdn.net/yui/article/details/5669922