【论文写作指导】论文写作怎么改“错句”？
常说论文写作表达
要简单流畅符合语法规范~
可是
怎么判断哪些句子不对？
怎么判断句子什么地方有问题？
怎么把错误地方改正？
来来来
小E的实战搞起~
这回我们就来把
12类常见的错句类型改正确
来帮助大家顺利学会如何订正“错句”
“正确”的润色以及表达~
1
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
不完整的句子
标点符号可不能乱标，确保用逗号分隔的每一个片段，都有着独立完整的语法，单独作为一个句子也没问题。
举例
错误
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
缺乏主语
订正：
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
举例
错误
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
标点符号不对，后半句不能作为一个完整的句子。
订正：
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
2
SENTENCE SPRAWL
过于杂乱的句子
第二种常见错误，在于太多同类词语堆砌导致句子看上去啰嗦复杂。
举例
错误
The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend.
句子本身没有语法错误，但表述太过于混乱。
原句表达的意思：
听证会计划于12月2日星期一举行，但并非所有证人都可以参加，所以在下周五重新安排，然后所有证人都可以参加。
其实只要说：
计划于12月2日星期一举行的听证会将在下周五重新安排，以便所有证人都能参加。
订正：
The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend.
3
MISPLACED AND DANGLING MODIFIERS
不合时宜的修饰语
修饰语自然应该在被修饰的对象附近，而不是跑偏了或者被修饰的对象压根就不再句子里。此外，不要乱添加不必要的修饰语。
举例
错误
When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.
订正：
When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
举例
错误
Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
退伍军人和军人每天从上午9点到下午5点都要被埋葬？？？
正确
Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.
4
FAULTY PARALLELISM
错误的并列
进行并列，也是要使用相同的语法构成。这一点我们都知道，但是在写的时候常常容易遗漏。
举例
错误
The candidate’s goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system.
赢得选举，国家健康项目和教育系统？
订正：
The candidate’s goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system.
赢得选举，颁布国家健康计划以及改善教育体系。
举例
错误
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
订正：
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long.
5
UNCLEAR PRONOUN REFERENCE
指代不明
莫名想到初到国外点餐，都是this，this，that，可惜写作不能指手画脚，那就只能明确的说“this is Hamburger.”
在使用 it, they, this, that, these, those, and which ，这类的词的时候也一定要指代明确哦~而且代词代的是名词，不会有人搞错吧？
举例
不明确：
Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the universe.
爱因斯坦很聪明，爱因斯坦能够解读宇宙的原因？
明确：
Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the universe.
举例
不明确：
Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.
到底忽略的是环境还是经济发展？
明确：
Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment.
6
INCORRECT PRONOUN CASE
错误的代词使用
请确定代词是否被用作句子中的主语，对象或所有格，并选择要匹配的代词形式。
举例
错误
Castro’s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy.
正确
Castro’s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and President Kennedy.
举例
错误
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation.
正确
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they [do] to judicial reinterpretation.
7
OMITTED COMMAS
略掉的逗号
逗号的作用是什么？使用逗号来标明非限制性或非必要的材料，以防止混淆，并指出想法和句子部分之间的关系。这才是逗号的正确使用。
举例
错误
When it comes to eating people differ in their tastes.
正确
When it comes to eating, people differ in their tastes.
举例
错误
The Huns who were Mongolian invaded Gaul in 451.
蒙古族的匈奴人在451年入侵了高卢。
正确
The Huns, who were Mongolian, invaded Gaul in 451.
匈奴人，是蒙古族的，他们在451年入侵了高卢。
“谁是蒙古人”增加了信息，但没有改变句子的核心含义，因为匈奴人是蒙古人;
因此，这个部分是非限制性的或非必要的。
8
SUPERFLUOUS COMMAS
多余的逗号
多余的，逗号，让句子，难以阅读，比如，我这句，就是。
举例
比较多余：
Field trips are required, in several courses, such as, botany and geology.
订正：
Field trips are required in several courses, such as botany and geology.
去掉多余的逗号
举例
比较多余：
The term, “scientific illiteracy,” has become almost a cliche, in educational circles.
订正：
The term “scientific illiteracy” has become almost a cliche in educational circles.
9
COMMA SPLICES
逗号的拼接
不要用逗号连接两个独立的子句（除非你使用协调连词： and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet）
遇到这种情况请使用句号或分号，或重写句子。
举例
逗号拼接：
In 1952 Japan’s gross national product was one third that of France, by the late 1970s it was larger than the GNPs of France and Britain combined.
订正：
In 1952 Japan’s gross national product was one third that of France. By the late 1970s it was larger than the GNPs of France and Britain combined.
逗号改句号
举例
逗号拼接：
Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed,however half of all bypass grafts fail within ten years.
订正：
Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically bypassed;however, half of all bypass grafts fail within ten years.
逗号改分号
10
APOSTROPHE ERRORS
撇号的错误
撇号表示名词的归属（“Jim’s hat,” “several years’ work”），但不代表人称代词（its, your, their, and whose）。
撇号也可表明缩写（“it’s” = “it is”）。
通常，不用于表示复数。
举例
错误
In the current conflict its uncertain who’s borders their contesting.
订正：
In the current conflict it is [it’s] uncertain whose borders they are [they’re] contesting.
举例
错误：
The Aztecs ritual’s of renewal increased in frequency over the course of time.
订正：
The Aztecs’ rituals of renewal increased in frequency over the course of time.
11
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
容易混淆的词
比如说：
“Effect” 经常做名词用（the effect），“affect” 经常作为动词用。
“lead”/”led” and “accept”/”except.”分的清吗？
写作时，要认真检查哦~
举例
错误
The recession had a negative affect on sales.
订正：
The recession had a negative effect on sales.
(or) The recession
affected sales negatively.
举例
错误
The laboratory instructor chose not to offer detailed advise.
订正：
The laboratory instructor chose not to offer detailed advice.
12
MISSPELLINGS
拼写错误
这一点就很无奈了，有的时候一词错千里，还容易让看到的导师给低分，
写作时常备词典，以防不时之需。
语法润色，说到底是一个细致活儿！
ref：：
UW-MADISON WRITER’S HANDBOOK《TWELVE COMMON ERRORS》