高级查询在数据库中用得是最频繁的，也是应用最广泛的
基本常用查询
select * from student;
select all sex from student;
select distinct sex from student;
select count(*) from student;
select count(sex) from student;
select count(distinct sex) from student;
select top 3 * from student;
select id as 编号, name '名称', sex 性别 from student;
select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s;
select (age + id) col from student;
select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
select * from student where id = 2;
select * from student where id > 7;
select * from student where id < 3;
select * from student where id <> 3;
select * from student where id >= 3;
select * from student where id <= 5;
select * from student where id !> 3;
select * from student where id !< 5;
select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1;
select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1;
select * from student where id between 2 and 5;
select * from student where id not between 2 and 5;
select * from student where name like '%a%';
select * from student where name like '%[a][o]%';
select * from student where name not like '%a%';
select * from student where name like 'ja%';
select * from student where name not like '%[j,n]%';
select * from student where name like '%[j,n,a]%';
select * from student where name like '%[^ja,as,on]%';
select * from student where name like '%[ja_on]%';
select * from student where id in (1, 2);
select * from student where id not in (1, 2);
select * from student where age is null;
select * from student where age is not null;
select * from student order by name;
select * from student order by name desc;
select * from student order by name asc;
按照年龄进行分组统计
select count(age), age from student group by age;
按照性别进行分组统计
select count(*), sex from student group by sex;
按照年龄和性别组合分组统计，并排序
select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
按照性别分组，并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序
select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
查询id大于2的数据，并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序
select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id;
按照年龄分组，是所有的年龄
select count(*), age from student group by all age;
按照年龄分组，过滤年龄为空的数据，并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息
select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null;
按照年龄和cid组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1的记录
select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;
按照年龄分组，过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2
select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;
按照cid和性别组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1，cid的最大值大于2
select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;
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嵌套子查询
子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择，而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。
from (select … table)
将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询
select * from (
select id, name from student where sex = 1
) t where t.id > 2;
上面括号中的语句，就是子查询语句（内部查询）。在外面的是外部查询，其中外部查询可以包含以下语句：
1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询
2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句
3、 可选的where子句
4、 可选的group by子句
5、 可选的having子句
示例
查询班级信息，统计班级学生人生
select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num
from classes order by num;
in, not in子句查询示例
查询班级信息，统计班级学生人生
select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num
from classes order by num;
查询不是班的学生信息
select * from student where cid not in (
select id from classes where name = '2班'
)
in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列，这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id；
exists和not exists子句查询示例
查询存在班级id为的学生信息
select * from student where exists (
select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3
);
查询没有分配班级的学生信息
select * from student where not exists (
select * from classes where id = student.cid
);
exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件，如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如：id等于student.id；
some、any、all子句查询示例
查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all (
select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any (
select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some (
select age from student where cid = 3
);
聚合查询
distinct去掉重复数据
select distinct sex from student;
select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;
compute和compute by汇总查询
对年龄大于的进行汇总
select age from student
where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;
对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息
select id, sex, age from student
where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;
按照年龄分组汇总
select age from student
where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);
按照年龄分组，年龄汇总，id找最大值
select id, age from student
where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);
compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果，后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式，可以添加的信息如下：
a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合
b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等
c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列
compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。
cube汇总
cube汇总和compute效果类似，但语法较简洁，而且返回的是一个结果集。
select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;
select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;
cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总
排序函数
排序在很多地方需要用到，需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如：
1、 对某张表进行排序，序号需要递增不重复的
2、 对学生的成绩进行排序，得出名次，名次可以并列，但名次的序号是连续递增的
3、 在某些排序的情况下，需要跳空序号，虽然是并列
基本语法
排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
排序子句 order by 列名, 列名
分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列
row_number函数
根据排序子句给出递增连续序号
按照名称排序的顺序递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
rank函数函数
根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列并且跳空
顺序递增
select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student;
跳过相同递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
dense_rank函数
根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列不跳空
不跳过，直接递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
partition by分组子句
可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序，partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。
利用partition by按照班级名称分组，学生id排序
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
ntile平均排序函数
将要排序的数据进行平分，然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name,
ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
集合运算
操作两组查询结果，进行交集、并集、减集运算
union和union all进行并集运算
select id, name from student where name like 'ja%'
union
select id, name from student where id = 4;
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
union all
select * from student;
intersect进行交集运算
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
intersect
select * from student;
except进行减集运算
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
except
select * from student where name like 'jas%';
公式表表达式
查询表的时候，有时候中间表需要重复使用，这些子查询被重复查询调用，不但效率低，而且可读性低，不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。
我们可以将公式表表达式（CET）视为临时结果集，在select、insert、update、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。
with statNum(id, num) as
(
select cid, count(*)
from student
where id > 0
group by cid
)
select id, num from statNum order by id;
with statNum(id, num) as
(
select cid, count(*)
from student
where id > 0
group by cid
)
select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;
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连接查询
简化连接查询
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;
left join左连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
right join右连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
inner join内连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
cross join交叉连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c
--where s.cid = c.id;
自连接（同一张表进行连接查询）
select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;
函数
聚合函数
max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差
select
max(age) max_age,
min(age) min_age,
count(age) count_age,
avg(age) avg_age,
sum(age) sum_age,
var(age) var_age
from student;
日期时间函数
select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());
select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());
select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());
select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate());
select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate());
select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate());
select dateName(month, getDate());
select dateName(minute, getDate());
select dateName(weekday, getDate());
select datePart(month, getDate());
select datePart(weekday, getDate());
select datePart(second, getDate());
select day(getDate());
select day('2011-06-30');
select month(getDate());
select month('2011-11-10');
select year(getDate());
select year('2010-11-10');
select getDate();
select getUTCDate();
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数学函数
select pi();
select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();
select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);
select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2);
select round(123.4567, 1, 2);
元数据
select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);
select col_name(object_id('student'), 2);
select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2));
select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1));
select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar');
select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION');
select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId');
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字符串函数
select ascii('a');
select ascii('A');
select char(97);
select char(65);
select nchar(65);
select nchar(45231);
select nchar(32993);
select unicode('A'), unicode('中');
select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word');
select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');
select 'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';
select charIndex('o', 'hello world');
select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);
select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45');
select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4);
select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6);
select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');
select difference('hello', 'world');
select difference('hello', 'llo');
select difference('hello', 'hel');
select difference('hello', 'hello');
select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');
select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');
select replicate('abc#', 3);
select subString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);
select len('abc');
select reverse('sqlServer');
select left('leftString', 4);
select left('leftString', 7);
select right('leftString', 6);
select right('leftString', 3);
select lower('aBc'), lower('ABC');
select upper('aBc'), upper('abc');
select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim(' abc');
select rtrim(' abc '), rtrim('# abc# '), rtrim('abc');
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安全函数
select current_user;
select user;
select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest');
select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2);
select session_user;
select suser_id('sa');
select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin');
select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public');
select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3);
select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03);
select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin');
select permissions(object_id('student'));
select system_user;
select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest');
select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);
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系统函数
select app_name();
select cast(2011 as datetime), cast('10' as money), cast('0' as varbinary);
select convert(datetime, '2011');
select coalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');
select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage');
select current_timestamp;
select current_user;
select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a');
select dataLength('abc');
select host_id();
select host_name();
select db_name();
select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');
select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');
select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes');
select @@identity;
select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;
select * from tab;
select @@rowcount;
select @@cursor_rows;
select @@error;
select @@procid;
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配置函数
set datefirst 7;
select @@datefirst as '星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS '今天是星期';
select @@dbts;
set language 'Italian';
select @@langId as 'Language ID';
select @@language as 'Language Name';
select @@lock_timeout;
select @@max_connections;
select @@MAX_PRECISION AS 'Max Precision';
select @@SERVERNAME;
select @@SERVICENAME;
select @@SPID;
select @@textSize;
select @@version;
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系统统计函数
select @@CONNECTIONS;
select @@PACK_RECEIVED;
select @@CPU_BUSY;
select @@PACK_SENT;
select @@TIMETICKS;
select @@IDLE;
select @@TOTAL_ERRORS;
select @@IO_BUSY;
select @@TOTAL_READ;
select @@PACKET_ERRORS;
select @@TOTAL_WRITE;
select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer');
select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer');
select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft');
select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');
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用户自定义函数
查看当前数据库所有函数
select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id
and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');
创建函数
if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') is not null)
drop function fun_add
go
create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int)
returns int
with execute as caller
as
begin
declare @result int;
if (@num1 is null)
set @num1 = 0;
if (@num2 is null)
set @num2 = 0;
set @result = @num1 + @num2;
return @result;
end
go
调用函数
select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
--自定义函数，字符串连接
if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') is not null)
drop function fun_append
go
create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
returns nvarchar(2048)
as
begin
return @args + @args2;
end
go
select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;
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修改函数
alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
returns nvarchar(1024)
as
begin
declare @result varchar(1024);
set @args = coalesce(@args, '');
set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');;
set @result = @args + @args2;
return @result;
end
go
select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;
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返回table类型函数
select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like '%f%';
if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord'))
drop function fun_find_stuRecord
go
create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int)
returns table
as
return (select * from student where id = @id);
go
select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);
