NIO Channel和Buffer

前言

Java NIO 由以下几个核心部分组成:

  1. Buffer
  2. Channel
  3. Selector

传统的IO操作面向数据流,意味着每次从流中读一个或多个字节,直至完成,数据没有被缓存在任何地方。NIO操作面向缓冲区,数据从Channel读取到Buffer缓冲区,随后在Buffer中处理数据。本文着重介绍Channel和Buffer的概念以及在文件读写方面的应用和内部实现原理。

Buffer

A buffer is a linear, finite sequence of elements of a specific primitive type.

一块缓存区,内部使用字节数组存储数据,并维护几个特殊变量,实现数据的反复利用。

  • mark:初始值为-1,用于备份当前的position
  • position:初始值为0。position表示当前可以写入或读取数据的位置。当写入或读取一个数据后, position向前移动到下一个位置。
  • limit
    写模式下,limit表示最多能往Buffer里写多少数据,等于capacity值。
    读模式下,limit表示最多可以读取多少数据。
  • capacity:缓存数组大小
NIO Channel和Buffer_第1张图片
Buffer.png

mark():把当前的position赋值给mark

public final Buffer mark() {
    mark = position;
    return this;
}

reset():把mark值还原给position

public final Buffer reset() {
    int m = mark;
    if (m < 0)
        throw new InvalidMarkException();
    position = m;
    return this;
}

clear():一旦读完Buffer中的数据,需要让Buffer准备好再次被写入,clear会恢复状态值,但不会擦除数据。

public final Buffer clear() {
    position = 0;
    limit = capacity;
    mark = -1;
    return this;
}

flip():Buffer有两种模式,写模式和读模式,flip后Buffer从写模式变成读模式。

public final Buffer flip() {
    limit = position;
    position = 0;
    mark = -1;
    return this;
}

rewind():重置position为0,从头读写数据。

public final Buffer rewind() {
    position = 0;
    mark = -1;
    return this;
}

目前Buffer的实现类有以下几种:

  • ByteBuffer
  • CharBuffer
  • DoubleBuffer
  • FloatBuffer
  • IntBuffer
  • LongBuffer
  • ShortBuffer
  • MappedByteBuffer

其中MappedByteBuffer实现比较特殊,感兴趣的可以看看 深入浅出MappedByteBuffer

NIO Channel和Buffer_第2张图片
Paste_Image.png

ByteBuffer

A byte buffer,extend from Buffer

ByteBuffer的实现类包括HeapByteBuffer和DirectByteBuffer两种。

  • HeapByteBuffer

    public static ByteBuffer allocate(int capacity) {
      if (capacity < 0)
          throw new IllegalArgumentException();
      return new HeapByteBuffer(capacity, capacity);
    }
    HeapByteBuffer(int cap, int lim) {  
      super(-1, 0, lim, cap, new byte[cap], 0);
    }

    HeapByteBuffer通过初始化字节数组hd,在虚拟机堆上申请内存空间。

  • DirectByteBuffer

    public static ByteBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity) {
      return new DirectByteBuffer(capacity);
    }
    DirectByteBuffer(int cap) {
      super(-1, 0, cap, cap);
      boolean pa = VM.isDirectMemoryPageAligned();
      int ps = Bits.pageSize();
      long size = Math.max(1L, (long)cap + (pa ? ps : 0));
      Bits.reserveMemory(size, cap);
    
      long base = 0;
      try {
          base = unsafe.allocateMemory(size);
      } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) {
          Bits.unreserveMemory(size, cap);
          throw x;
      }
      unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0);
      if (pa && (base % ps != 0)) {
          // Round up to page boundary
          address = base + ps - (base & (ps - 1));
      } else {
          address = base;
      }
      cleaner = Cleaner.create(this, new Deallocator(base, size, cap));
      att = null;
    }

    DirectByteBuffer通过unsafe.allocateMemory在物理内存中申请地址空间(非jvm堆内存),并在ByteBuffer的address变量中维护指向该内存的地址。
    unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0)方法把新申请的内存数据清零。

Channel

A channel represents an open connection to an entity such as a hardware device, a file, a network socket, or a program component that is capable of performing one or more distinct I/O operations, for example reading or writing.

又称“通道”,NIO把它支持的I/O对象抽象为Channel,类似于原I/O中的流(Stream),但有所区别:

  • 流是单向的,通道是双向的,可读可写。
  • 流读写是阻塞的,通道可以异步读写。
  • 流中的数据可以选择性的先读到缓存中,通道的数据总是要先读到一个缓存中,或从缓存中写入,如下所示:
NIO Channel和Buffer_第3张图片
Channel.png

目前已知Channel的实现类有:

  • FileChannel
  • DatagramChannel
  • SocketChannel
  • ServerSocketChannel

FileChannel

A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.
一个用来写、读、映射和操作文件的通道。

FileChannel的read、write和map通过其实现类FileChannelImpl实现。

  • read实现

    public int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException {
      ensureOpen();
      if (!readable)
          throw new NonReadableChannelException();
      synchronized (positionLock) {
          int n = 0;
          int ti = -1;
          try {
              begin();
              ti = threads.add();
              if (!isOpen())
                  return 0;
              do {
                  n = IOUtil.read(fd, dst, -1, nd);
              } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen());
              return IOStatus.normalize(n);
          } finally {
              threads.remove(ti);
              end(n > 0);
              assert IOStatus.check(n);
          }
      }
    }

    FileChannelImpl的read方法通过IOUtil的read实现:

    static int read(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer dst, long position,
                  NativeDispatcher nd) IOException {
      if (dst.isReadOnly())
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Read-only buffer");
      if (dst instanceof DirectBuffer)
          return readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, dst, position, nd);
    
      // Substitute a native buffer
      ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(dst.remaining());
      try {
          int n = readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd);
          bb.flip();
          if (n > 0)
              dst.put(bb);
          return n;
      } finally {
          Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb);
      }
    }

    通过上述实现可以看出,基于channel的文件数据读取步骤如下:
    1、申请一块和缓存同大小的DirectByteBuffer bb。
    2、读取数据到缓存bb,底层由NativeDispatcher的read实现。
    3、把bb的数据读取到dst(用户定义的缓存,在jvm中分配内存)。
    read方法导致数据复制了两次

  • write实现

    public int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException {
      ensureOpen();
      if (!writable)
          throw new NonWritableChannelException();
      synchronized (positionLock) {
          int n = 0;
          int ti = -1;
          try {
              begin();
              ti = threads.add();
              if (!isOpen())
                  return 0;
              do {
                  n = IOUtil.write(fd, src, -1, nd);
              } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen());
              return IOStatus.normalize(n);
          } finally {
              threads.remove(ti);
              end(n > 0);
              assert IOStatus.check(n);
          }
      }
    }

    和read实现一样,FileChannelImpl的write方法通过IOUtil的write实现:

    static int write(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer src, long position,
                   NativeDispatcher nd) throws IOException {
      if (src instanceof DirectBuffer)
          return writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, src, position, nd);
      // Substitute a native buffer
      int pos = src.position();
      int lim = src.limit();
      assert (pos <= lim);
      int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0);
      ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(rem);
      try {
          bb.put(src);
          bb.flip();
          // Do not update src until we see how many bytes were written
          src.position(pos);
          int n = writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd);
          if (n > 0) {
              // now update src
              src.position(pos + n);
          }
          return n;
      } finally {
          Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb);
      }
    }

    通过上述实现可以看出,基于channel的文件数据写入步骤如下:
    1、申请一块DirectByteBuffer,bb大小为byteBuffer中的limit - position。
    2、复制byteBuffer中的数据到bb中。
    3、把数据从bb中写入到文件,底层由NativeDispatcher的write实现,具体如下:

    private static int writeFromNativeBuffer(FileDescriptor fd, 
          ByteBuffer bb, long position, NativeDispatcher nd)
      throws IOException {
      int pos = bb.position();
      int lim = bb.limit();
      assert (pos <= lim);
      int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0);
    
      int written = 0;
      if (rem == 0)
          return 0;
      if (position != -1) {
          written = nd.pwrite(fd,
                              ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos,
                              rem, position);
      } else {
          written = nd.write(fd, ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos, rem);
      }
      if (written > 0)
          bb.position(pos + written);
      return written;
    }

    write方法也导致了数据复制了两次

Channel和Buffer示例

File file = new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw");
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(48);

int bytesRead = channel.read(buffer);
while (bytesRead != -1) {
    System.out.println("Read " + bytesRead);
    buffer.flip();
    while(buffer.hasRemaining()){
        System.out.print((char) buffer.get());
    }
    buffer.clear();
    bytesRead = channel.read(buffer);
}
file.close();

注意buffer.flip() 的调用,首先将数据写入到buffer,然后变成读模式,再从buffer中读取数据。

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