最短路径——Bellman_Ford算法

Dijkstra算法是处理单源最短路径的有效算法,但它局限于边的权值非负的情况,若图中出现权值为负的边,Dijkstra算法就会失效,求出的最短路径就可能是错的。这时候,就需要使用其他的算法来求解最短路径,Bellman-Ford算法就是其中最常用的一个。该算法由美国数学家理查德•贝尔曼(Richard Bellman, 动态规划的提出者)和小莱斯特•福特(Lester Ford)发明。Bellman-Ford算法的流程如下:

给定图G(V, E)(其中V、E分别为图G的顶点集与边集),源点s,

  • 数组Distant[i]记录从源点s到顶点i的路径长度,初始化数组Distant[n]为, Distant[s]为0;
  •  
  • 以下操作循环执行至多n-1次,n为顶点数:
  • 对于每一条边e(u, v),如果Distant[u] + w(u, v) < Distant[v],则另Distant[v] = Distant[u]+w(u, v)。w(u, v)为边e(u,v)的权值;
  • 若上述操作没有对Distant进行更新,说明最短路径已经查找完毕,或者部分点不可达,跳出循环。否则执行下次循环;
  • 为了检测图中是否存在负环路,即权值之和小于0的环路。对于每一条边e(u, v),如果存在Distant[u] + w(u, v) < Distant[v]的边,则图中存在负环路,即是说改图无法求出单源最短路径。否则数组Distant[n]中记录的就是源点s到各顶点的最短路径长度。

可知,Bellman-Ford算法寻找单源最短路径的时间复杂度为O(V*E).

下面是该算法的伪码

procedure BellmanFord(list vertices, list edges, vertex source)
   // This implementation takes in a graph, represented as lists of vertices
   // and edges, and modifies the vertices so that their distance and
   // predecessor attributes store the shortest paths.

   // Step 1: initialize graph
   for each vertex v in vertices:
       if v is source then v.distance := 0
       else v.distance := infinity
       v.predecessor := null

   // Step 2: relax edges repeatedly
   for i from 1 to size(vertices)-1:
       for each edge uv in edges: // uv is the edge from u to v
           u := uv.source
           v := uv.destination
           if u.distance + uv.weight < v.distance:
               v.distance := u.distance + uv.weight
               v.predecessor := u

   // Step 3: check for negative-weight cycles
   for each edge uv in edges:
       u := uv.source
       v := uv.destination
       if u.distance + uv.weight < v.distance:
           error "Graph contains a negative-weight cycle"

#include 
#include 
using namespace std;

const int maxnum=15;
const int INF=999999;

struct Edge
{
	int u,v;
	int weight;
};

Edge edge[maxnum];
int dist[maxnum];
int path[maxnum];

int nodesum,edgesum,source;

void Create_Graph()
{
	cout<<"输入顶点数目和边数:";
	cin>>nodesum>>edgesum;
	
	for(int i=1;i<=nodesum;i++)
	{
		dist[i]=INF;
		path[i]=-1;
	}

	cout<<"输入要源点:";
	cin>>source;
	dist[source]=0;

	for(i=1;i<=edgesum;i++)
	{
		cout<<"输入第 "<>edge[i].u>>edge[i].v>>edge[i].weight;
		if(edge[i].u == source)   //对和源点相邻的边的权值进行初始化
		{
			dist[edge[i].v]=edge[i].weight;
			path[edge[i].v]=edge[i].u;
		}
	}

	cout<<"图构建完成"< dist[edge[i].u]+edge[i].weight)
			return false;
	return true;
}

void Print_Path(int v)
{
	int w;
	cout<<"The Shortest weight from "< s;
	w=path[v];
	while(w != -1)
	{
		s.push(w);
		w=path[w];
	}
	while(!s.empty())
	{
		cout<

下面是一个测试


该图如下所示,但是我将各个顶点的标号按照顺时针方向标号


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