1.新增
ser = User(mobile='15612345678', name='itcast')
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
profile = Profile(id=user.id)
db.session.add(profile)
db.session.commit()
批量添加如下语法:
db.seesion.add_all([user1, user2, user3 ...])
db.session.commit()
2.查询
所有()
查询所有,返回列表
User.query.all()
第一()
查询第一个,返回对象
User.query.first()
得到()
根据主键ID获取对象,若主键不存在返回无
User.query.get(2)
另一种查询方式
db.session.query(User).all()
db.session.query(User).first()
db.session.query(User).get(2)
过滤
进行过滤
User.query.filter_by(mobile='13511111111').first()
User.query.filter_by(mobile='13511111111',id=1).first() # and关系
User.query.filter(User.mobile=='13911111111').first()
逻辑或
from sqlalchemy import or_
User.query.filter(or_(User.mobile=='13911111111', User.name.endswith('号'))).all()
逻辑与
from sqlalchemy import and_
User.query.filter(and_(User.name != '13911111111', User.mobile.startswith('185'))).all()
逻辑非
from sqlalchemy import not_
User.query.filter(not_(User.mobile == '13911111111')).all()
抵消
逐步,起始位置
User.query.offset(2).all()
限制
获取限制数据
User.query.limit(3).all()
order_by
排序
User.query.order_by(user.id).all() # 正序
User.query.order_by(User.id.desc()).all() # 倒叙
复合查询
User.query.filter(User.name.startswith('13')).order_by(User.id.desc()).offset(2).limit(5).all()
query = User.query.filter(User.name.startswith('13'))
query = query.order_by(User.id.desc())
query = query.offset(2).limit(5)
ret = query.all()
优化查询
user = User.query.filter_by(id=1).first() # 查询所有字段
select user_id, mobile......
select * from # 程序不要使用
select user_id, mobile,.... # 查询指定字段
from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only
User.query.options(load_only(User.name, User.mobile)).filter_by(id=1).first() # 查询特定字段
聚合查询
from sqlalchemy import func
db.session.query(Relation.user_id, func.count(Relation.target_user_id)).filter(Relation.relation == Relation.RELATION.FOLLOW).group_by(Relation.user_id).all()
关联查询
1.使用ForeignKey
class User(db.Model):
...
profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', uselist=False)
followings = db.relationship('Relation')
class UserProfile(db.Model):
id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
...
class Relation(db.Model):
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), doc='用户ID')
...
# 测试
user = User.query.get(1)
user.profile.gender
user.followings
2.使用primaryjoin
class User(db.Model):
...
profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(UserProfile.id)', uselist=False)
followings = db.relationship('Relation', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(Relation.user_id)')
# 测试
user = User.query.get(1)
user.profile.gender
user.followings
3.指定细分关联查询
class Relation(db.Model):
...
target_user = db.relationship('User', primaryjoin='Relation.target_user_id==foreign(User.id)', uselist=False)
from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only, contains_eager
Relation.query.join(Relation.target_user).options(load_only(Relation.target_user_id), contains_eager(Relation.target_user).load_only(User.name)).all()
更新
user = User.query.get(1)
user.name = 'Python'
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
User.query.filter_by(id=1).update({'name':'python'})
db.session.commit()
删除
user = User.query.order_by(User.id.desc()).first()
db.session.delete(user)
db.session.commit()
User.query.filter(User.mobile='18512345678').delete()
db.session.commit()
事物
environ = {'wsgi.version':(1,0), 'wsgi.input': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'PATH_INFO': '/', 'SERVER_NAME': 'itcast server', 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http', 'SERVER_PORT': '80'}
with app.request_context(environ):
try:
user = User(mobile='18911111111', name='itheima')
db.session.add(user)
db.session.flush()
profile = UserProfile(id=user.id)
db.session.add(profile)
db.session.commit()
except:
db.session.rollback()