灵魂拷问:java的String到底可不可变?

从认识java的那天起,就被告知String是不可变的,因为源码上是这样写的

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable, CharSequence {
    /** The value is used for character storage. */
    private final char value[];

    /** Cache the hash code for the string */
    private int hash; // Default to 0

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;
    ……
    ……
    ……

很好理解,因为被final关键字修饰了,所以是不可变的,但你能清楚的解释下面的问题吗

	  public static void main(String[] args) {
        String a = new String("abcd");
        String b = new String("abcd");
        String c = "abcd" + "ppp";
        String d = "abcd";
        String e = "abcd" + "ppp";
        String f = d + "ppp";
        
        System.out.println("情况1:"+(a == b) + "-------------" + a.equals(b));
        System.out.println("情况2:"+(a == d) + "-------------" + a.equals(d));
       
       
        System.out.println("情况4:"+(c == e) + "-------------" + c.equals(e));
        System.out.println("情况5:"+(f == e) + "-------------" + f.equals(e));
        a = a.intern();
        System.out.println("情况6:"+(a == d) + "-------------" + a.equals(d));
    }

是不是疯了?

其实每种情况的后半段equals好理解,根据源码的描述

public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
        if (this == anObject) {
            return true;
        }
        if (anObject instanceof String) {
            String anotherString = (String)anObject;
            int n = value.length;
            if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
                char v1[] = value;
                char v2[] = anotherString.value;
                int i = 0;
                while (n-- != 0) {
                    if (v1[i] != v2[i])
                        return false;
                    i++;
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

看上面的源码知道String重写的Object的eqals方法,本质是转成字符数组然后逐一比较,所以上述6种情况后半段都是true


一个个来分析,情况1

 		String a = new String("abcd");
        String b = new String("abcd");
        System.out.println("情况1:"+(a == b) + "-------------" + a.equals(b));

看一下带参数的构造函数的源码:

    /**
     * Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
     * the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the
     * newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an
     * explicit copy of {@code original} is needed, use of this constructor is
     * unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
     *
     * @param  original
     *         A {@code String}
     */
    public String(String original) {
        this.value = original.value;
        this.hash = original.hash;
    }

首先this.value是String定义的一个私有的被final修饰成员变量private final char value[];,将原始字符串的value和hash值进行赋值后,会返回一个String对象的引用,所以a和b返回的是两个引用,自然不一样,所以情况1前半段为false


情况2

  String a = new String("abcd");
  String d = "abcd";
  System.out.println("情况2:"+(a == d) + "-------------" + a.equals(d));

看着好像是一样的,但这个就涉及到String字符池的概念,其实在情况1中,jvm会在内部维护的String Pooll中放入一个"abc"对象,并在heap中创建一个String对象,然后将该heap中对象的引用返回给用户
大概意思如下图
灵魂拷问:java的String到底可不可变?_第1张图片
堆内存和字符串有什么不同呢,堆内存会随着对象的回收而被GC回收,而字符池不会

所以执行String d = "abcd";的时候,实际上java的处理方式是先去字符池找,有没有已经存在的字符串,如果有,则返回一个指向它的引用,如果没有,则与new String(“abcd”)处理一样,这里可知,字符池中已经有,所以返回的只是一个String类型的引用,而===比较的就是引用,所以情况2的前半段结果也是false


情况3

	String b = new String("abcd");
    System.out.println("情况3:"+(b == d) + "-------------" + b.equals(d));
    String d = "abcd";

与情况2如出一辙,前半段结果也是false

情况4

  String c = "abcd" + "ppp";
  String e = "abcd" + "ppp";
  System.out.println("情况4:"+(c == e) + "-------------" + c.equals(e));

如果用+号来实现String的串接时:1)仅当+号两边均为字符串常量时,才将其+后的结果当做字符串常量,且该结果直接放入String Pool;2)若+号两边有一方为变量时,+后的结果即当做非字符串常量处理(等同于new String()的效果) ,所以可知c和e引用的是用一个对象,所以情况4的前半段结果是true


情况5

		String d = "abcd";
        String e = "abcd" + "ppp";
        String f = d + "ppp";
	    System.out.println("情况5:"+(f == e) + "-------------" + f.equals(e));

根据情况4的分析,+号有一方为变量,处理与new String()一致,自然前半段结果也是false

情况6

	    String a = new String("abcd");
		 a = a.intern();
        System.out.println("情况6:"+(a == d) + "-------------" + a.equals(d));

情况6与情况2唯一的不同就是a = a.intern();,那这个a = a.intern();到底做了什么呢,源码是这样说的

 /**
     * Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
     * 

* A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the * class {@code String}. *

* When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a * string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by * the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is * returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the * pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned. *

* It follows that for any two strings {@code s} and {@code t}, * {@code s.intern() == t.intern()} is {@code true} * if and only if {@code s.equals(t)} is {@code true}. *

* All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are * interned. String literals are defined in section 3.10.5 of the * The Java™ Language Specification. * * @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is * guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings. */ public native String intern();

大概意思就是如果常量池中存在当前字符串, 就会直接返回当前字符串. 如果常量池中没有此字符串, 会将此字符串放入常量池中后, 再返回

所以a.intern()是显式的调用了intern()方法,将a的引用由原来的指向heap中对象改为指向内部维护的strings pool中的对像,a原来指向的String对象已经成为垃圾对象了,随时会被GC收集
如此一来自然前半段结果就是true了,真TM神奇

总结一下,String对象真的是不可变的,“可变的”是引用,jvm通过上面的策略,可以使多个引用指向一个对象而互不影响。字符池的存在当然是基于节约内存考虑。

最后我们来看一下结果
灵魂拷问:java的String到底可不可变?_第2张图片
好像是全对了,100分,但是故事结束了吗?

 public static String changeStr(String before) throws Exception{

        System.out.println("之前是这个---- "+before); //
        Field field = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");

        field.setAccessible(true);

        char[] value = (char[]) field.get(before);

        value[6] = 'J';

        value[7] = 'a';

        value[8] = 'v';

        value[9] = 'a';

        value[10] = '!';

        value[11] = '!';

        System.out.println("之后呀是这个---- "+before); 
      return before;

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {

            System.out.println(changeStr("Hello String"));
        }catch (Exception e ){
            // 异常处理
        }

    }

灵魂拷问:java的String到底可不可变?_第3张图片
啪,打脸,好疼!!!

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