ArrayList是一种常用List类型实现,也是Java集合中的的常用类型,以遍历查询性能优异著称,继承关系如下:
可见ArrayList实现了Cloneable,Serializable,RandomAcess和List接口,继承了AbstractList抽象类,简而言之,ArrayList是一个实现了可复制,可序列化,支持快速随机访问的List类型。这里最重要的是实现了List的接口,包括初始化,新增,查询,删除,销毁等函数,具体如何实现,请见下文分析。
/**
* List默认初始化长度
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* 存储ArrayList数据的数组
*/
transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* List的实际长度
*/
private int size;
/**
* ArrayList最大长度
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
这里列出了三个重要的变量,具体释义见注释。ArrayList在初始化时默认为空的数组,当首个元素加入到List中时,长度扩容到10。size是数组的实际容量,也即是List的大小,初始化为0。elementData是Object类型的数组,也是实际存放数据的数组。以Object作为数组元素使得List可以有效支持泛型。这里有一点需要注意,既然elementData用来存放元素,那为何不使用elementData.length而是使用size这一变量作为ArrayList的长度呢?在下文中会结合使用进行说明。
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// defend against c.toArray (incorrectly) not returning Object[]
// (see e.g. https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
构造函数有三个:
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
modCount++;
final int s;
Object[] elementData;
if ((s = size) == (elementData = this.elementData).length)
elementData = grow();
System.arraycopy(elementData, index,
elementData, index + 1,
s - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size = s + 1;
}
add函数重载的包括多个,这里只列出一个具有代表性的进行说明,其他的add方法可由它推演而来。这个函数做了这么几件事,首先检查要插入的下标是否越界,是的话直接抛异常退出。然后检查elementData.length和size是否一致,一致说明容量已满,需要扩容,增加一个元素的容量。将index之后的元素分别拷贝到原下标+1的位置,将index位置设为指定element,并将ArrayList的实际长度加一。
这一步骤的关键,或者说ArrayList的关键,在于扩容,来看一下扩容的实现。
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
* @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
*/
private Object[] grow(int minCapacity) {
return elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData,
newCapacity(minCapacity));
}
private Object[] grow() {
return grow(size + 1);
}
/**
* Returns a capacity at least as large as the given minimum capacity.
* Returns the current capacity increased by 50% if that suffices.
* Will not return a capacity greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE unless
* the given minimum capacity is greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
* @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
*/
private int newCapacity(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity <= 0) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return minCapacity;
}
return (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE <= 0)
? newCapacity
: hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
}
当ArrayList容量不够时,默认需要增加一个元素的长度。在实际执行过程中,是扩容到之前容量的1.5倍,然后判断是否超过最大限制,超过则报内存溢出错误。在扩容过程中,最大不得超过MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,即ArrayList的最大长度。
由此可见,向ArrayList插入元素时,当元素个数小于实际容量大小时,只要进行部分数组的拷贝工作,容量已满时,需要扩容则要将ArrayList的所有元素拷贝到新建数组中,这个步骤是比较耗时的。元素的插入确实不是ArrayList的强项。
查询和修改实际是通过下标来访问和修改数组元素,时间复杂度只有O(1),相对于LinkedList和其他容器,都具有绝对的速度优势。
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
return elementData(index);
}
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
只是进行下标检测,获取或者替换指定index位置的元素。
删除元素对ArrayList来说也有一定的工作量,需要将指定index位置以后的元素统统向前移位,如果ArrayList较长且删除元素的位置靠前,这就是一个比较耗时的操作了。
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
这里还需要注意,实际上,删除元素时,并没有新建一个数组将原数组拷贝进去,而拷贝元素后将原先末尾的位置置为null并且减小size。这里再提出一个问题,将数组元素的最后一位设为null后,虚拟机会对该位置进行垃圾回收吗,数组的实际长度变化了吗?
最后看ArrayList的销毁。
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
final Object[] es = elementData;
for (int to = size, i = size = 0; i < to; i++)
es[i] = null;
}
销毁比较简单,只是把数组各元素置为null,并且将size设为0。
容器最重要的功能是存储和获取元素,本文从源码角度介绍了ArrayList的增删改查和原理,ArrayList还有一些其他未提到的特性,将在后面的文章中展示。