np.where()函数的详细使用介绍
看了很多博客，见到的没有一个给说清楚了，这里做个记录。这是python提供的函数说明：
Help on function where in module numpy:
where(...)
where(condition, [x, y])
Return elements chosen from `x` or `y` depending on `condition`.
.. note::
When only `condition` is provided, this function is a shorthand for
``np.asarray(condition).nonzero()``. Using `nonzero` directly should be
preferred, as it behaves correctly for subclasses. The rest of this
documentation covers only the case where all three arguments are
provided.
Parameters
----------
condition : array_like, bool
Where True, yield `x`, otherwise yield `y`.
x, y : array_like
Values from which to choose. `x`, `y` and `condition` need to be
broadcastable to some shape.
Returns
-------
out : ndarray
An array with elements from `x` where `condition` is True, and elements
from `y` elsewhere.
See Also
--------
choose
nonzero : The function that is called when x and y are omitted
Notes
-----
If all the arrays are 1-D, `where` is equivalent to::
[xv if c else yv
for c, xv, yv in zip(condition, x, y)]
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(10)
>>> a
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> np.where(a < 5, a, 10*a)
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90])
This can be used on multidimensional arrays too:
>>> np.where([[True, False], [True, True]],
... [[1, 2], [3, 4]],
... [[9, 8], [7, 6]])
array([[1, 8],
[3, 4]])
The shapes of x, y, and the condition are broadcast together:
>>> x, y = np.ogrid[:3, :4]
>>> np.where(x < y, x, 10 + y) # both x and 10+y are broadcast
array([[10, 0, 0, 0],
[10, 11, 1, 1],
[10, 11, 12, 2]])
>>> a = np.array([[0, 1, 2],
... [0, 2, 4],
... [0, 3, 6]])
>>> np.where(a < 4, a, -1) # -1 is broadcast
array([[ 0, 1, 2],
[ 0, 2, -1],
[ 0, 3, -1]])
就是说，当只传入condition参数时，等价于np.nonzero()
Help on function nonzero in module numpy:
nonzero(a)
Return the indices of the elements that are non-zero.
Returns a tuple of arrays, one for each dimension of `a`,
containing the indices of the non-zero elements in that
dimension. The values in `a` are always tested and returned in
row-major, C-style order.
To group the indices by element, rather than dimension, use `argwhere`,
which returns a row for each non-zero element.
.. note::
When called on a zero-d array or scalar, ``nonzero(a)`` is treated
as ``nonzero(atleast1d(a))``.
.. deprecated:: 1.17.0
Use `atleast1d` explicitly if this behavior is deliberate.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
Returns
-------
tuple_of_arrays : tuple
Indices of elements that are non-zero.
See Also
--------
flatnonzero :
Return indices that are non-zero in the flattened version of the input
array.
ndarray.nonzero :
Equivalent ndarray method.
count_nonzero :
Counts the number of non-zero elements in the input array.
Notes
-----
While the nonzero values can be obtained with ``a[nonzero(a)]``, it is
recommended to use ``x[x.astype(bool)]`` or ``x[x != 0]`` instead, which
will correctly handle 0-d arrays.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[3, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [5, 6, 0]])
>>> x
array([[3, 0, 0],
[0, 4, 0],
[5, 6, 0]])
>>> np.nonzero(x)
(array([0, 1, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 0, 1]))
>>> x[np.nonzero(x)]
array([3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.transpose(np.nonzero(x))
array([[0, 0],
[1, 1],
[2, 0],
[2, 1]])
A common use for ``nonzero`` is to find the indices of an array, where
a condition is True. Given an array `a`, the condition `a` > 3 is a
boolean array and since False is interpreted as 0, np.nonzero(a > 3)
yields the indices of the `a` where the condition is true.
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> a > 3
array([[False, False, False],
[ True, True, True],
[ True, True, True]])
>>> np.nonzero(a > 3)
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
Using this result to index `a` is equivalent to using the mask directly:
>>> a[np.nonzero(a > 3)]
array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> a[a > 3] # prefer this spelling
array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
``nonzero`` can also be called as a method of the array.
>>> (a > 3).nonzero()
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
