废话不多说,直接上代码
__auth__ = "aleimu"
__doc__ = "学习tornado6.0+ 版本与python3.7+"
import time
import asyncio
import tornado.gen
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.httpserver # tornado的HTTP服务器实现
from tornado.options import define, options
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPClient, AsyncHTTPClient
from requests import get
settings = {'debug': True}
url = "http://127.0.0.1:5000/" # 这是另个服务,请求5s后返回结果
# RuntimeError: Cannot run the event loop while another loop is running
# 解释:HTTPClient内部写 loop.run_xxx，因为那是启动event loop的命令，通常只再最最最外面用一次，之后的代码都应假设 loop 已经在运转了。
def synchronous_fetch(url):
print("synchronous_fetch")
try:
http_client = HTTPClient()
time.sleep(5)
response = http_client.fetch(url)
print(response.body)
except Exception as e:
print("Error: " + str(e))
return str(e)
http_client.close()
return response.body
# 替代synchronous_fetch的同步请求,没有内置loop.run_xxx
def synchronous_get(url):
response = get(url)
time.sleep(5)
print("synchronous_fetch")
return response.text
# 简单的模拟异步操作,这里之后应该替换成各种异步库的函数
async def sleep():
print("start sleep")
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print("end sleep")
# 异步请求
async def asynchronous_fetch(url):
http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
response = await http_client.fetch(url)
print("asynchronous_fetch")
return response.body
# 测试
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world:%s" % self.request.request_time())
self.finish()
print("not finish!")
return
# 同步阻塞
class synchronous_fetcher(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("%s,%s" % (synchronous_fetch(url), self.request.request_time()))
# 同步阻塞
class synchronous_geter(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("%s,%s" % (synchronous_get(url), self.request.request_time()))
# 异步阻塞,我以为curl "127.0.0.1:8888/1" 总耗时希望为5s,可是是25s,看来异步没搞好,以下的函数都是基于此改进的
class asynchronous_fetcher_1(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
async def get(self):
body = await asynchronous_fetch(url)
for i in range(3):
print("skip %s" % i)
await tornado.gen.sleep(5)
time.sleep(5)
print("end request")
self.write("%s,%s" % (body, self.request.request_time()))
# curl "127.0.0.1:8888/1"
# b'{\n "data": "123"\n}\n',25.026000022888184
# 异步阻塞,效果同上,这里只是证明 tornado.gen.sleep(5)和asyncio.sleep(5) 效果一致
class asynchronous_fetcher_2(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
async def get(self):
body = await asynchronous_fetch(url) # 关注协程完成后返回的结果
for i in range(3):
print("skip %s" % i)
await sleep()
time.sleep(5)
print("end request")
self.write("%s,%s" % (body, self.request.request_time()))
# curl "127.0.0.1:8888/2"
# b'{\n "data": "123"\n}\n',25.039999961853027
# 异步非阻塞-将部分异步操作放入组中,实现loop管理
class asynchronous_fetcher_3(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
async def get(self):
body = await asynchronous_fetch(url)
await asyncio.wait([sleep() for i in range(3)])
print("end request")
self.write("%s,%s" % (body, self.request.request_time()))
# curl "127.0.0.1:8888/3"
# b'{\n "data": "123"\n}\n',10.001000165939331
# 异步非阻塞-将所有异步操作放入组中,实现loop管理
class asynchronous_fetcher_4(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
async def get(self):
task_list = [sleep() for i in range(3)]
task_list.append(asynchronous_fetch(url))
body = await asyncio.wait(task_list) # 将所有异步操作的结果返回,但是是无序的,要是需要返回结果的话解析起来比较麻烦
print("end request:", body)
# print(type(body), len(body),type(body[0]),len(body[0]),type(body[0]))
self.write("%s,%s" % ([x.result() for x in body[0] if x.result() is not None][0],
self.request.request_time()))
# curl "127.0.0.1:8888/4"
# b'{\n "data": "123"\n}\n',5.006999969482422
def make_app():
return tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
(r"/1", asynchronous_fetcher_1),
(r"/2", asynchronous_fetcher_2),
(r"/3", asynchronous_fetcher_3),
(r"/4", asynchronous_fetcher_4),
(r"/5", synchronous_fetcher),
(r"/6", synchronous_geter),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("server start!")
app = make_app()
server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(app)
server.bind(8888)
server.start(1) # forks one process per cpu,windows上无法fork,这里默认为1
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
总结
1.Tornado使用单线程事件循环,写的不好,会阻塞的非常严重,比如synchronous_geter
2.flask+celery可以完成常见的异步任务
3.await语法只能出现在通过async修饰的函数中
4.可以看到tornado.gen.coroutine, tornado.concurrent.run_on_executor,tornado.web.asynchronous,tornado.gen.coroutine等这些装饰器都不在经常使用了,都由async和await代替
参考文档:
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/27258289 # Python async/await入门指南
http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/guide/intro.html # 这个官网
https://www.osgeo.cn/tornado/guide/intro.html #Tornado 1.0 - Tornado 6.0的更新说明,以及6.0版本的中文文档,适合英语不好的人阅读
https://www.osgeo.cn/tornado/releases/v5.0.0.html# 在Python 3上， IOLoop 总是包装asyncio事件循环。On Python 3, IOLoop is always a wrapper around the asyncio event loop.
这是我重新复习tornado的原因,tornado放弃了之前自己实现的tornado.ioloop,全面拥抱asyncio的event_loop.这个改动是非常大的,
而且阅读tornado的源码可以发现其中大部分函数都支持了类型检验,和返回值提示,值得阅读.