GCD常用API
- dispatch_queue_t 队列
- dispatch_async 和 dispatch_sync
- dispatch_after
- dispatch_once
- dispatch_set_target_queue
- dispatch_barrier_async
- dispatch_apply
- dispatch_suspend 和 dispatch_resume
- dispatch group 相关
- dispatch semaphore 相关
dispatch_queue_t 队列
队列有两种串行队列（Serial Diapatch Queue）和并行队列（Concurrent Dispatch Queue）
- 串行队列：队列中可以有很多任务，但是只能向一个线程一个接一个的派发的任务（一个线程一次只能执行一个任务）
- 并行队列：相比串行队列的一个线程，并行队列可以同时给多个线程派发任务，至于同时有多少个线程取决于当前系统的状态
创建自定义队列
- 串行队列：dispatch_queue_create("com.xxx.xxx.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL)
- 并行队列：dispatch_queue_create("com.xxx.xxx.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT)
获取系统队列
- dispatch_get_main_queue() 在主线程中执行的队列，因为主线程只有一个，自然是串行队列了
- dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_XXX,0) 并行队列
- DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH 优先级最高
- DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT 默认优先级
- DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_LOW 优先级低
- DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND 后台
注意：这些优先级不能保证实时性，因此只是大致判断
dispatch_async 和 dispatch_sync
- dispatch_async 非同步向队列中添加任务
- dispatch_sync 同步向队列中添加任务，如果上一个任务没有完成，那就一直等待
异步向串行队列派发任务
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
for(NSInteger i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
NSLog(@"进入队列:%ld", i);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
sleep(1);
NSLog(@"执行任务:%ld", i);
});
}
结果（注意输出时间）
14:21:24.554 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69346] 进入队列:0
14:21:24.554 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69346] 进入队列:1
14:21:24.555 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69346] 进入队列:2
14:21:25.558 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69388] 执行任务:0
14:21:26.561 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69388] 执行任务:1
14:21:27.561 ObjectiveDemo[1030:69388] 执行任务:2
解释
并行队列中几乎是同时加进3个任务，然后派发任务，可以看到不是sleep(1)后同时打出日志，而是完成一个之后再派发一个任务
同步向并行队列派发任务
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
for(NSInteger i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
NSLog(@"进入队列:%ld", i);
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
sleep(1);
NSLog(@"执行任务:%ld", i);
});
}
结果（注意输出时间）
14:47:07.616 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 进入队列:0
14:47:08.616 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 执行任务:0
14:47:08.617 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 进入队列:1
14:47:09.618 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 执行任务:1
14:47:09.618 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 进入队列:2
14:47:10.619 ObjectiveDemo[1055:74849] 执行任务:2
解释
由于是一个任务完成之后，再添加一个新的任务，所以队列中只会存在一个派发中的任务
注意：向队列中同步或异步添加任务，队列向线程串行或并行派发任务
死锁现象
串行队列中异步一个任务，然后在任务中向队列同步一个任务，造成死锁。观察下面两段代码
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"1");
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"2");
});
NSLog(@"3");
});
结果：16:16:30.282 ObjectiveDemo[1248:97831] 1
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"1");
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
NSLog(@"2");
});
NSLog(@"3");
});
结果
16:17:14.916 ObjectiveDemo[1260:98640] 1
16:17:14.916 ObjectiveDemo[1260:98640] 2
16:17:14.916 ObjectiveDemo[1260:98640] 3
现象：串行队列死锁，并行队列正常
解释：按照串行派发任务是完成一个任务再从队列中取，输出的顺序是1 3 2，按照同步操作输出的顺序是1 2 3，只有输出1不矛盾，然后就执行不了了。并行派发任务不需要等待，有同步过来的就可以直接执行，然后再执行后面的，所以正常了
dispatch_after延迟调用
API
void dispatch_after(dispatch_time_t when, dispatch_queue_t queue, dispatch_block_t block)
使用
dispatch_time_t time = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(3.0 * NSEC_PER_SEC));
dispatch_after(time, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
NSLog(@"done");
});
解释
延迟大致3s（不是准确时间）在主线程调用，当然也可以通过修改队列让其在子线程上执行
dispatch_time_t
dispatch_time_t 可以通过 dispatch_time 或 dispatch_walltime 函数生成
//dispatch_time 生成相对时间，比如相对现在延迟3.0s
dispatch_time_t time = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(3.0 * NSEC_PER_SEC));
//dispatch_walltime 生成绝对时间，指定某时间2020年2月2日 2时2分2秒 执行任务
dispatch_time_t getDispatchTimeForDate(NSDate *date)
{
NSTimeInterval interval;
double second, subSecond;
struct timespec time;
dispatch_time_t milestone;
interval = [date timeIntervalSince1970];
subSecond = modf(interval, &second);
time.tv_sec = second;
time.tv_nsec = subSecond * NSEC_PER_SEC;
milestone = dispatch_walltime(&time, 0);
return milestone;
}
dispatch_once
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
//初始化;
});
相比使用静态变量标记，dispatch_once是线程安全的
dispatch_set_target_queue
修改优先级
使用dispatch_queue_create创建的队列都是默认优先级，如果需要修改优先级可以先通过dispatch_get_global_queue生成一个想要的优先级，然后通过dispatch_set_target_queue进行指定修改
修改串并行队列
dispatch_queue_t queue1 = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test1", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_queue_t queue2 = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test2", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_queue_t queue3 = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test3", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_queue_t queue4 = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test4", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_set_target_queue(queue4, queue3);
dispatch_set_target_queue(queue3, queue2);
dispatch_set_target_queue(queue2, queue1);
NSInteger i = 0;
for(; i < 3; i++)
{
dispatch_async(queue1, ^{
NSLog(@"%ld", i);
});
}
for(; i < 6; i++)
{
dispatch_async(queue2, ^{
NSLog(@"%ld", i);
});
}
for(; i < 9; i++)
{
dispatch_async(queue3, ^{
NSLog(@"%ld", i);
});
}
for(; i < 12; i++)
{
dispatch_async(queue4, ^{
NSLog(@"%ld", i);
});
}
结果：0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
解释：可以把整个修改看成一颗树，如果根节点是串行，那么所有节点全为串行，反之全为并行
dispatch_barrier_async
当我们在操作数据库时，会经常遇到，数据的并行读取，写入时又要考虑数据竞争问题，dispatch_barrier_async 是一种解决方案
NSMutableArray *array = @[@"1", @"2", @"3"].mutableCopy;
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.mtry.demo.test", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[0]);});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[1]);});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[2]);});
dispatch_barrier_async(queue, ^{[array addObject:@"4"]; NSLog(@"add 4");});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[0]);});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[1]);});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[2]);});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{NSLog(@"%@", array[3]);});
结果
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9144] 1
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9162] 3
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9137] 2
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9137] add 4
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9137] 2
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9162] 1
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9144] 3
09:10:21.698 ObjectiveDemo[670:9148] 4
前面3个任务无法控制顺序，但是一定是完成之后才执行dispatch_barrier_async的任务，同样dispatch_barrier_async完成之后才会执行下面4个任务
dispatch_apply
指定次数将指定的Block追加到队列中，并等待全部只执行结束
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_apply(5, queue, ^(size_t index) {
NSLog(@"%ld", index);
});
NSLog(@"done");
结果
10:29:04.906 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34296] 0
10:29:04.906 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34296] 2
10:29:04.906 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34296] 3
10:29:04.906 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34319] 1
10:29:04.907 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34320] 4
10:29:04.907 ObjectiveDemo[1407:34296] done
dispatch_suspend 和 dispatch_resume
挂起和恢复派发队列中的任务。挂起和恢复主要针对是向线程派发任务操作，不影响向队列中添加任务，已经派发出去的任务自然也影响不了
- 挂起队列：dispatch_suspend(queue)
- 恢复队列：dispatch_resume(queue)
注意：挂起和恢复只能通过dispatch_queue_create创建的队列，不能操作dispatch_get_main_queue 和 dispatch_get_global_queue 生成的队列。YY一下系统队列应该是全局共享的，你挂起了，其它地方就会莫名其妙的停止了，出于安全的还是挂起无效吧
dispatch group 相关
队列中的任务全部结束时响应dispatch_group_notify的操作
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"1");});
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"2");});
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"3");});
dispatch_group_notify(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"done");});
结果
11:26:23.431 ObjectiveDemo[1515:48508] 1
11:26:23.431 ObjectiveDemo[1515:48603] 3
11:26:23.431 ObjectiveDemo[1515:48520] 2
11:26:23.432 ObjectiveDemo[1515:48520] done
指定等待时间就响应操作
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"1");});
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"2");});
dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{NSLog(@"3");});
dispatch_group_wait(group, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
NSLog(@"done");
结果
11:30:37.824 ObjectiveDemo[1532:50167] 2
11:30:37.824 ObjectiveDemo[1532:50157] 1
11:30:37.824 ObjectiveDemo[1532:50181] 3
11:30:37.825 ObjectiveDemo[1532:50133] done
DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER 是 dispatch_time_t 类型，表示永久等待。当然也可以自己创建指定时间，比如下面代码等待1s
dispatch_time_t time = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, 1ull * NSEC_PER_SEC);
long result = dispatch_group_wait(group, time);
if(result == 0)
{
//队列中的任务全部完成
}
else
{
//队列中还有任务没有完成
}
dispatch_group_enter 和 dispatch_group_leave
当并行派发队列中嵌套一个并行派发队列时可以使用dispatch_group_enter 和 dispatch_group_leave
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_queue_t queue1 = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_queue_t queue2 = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_group_async(group, queue1, ^{
dispatch_group_enter(group);
NSLog(@"1");
dispatch_async(queue2, ^{
NSLog(@"2");
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
});
dispatch_group_async(group, queue1, ^{
dispatch_group_enter(group);
NSLog(@"3");
dispatch_async(queue2, ^{
NSLog(@"4");
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
});
dispatch_group_notify(group, queue1, ^{
NSLog(@"done");
});
结果
11:47:10.887 ObjectiveDemo[1555:55580] 3
11:47:10.887 ObjectiveDemo[1555:55586] 1
11:47:10.887 ObjectiveDemo[1555:55586] 2
11:47:10.887 ObjectiveDemo[1555:55580] 4
11:47:10.888 ObjectiveDemo[1555:55580] done
dispatch semaphore 相关
可以实现并发，当然如果实现原子锁也一样了，把并发数改成1就可以了。以下是并发的例子
//最大并发数
NSInteger maxConcurrent = 2;
dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(maxConcurrent);
for(NSInteger i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
NSLog(@"执行任务:%ld", i);
sleep(1);
dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
});
}
结果（注意观察输出时间）
13:20:40.683 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74564] 执行任务:1
13:20:40.683 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74484] 执行任务:0
13:20:41.688 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74568] 执行任务:2
13:20:41.688 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74477] 执行任务:3
13:20:42.689 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74585] 执行任务:4
13:20:42.689 ObjectiveDemo[1632:74586] 执行任务:5
dispatch_semaphore_wait 设置的时间参数是DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER（dispatch_time_t），表示永久等待，当semaphore的计数大于等于1时，向下执行同时计数减1，如果计数为0永久等待，调用dispatch_semaphore_signal时，计数加1时间参数可以自己生成，使用与dispatch_group_wait类似
参考资料
《Objective-C高级编程 iOS与OS X多线程和内存管理》