2021-09-22

移动编程—安卓开发总结

  • 项目结构
  • UI界面
    • LinearLayout
    • RelativeLayout
  • 事件处理
  • SQLite数据库
  • 动态数据渲染
  • 页面传值
  • 远程数据库连接
    • JDBC连接
    • HTTP连接
    • 异步UI刷新

项目结构

  • AndroidManifest.xml :注册activity (新建时IDE自动注册)

  • java后台代码

    • MainActivity.java: 程序入口, 同级目录文件夹下存放其他activity
    • activity: 控制每个页面
    • adaptor:控制向前端数据渲染
    • view:控制UI界面元素
    • bean:存放数据库中对应实体类
    • utils:封装工具类,如用于判断从前端获取输入是否为空等
  • layout

    • 包含activity ,控制界面元素及其格式
  • drawable

    • 包含shape,背景形状控件
  • mipmap

    • 包含图片
  • values

    • string.xml 需要使用的字符串值,便于统一修改
    • color.xml 需要使用的颜色RGB值,便于直接使用
    • dimension.xml 需要用到的尺寸,便于尺寸适配不同机型
  • gradle

    • build.gradle 配置相关依赖

    • gradle-wrapper.properties 配置gradle版本等信息

UI界面

参考博客:安卓UI界面开发经典四大布局,此处只记录(B站教学视频里)最常用的两种布局方式。

LinearLayout

整个Android布局中的控件摆放方式是以线性的方式摆放的,最常用。

排列方式:

  • 纵向:android:orientation="vertical"
  • 横向:android:orientation="horizontal"

系统默认采用横向布局

权重:

类似H5前端开发弹性布局中flex的数值,设置总权重时部分权重超过后的元素将被忽略。

线性布局中可以规定控件的权重,通过android:layout_weight=""实现。下面我们来看一起权重的经典问题。我们先不设置总权重,设置子元素的宽度为0dp



    


    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:background="@color/colorPrimary"
        android:layout_weight="1"/>

    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:background="@color/colorAccent"
        android:layout_weight="2"/>

LinearLayout>

显示效果如下:

2021-09-22_第1张图片

RelativeLayout

通过相对布局,可以实现控件的重叠。当控件大量重叠时,用相对布局更加方便。

它在MarginLayout的基础上,添加了对齐方法layout_alignBottom="@+id/iv"

下面是一些简单的属性:

属性 作用
layout_marginRight 控件与界面右侧距离
layout_toRightOf 将该控件的右边缘与给定ID的控件左边缘对齐
layout_alignRight 将该控件的右边缘与给定ID的右边缘对齐
layout_alignParentRight 将该控件的右部与其父控件的右部对齐
layout_centerInParent 将该控件的置于父控件的中央

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    android:weightSum="3">

    <View
        android:id="@+id/v1"
        android:layout_width="300dp"
        android:layout_height="200dp"
        android:background="@color/colorPrimaryDark" />

    <View
        android:layout_width="100dp"
        android:layout_height="100dp"
        android:background="@color/colorAccent"
        android:layout_alignRight="@id/v1"
        android:layout_alignBottom="@id/v1"
        android:layout_marginRight="50dp"/>
    
RelativeLayout>

效果图如下:

2021-09-22_第2张图片

事件处理

方法1:通过ID绑定设置事件监听器实现:

在前端指定元素ID:

<Button
    android:id="@+id/btn_login"
    android:layout_width="100dp"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="@string/register"
    android:background="@drawable/login_btn">
Button>

后台根据ID找到元素:

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
     
    private Button btnLogin; //声明变量

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        //根据ID找到元素
        btnLogin = findViewById(R.id.btn_login); 

        //绑定点击事件
        btnLogin.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
     
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
     
                /*事件处理*/
            }
        });
    }
}

方法2:实现前端onClick点击事件

前端:

<Button
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:onClick="Login"/>

后台:

public void Login(View view) {
     
    /*处理事件*/
}

SQLite数据库

参考教程:B站安卓零基础入门-第85讲

以单例模式创建工具类,需要注意SQLiteDatabase中主键必须是自增_id

public class DBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
     
    private static SQLiteOpenHelper mInstance;

    public static synchronized SQLiteOpenHelper getInstance(Context context){
     
        if (mInstance == null){
     
            //创建数据库
            mInstance = new DBHelper(context, "droid.db", null, 1);
        }
        return mInstance;
    }

    private DBHelper(@Nullable Context context, @Nullable String name, @Nullable SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactory factory, int version) {
     
        super(context, name, factory, version);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
     
        //创建数据库sql语句
        String sql = "CREATE TABLE book(" +
                "_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," +
                "name TEXT," +
                "type TEXT," +
                "course TEXT" +
                ")";
        //执行sql语句
        db.execSQL(sql);
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
     

    }
}

操作数据库数据:

需要注意execSQL函数的第二个参数顺序需要和待填写项对应

public class BookDB{
     
    private static BookDB bookDB;
    private SQLiteOpenHelper dbHelper;

    public static synchronized BookDB getInstance(Context context){
     
        if(bookDB == null){
     
            bookDB = new BookDB(context);
        }
        return bookDB;
    }
    
    private BookDB(Context context){
     
        dbHelper = DBHelper.getInstance(context);
    }

    //修改数据库
    public void insert(Book book){
     
        SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();

        if(db.isOpen()){
     
            db.execSQL("INSERT INTO book (name, type, course) VALUES (? , ?, ?)",
                    new Object[]{
     book.getName(), book.getId(), book.getCourse()});
        }

        db.close();
    }

    //查询数据库
    public List<Book> listBooks(){
     
        SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
        List<Book> list = new ArrayList<>();

        if(db.isOpen()){
     
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("select * from book", null);
            while(cursor.moveToNext()){
     
                Book book = new Book();
                book.setId(cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("_id")));
                book.setName(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name")));
                book.setType(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("type")));
                book.setCourse(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("course")));
                list.add(book);
            }
            cursor.close();
        }

        db.close();

        return list;
    }
}

动态数据渲染

参考教程:B站订单APP项目实战-第6集

完成动态数据渲染需要以下准备:

  • adapter.java
  • bean.java
  • activity.java
  • activity_list.xml
  • item.xml

下面以显示从本地数据库查询到的多本书籍信息为例子,效果图如下:

2021-09-22_第3张图片

1、编写book_item.xml完成单项布局

2、编写activity_book_list.xml,创建ListView视图显示数据项

<ScrollView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:layout_margin="20dp">

        <com.example.myapplication.view.BookListView
            android:id="@+id/book_list"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
ScrollView>

此处为了解决ListView的高度适配问题,新建了视图类BookListView重写了onMeasure方法:

public class BookListView extends ListView {
     

    @Override
    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
     
        int heightSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(Integer.MAX_VALUE<<2, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST);
        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightSpec);
    }
}

3、编写book.java存放数据库对应实体类

4、编写BookAdaptor.java,控制数据向book_item.xml布局中渲染

public class BookAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
     
    private Context context; //语境
    private List<Book> data; //数据集
    
    public BookAdapter(Context context){
     
        data = new LinkedList<>();
        this.context = context;
    }

    //getter and setter of data
    public List<Book> getBookList() {
     
        return data;
    }
    public void setBookList(List<Book> bookList) {
     
        this.data.clear();
        this.data.addAll(bookList);
        notifyDataSetChanged();
    }

    //重写父类的各个方法
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
     
        return data.size();
    }
    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
     
        return data.get(position);
    }
    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
     
        return data.get(position).getId();
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
     
        ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
        if(convertView == null){
     
            //加载数据单项layout: book_item.xml
            convertView = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.book_item, null);

            //根据绑定界面元素
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            viewHolder.bookName = convertView.findViewById(R.id.book_name);
            viewHolder.bookType = convertView.findViewById(R.id.book_type);
            viewHolder.course = convertView.findViewById(R.id.course);
            viewHolder.editBtn = convertView.findViewById(R.id.edit_btn);
            viewHolder.deleteBtn = convertView.findViewById(R.id.delete_btn);

            convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
        }
        else {
     
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
        }

        //向前端渲染数据
        Book book = data.get(position);
        viewHolder.bookName.setText(book.getName());
        viewHolder.bookType.setText("类型:"+book.getType());
        viewHolder.course.setText("课程:"+book.getCourse());

        //绑定点击事件,实现页面传值(代码见相应小节)
        
        return convertView;
    }

    //ViewHolder类,关联前端界面元素
    class ViewHolder{
     
        TextView bookName, bookType, course;
        Button editBtn, deleteBtn;
    }
}

5、在BookListActivity.java中,绑定Adaptor与前端ListView

public class BookListActivity extends BookDB {
     
    private ListView listView;
    private BookAdapter adapter;
    private BookDB bookDB;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_book_list);
        bookDB = bookDB.getInstance(this);

        //初始化页面
        initView();
    }

    private void initView() {
     
        //获取数据
        List<Book> list = bookDB.listBooks();
        adapter = new BookAdapter(this);
        adapter.setBookList(list);

        //给前端 ListView 绑定 Adaptor
        listView = findViewById(R.id.book_list);
        listView.setAdapter(adapter);
    }
}

页面传值

以上小节中点击书籍单项后跳转到详情为例,跳转时需要携带点击的书籍ID,用于在详情页查询相关信息。

跳转要求:携带实体类Book.java作为参数,需要该类实现接口implements Serializable

1、传递参数

BookAdaptor.javagetView()方法返回前绑定点击跳转事件,转递点击对象作为参数

//绑定点击事件
convertView.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
     
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
     
        Intent intent = new Intent(context, BookDetailActivity.class);
        intent.putExtra("book", book); //传值
        context.startActivity(intent); //跳转
    }
});

2、接收参数

书籍详情页面BookEditActivity.java接收参数,并初始化视图

public class BookEditActivity extends BaseActivity {
     
    private Book book;
    private EditText nameText;
    private EditText typeText;
    private EditText courseText;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_book_edit);

        //得到页面传递的参数
        book = (Book) getIntent().getSerializableExtra("book");
        System.out.println(book.getName());

        //绑定元素
        nameText = findViewById(R.id.book_name);
        typeText = findViewById(R.id.book_type);
        courseText = findViewById(R.id.course);

        //初始化页面
        nameText.setText(book.getName());
        typeText.setText(book.getType());
        courseText.setText(book.getCourse());
    }

    public void editBook(View view) {
     
        editBookInfo();

        BookDB bookDB = BookDB.getInstance(this);
        bookDB.update(book);

        showToast("修改书籍信息成功");
        this.finish();
    }

    private Book editBookInfo() {
     
        String name = nameText.getText().toString().trim();
        String type = typeText.getText().toString().trim();
        String course = courseText.getText().toString().trim();

        if(StringUtils.isValid(name) && StringUtils.isValid(type) && StringUtils.isValid(course)){
     
            book.setName(name);
            book.setType(type);
            book.setCourse(course);
        }
        else {
     
            return null;
        }

        return book;
    }
}

远程数据库连接

注意事项

1、安卓客户端中网络请求均为异步,不可以在主线程中进行。

2、需要安装合适版本驱动包并在build.gradle中配置

3、需要在AndroidManifest.xml中允许网络请求

参考教程:CSDNAndroid连接Mysql数据库教程

JDBC连接

public class JDBCHelper{
     
    private final String DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
    private final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://www.ylxteach.net:3366/ydbc2021";
    private final String USER = "******";
    private final String PWD = "******";

    private static JDBCHelper instance;

    public static JDBCHelper getInstance() {
     
        if(instance == null){
     
            instance = new JDBCHelper();
        }
        return instance;
    }

    //修改数据库
    public void addBook(Book book){
     
        final Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
     
            @Override
            public void run() {
     
                try {
     
                    Class.forName(DRIVER);
                    Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PWD);
                    PreparedStatement statement = conn.prepareStatement(
                            "INSERT INTO lmj_book (bname, type, course) VALUES (? , ?, ?)");
                    statement.setString(1, book.getName());
                    statement.setString(2, book.getType());
                    statement.setString(3, book.getCourse());
                    statement.executeUpdate();
                    statement.close();
                    conn.close();

                } catch (SQLException e) {
     
                    e.printStackTrace();

                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
     
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        });
        thread.start();
    }
}

HTTP连接

1、在gradle中导入依赖

okhttp3用于发送客户端请求,gson用于解析服务器返回消息。

    implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.6.2'
    implementation 'com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.12.0'
    implementation 'com.squareup.okhttp3:logging-interceptor:3.12.0'

2、解析服务器返回消息

可以看到数据库信息在aaData数组中:

2021-09-22_第4张图片

通过定义工具类实现图书信息解析:

需要注意的是Book中每个成员变量的命名需要与数据库中字段名称对应,否则解析失败。

public class BookJsonParser {
     
    private static BookJsonParser instance;

    private BookJsonParser(){
     

    }

    public static BookJsonParser getInstance(){
     
        if(instance==null){
     
            return new BookJsonParser();
        }
        else {
     
            return instance;
        }
    }

    public List<Book> getBook(String content){
     
        //获取返回结果的aaData数组
        JsonObject returnObj = new JsonParser().parse(content).getAsJsonObject();
        JsonArray data = returnObj.get("aaData").getAsJsonArray();

        //解析为书籍列表
        return new Gson().fromJson(data, new TypeToken<List<Book>>(){
     }.getType());
    }
}

3、向服务器发送POST请求并获取返回数据

**注意事项:**POST消息请求头注明标蓝字段

2021-09-22_第5张图片
public class HttpHelper {
     
    
    //查
    public static void listAllBook(Handler handler) {
     
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
     
            @Override
            public void run() {
     
                try {
     
                    //发送POST请求
                    OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient();
                    RequestBody requestBody = new FormBody.Builder().build();
                    Request request = new Request.Builder()
                            .url(Constants.WEB_SITE+"select * from lmj_book")
                            .addHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest")
                            .post(requestBody)
                            .build();
                    Call call = okHttpClient.newCall(request);
                    Response response = call.execute();

                    //解析服务器返回json
                    String res = response.body().string();

                    //与UI进程通信
                    handler.obtainMessage(1, BookJsonParser.getInstance().getBook(res)).sendToTarget();
                } catch (IOException e) {
     
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }).start();
    }

}

异步UI刷新

推荐使用android.os.Handler完成线程间通信,解决异步界面刷新问题(注意导包不要出现同名异包错误)。

在数据库操作线程:

  	//数据查询  
	public void listAllBook(Handler handler){
     
        final Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
     
            @Override
            public void run() {
     
                try {
     
                    List<Book> list = new LinkedList<>();
                    Class.forName(DRIVER);
                    Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PWD);
                    Statement statement = (Statement) conn.createStatement();
                    ResultSet res = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM lmj_book");
                    while (res.next()){
     
                        Book book = new Book();
                        book.setId(res.getInt("_id"));
                        book.setName(res.getString("bname"));
                        book.setType(res.getString("type"));
                        book.setCourse(res.getString("course"));
                        list.add(book);
                    }
                    statement.close();
                    conn.close();

                    //利用handler向UI线程发送查询数据
                    handler.obtainMessage(1, list).sendToTarget();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
     
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
     
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        });
        thread.start();
	}

在UI线程:

public class BookListActivity extends BaseActivity {
     
    private BookAdapter adapter;
    private ListView listView;
    private Handler handler;
    private JDBCHelper helper;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_book_list);

        adapter = new BookAdapter(this);
        helper = JDBCHelper.getInstance();
        listView = findViewById(R.id.book_list);
        listView.setAdapter(adapter);
        handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()){
     
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
     
                switch (msg.what){
     
                    case 1:
                        //handler接收消息并处理
                        adapter.setBookList((List<Book>) msg.obj);
                        break;
                }

            }
        };

        //初始化页面
        initView();
    }

    private void initView() {
     

        //JDBC获取数据
        helper.listAllBook(handler);
    }

    public void AddBook(View view) {
     
        navigateTo(com.example.myapp.activity.BookAddActivity.class);
    }

    public void Refresh(View vi在这里插入代码片ew) {
     
        reload();
    }
}

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