MySQL高级SQL语句
- MySQL高级SQL语句
-
- SELECT
- DISTINCT
- WHERE
- AND OR
- IN
- BETWEEN
- 通配符
- 函数
-
- 数学函数
- 聚合函数
- 字符串函数
- EXISTS
- CREATE VIEW
- UNION
- 交集值
- 无交集值
- CASE
-
- 1、算排名
- 2、算中位数
- 3、算累积总计
- 4、算总合百分比
- 5、算累计总合百分比
- 6、空值(null)和无值(' ')的区别
- 7、正则表达式(与Shell部分一样)
- 8、存储过程(与Shell函数差不多,代码的复用)
- 8.1、存储过程的条件语句
- 8.2、循环语句while
MySQL高级SQL语句
use kgc;
create table location (Region char(20),store_name char(20));
insert into location values ('East','Boston') ;
insert into location values ('East','New York');
insert into location values ('west','Los Angeles');
insert into location values ('west','Houston') ;
create table Store_Info (Store_Name char(20),sales int(10),Date char(10));
insert into Store_Info values ('Los Angeles','1500','2020-12-05');
insert into Store_Info values ('Houston','250','2020-12-07');
insert into Store_Info values ('Los Angeles','300','2020-12-08');
insert into Store_Info values ('Boston','700','2020-12-08');
SELECT
---- SELECT ---- 显示表格中一个或数个栏位的所有资料
语法: SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名";
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
DISTINCT
---- DISTINCT ---- 不显示重复的资料
语法: SELECT DISTINCT "栏位" FROM "表名";
SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
WHERE
---- WHERE ---- 有条件查询
语法:SELECT "栏位” FROM "表名" WHERE "条件";
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info WHERE Sales > 1000;
AND OR
---- AND OR ---- 且 或
语法:SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名” WHERE "条件1" {[ANDIOR] "条件2"}+;
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info WHERE Sales > 1000 OR (Sales < 500 AND Sales > 200);
IN
---- IN ---- 显示己知的值的资料
语法: SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名" WHERE "栏位" IN ('值1','值2', ...);
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name IN ('Los Angeles','Houston');
BETWEEN
---- BETWEEN ---- 显示两个值范围内的资料
语法:SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名" WHERE "栏位" BETWEEN '值1' AND '值2';
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Date BETWEEN '2020-12-06' AND '2020-12-10';
通配符
---- 通配符 ---- 通常通配符都是跟LIKE一起使用的
% : 百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符
_ : 下划线表示单个字符
'A_Z':所有以‘A’起头,另一个任何值的字符,且以Z'为结尾的字符串。例如,'A.BZ’和‘A.22’都符合这一个模式,而‘AKK2'并不符合(因为在A和Z之间有两个字符,而不是一个字符)。
'ABC%':所有以'ABC’起头的字符串。例如,'ABCD’和'ABCABC’都符合这个模式。
'%XYZ':所有以'XYZ’结尾的字符串。例如,'WXYZ’和‘ZZXYZ’都符合这个模式。
'%AN%':所有含有'AN'这个模式的字符串。例如,'LOS ANGELES’和'SAN FRANCISCO'都符合这个模式。
'_AN%':所有第二个字母为‘A'和第三个字母为'N’的字符串。例如,'SAMN FRANCITSCO’符合这个模式,而'LOS ANGELES'则不符合这个模式。
---- LIKE ---- 匹配一个模式来找出我们要的资料
语法:SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名" WHERE "栏位" LIKE {
模式};
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name like '%os%';
---- ORDER BY ---- 按关键字排序
语法:SELECT "栏位" FROM "表名" [WHERE "条件"] ORDER BY "栏位" [ASC,DESC];
SELECT Store_Name,Sales,Date FROM Store_Info ORDER BY Sales DESC;
函数
数学函数
abs(x)
rand()
mod(x,y)
power(x,y)
round(x)
round(x,y)
sqrt(x)
truncate(x,y)
ceil(×)
floor(x)
greatest(x1,x2...)
least(x1,x2...)
SELECT abs(-1),rand(),mod(5,3),power(2,3),round(1.89);
SELECT round(1.8937,3),truncate(1.235,2),ceil(5.2),floor(2.1),least(1.89,3,6.1,2.1);
聚合函数
聚合函数:
avg()
count()
min()
max()
sum(x)
SELECT avg(Sales) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT count(store_Name) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT count(DISTINCT store_Name) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT max(Sales) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT min(sales) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT sum(sales) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT count(DISTINCT store_Name) FROM Store_Info;
SELECT count(*) FROM Store_Info;
字符串函数
字符串函数:
trim()
concat(x,y)
substr(x,y)
substr(x,y,z)
length(x)
replace(x,y,z)
upper(x)
lower(x)
left(x,y)
right(x,y)
repeat(x,y)
space(x)
strcmp (x,y)
reverse(x)
SELECT concat(Region,Store_Name) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Boston';
SELECT Region || ' ' || Store_Name FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Boston';
SELECT substr(Store_Name,3) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Los Angeles';
SELECT substr(Store_Name,2,4) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'New York';
SELECT TRIM ([ [位置] [要移除的字符串] FROM ] 字符串);
SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'Ne' FROM 'New York');
SELECT Region,length(Store_Name) FROM location;
SELECT REPLACE(Region,'ast','astern')FROM location;
---- GROUP BY ---- 对GROUP BY后面的栏位的查询结果进行汇总分组,通常是结合聚合函数一起使用的
GROUP BY有一个原则,就是SELECT后面的所有列中,没有使用聚合函数的列,必须出现在GROUP BY后面。
语法:SELECT "栏位1",SUM("栏位2") FROM "表名" GROUP BY "栏位1";
SELECT Store_Name,SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info GROUP BY Store_Name ORDER BY sales desc;
---- HAVING ---- 用来过滤由GROUP BY语句返回的记录集,通常与GROUP BY语句联合使用
HAVING语句的存在弥补了wHERE关键字不能与聚合函数联合使用的不足。如果被SELECcT的只有函数栏,那就不需要GROUP BY子句。
语法:SELECT "栏位1",SUM("栏位2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "栏位1" HAVING (函数条件);
SELECT Store_Name,SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info GROUP BY Store_Name HAVING SUM (Sales) > 1500;
---- 别名 ---- 栏位别名表格别名
语法:SELECT "表格别名"."栏位1” [AS] "栏位别名" FROM "表格名" [AS] "表格别名"
SELECT A.Store_Name Store,SUM(A.Sales) "Total Sales" FROM Store_Info A GROUP BY A.Store_Name;
---- 子查询 ---- 连接表格,在WHERE子句或 HAVING子句中插入另一个 SQL语句
语法: SELECT "栏位1" FROM "表格1" WHERE "栏位2" [比较运算符] #外查询
(SELECT "栏位1" FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");
可以是符号的运算符,例如 =、>、<、>=、<= ;也可以是文字的运算符,例如LIKE、IN、BETWEEN
SELECT SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name IN
(SELECT Store_Name FROM location WHERE Region = 'west');
SELECT SUM(A.Sales) FROM Store_Info A WHERE A.Store_Name IN
(SELECT Store_Name FROM location B WHERE B.Store_Name = A.Store_Name);
EXISTS
---- EXISTS ---- 用来测试内查询有没有产生任何结果,类似布尔值是否为真
语法: SELECT "栏位1" FROM "表格1" WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");
SELECT SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM location WHERE Region = 'West');
- 连接查询
- location 表格
UPDATE Store_Info SET store_name='washington’WHERE sales=300;
- Store_Info表格
inner join(内连接):只返回两个表中联结字段相等的行
left join(左连接):返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中联结字段相等的记录
right join(右连接):返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联结字段相等的记录
SELECT * FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B on A.Store_Name = B.store_Name ;
SELECT * FROM location A RIGHT JOIN Store_Info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;
SELECT * FROM location A,store_Info B WHERE A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name;
SELECT A.Region REGION,SUM(B.Sales) SALES FROM location A,Store_Info B
WHERE A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name GROUP BY REGION;
CREATE VIEW
---- CREATE VIEW ---- 视图,可以被当作是虚拟表或存储查询。
·视图跟表格的不同是,表格中有实际储存资料,而视图是建立在表格之上的一个架构,它本身并不实际储存资料。
·临时表在用户退出或同数据库的连接断开后就自动消失了,而视图不会消失。
·视图不含有数据,只存储它的定义,它的用途一般可以简化复杂的查询。比如你要对几个表进行连接查询,而且还要进行统计排序等操作,写SQT语句会很麻烦的,用视图将几个表联结起来,然后对这个视图进行查询操作,就和对一个表查询一样,很方便。
语法:CREATE VIEW "视图表名” AS "SELECT语句";
CREATE VIEW V_REGION_SALES AS SELECT A.Region REGION, SUM(B.Sales) SALES FROM location A
INNER JOIN Store_Info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name GROUP BY REGION;
SELECT * FROM V_REGION_SALES;
DROP VIEW V_REGION_SALES;
UNION
---- UNION ---- 联集,将两个SQL语句的结果合并起来,两个SQI语句所产生的栏位需要是同样的资料种类
UNION:生成结果的资料值将没有重复,且按照字段的顺序进行排序
语法:[SELECT 语句 1] UNION [SELECT 语句2];
UNION ALL:将生成结果的资料值都列出来,无论有无重复
语法:[SELECT 语句 1] UNION ALL [SELECT 语句 2];
SELECT Store_Name FROM location UNION SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
SELECT Store_Name FROM location UNION ALL SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
交集值
----- 交集值 ---- 取两个SQL语句结果的交集
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name;
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name);
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM
(SELECT Store_Name FROM location UNION ALL SELECT Store_Name FROM store_Info) A
GROUP BY A.Store_Name HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
SELECT A.Store_Name FRONM (SELECT B.Store_Name FROM location B INNER JOIN Store_Info C ON B.Store_Name = C.store_Name) A
GROUP BY A.Store_Name;
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name);
SELECT DISTIMCT Store_Name FROM location WHERE (Store_Name) IN (SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info);
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A LEFT JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name) WHERE B.Store_Name IS NOT NULL;
无交集值
---- 无交集值 ---- 显示第一个sQL语句的结果,且与第二个SQL语句没有交集的结果,且没有重复
SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM location WHERE (Store_Name) NOT IN (SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info);
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A LEFT JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name) WHERE B.Store_Name IS NULL;
CASE
---- CASE ---- 是 SQL 用来做为 IF-THEN-ELSE 之类逻辑的关键字
语法:
SELECT CASE ("栏位名")
WHEN "条件1” THEN "结果1"
WHEN "条件2" THEN "结果2"
...
[ELSE "结果N"]
END
FROM "表名";
#"条件"可以是一个数值或是公式。ELSE子句则并不是必须的。
SELECT store_Name, CASE Store_Name
WHEN 'Los Angeles' THEN Sales * 2
WHEN 'Boston' THEN Sales * 1.5
ELSE Sales
END
"New Sales",Date
FROM Store_Info;
#"New Sales"是用于CASE 那个栏位的栏位名。
CREATE TABLE Total_Sales (Name char(10),sales int(5));
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('zhangsan',10);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('lisi',15);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('wangwu',20);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('zhaoliu',40);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('sunqi',50);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('zhouba',20);
INSERT INTO Total_Sales VALUES ('wujiu',30);
1、算排名
----算排名----表格自我连结(Self Join),然后将结果依序列出,算出每一行之前〈包含那一行本身)有多少行数
SELECT A1.Name, A1.sales,COUNT(A2.sales) Rank FROM Total_sales A1,Total_sales A2
WHERE A1.sales < A2.sales 0R (A1.sales = A2.sales AND A1.Name = A2.Name)
GROUP BY A1.Name, A1.sales ORDER BY A1.sales DESC;
例如:
select A1.Name,A1.sales,count(A2.sales) rank from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales OR (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc;
解释:
当A1的sales字段值小于A2的sales字段值、或者两表sales字段值相等并且Name字段值相等时,
从A1和A2表中查询A1的Name字段值、A1的sales字段值、和A2的sales字段的非空值rank是别名,并为A1的Name字段分组,A1的sales字段降序排序
2、算中位数
---- 算中位数 ----
SELECT Sales Middle FROM (SELECT A1.Name,A1.Sales,COUNT(A2.Sales) Rank FROM Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2
WHERE A1.Sales < A2.Sales 0R (A1.Sales = A2.Sales AND A1.Name >= A2.Name)
GROUP BY A1.Name,A1.Sales ORDER BY A1.Sales DESC) A3
WHERE A3.Rank = (SELECT (COUNT(*)+1) DIV 2 FROM Total_Sales);
例如:
select * from (select A1.Name,A1.sales,count(A2.sales) rank from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales OR (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc) A3 where A3.rank = (select (count(*)+1) DIV 2 from Total_Sales);
select sales mid from (select A1.Name,A1.sales,count(A2.sales) rank from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales OR (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc) A3 where A3.rank = (select (count(*)+1) DIV 2 from Total_Sales);
3、算累积总计
---- 算累积总计 ---- 表格自我连结(Self Join),然后将结果依序列出,算出每一行之前(包含那一行本身)的总合
SELECT A1.Name, A1.Sales, SUM(A2.Sales) Sum_Total FROM Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2
WHERE A1.Sales < A2.Sales OR (A1.Sales=A2.Sales AND A1.Name = A2.Name)
GROUP BY A1.Name,A1.Sales ORDER BY A1.Sales DESC;
例如:
select A1.*,sum(A2.sales) sum_soales from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales or(A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc;
4、算总合百分比
例如:
select A1.*,A1.sales/(select sum(sales) from Total_Sales) z_sum from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales or (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name;
5、算累计总合百分比
例如:
select A1.Name,A1.sales,sum(A2.sales),sum(A2.sales)/(select sum(sales) from Total_Sales) Z from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales or (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc;
select A1.Name,A1.sales,sum(A2.sales),TRUNCATE(sum(A2.sales)/(select sum(sales) from Total_Sales),2) ||'%' Z from Total_Sales A1,Total_Sales A2 where A1.sales < A2.sales or (A1.sales=A2.sales and A1.Name=A2.Name) group by A1.Name order by A1.sales desc;
6、空值(null)和无值(’ ')的区别
- 1、无值的长度为0,不占用空间;而空值null 的长度是null,是占用空间的
- 2、IS NULL或者IS NOT NULL,是用来判断字段是不是NULL或者不是NULL,是不能查出是不是无值的
- 3、无值的判断使用=’‘或者<>’'来处理。<>代表不等于
- 4、在通过count()指定字段统计又多少行数时,如果遇到NULL值会自动忽略掉,遇到空值会自动加入记录中进行计算
例如:
create table SITE(site varchar(20));
insert into SITE values('nanjing');
insert into SITE values('beijing');
insert into SITE values('');
insert into SITE values('taijin');
insert into SITE values();
insert into SITE values('');
select * from SITE;
select length(site) from SITE;
select * from SITE where site is NULL;
select * from SITE where site is not NULL;
select * from SITE where site ='';
select * from SITE where site <> '';
7、正则表达式(与Shell部分一样)
匹配模式 描述 实例
^ 匹配文本的开始字符 ‘^bd’ 匹配以 bd 开头的字符串
$ 匹配文本的结束字符 ‘qn$’ 匹配以 qn 结尾的字符串
. 匹配任何单个字符 ‘s.t’ 匹配任何 s 和 t 之间有一个字符的字符串
* 匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符 ‘fo*t’ 匹配 t 前面有任意个 o
+ 匹配前面的字符 1 次或多次 ‘hom+’ 匹配以 ho 开头,后面至少一个m 的字符串
字符串 匹配包含指定的字符串 ‘clo’ 匹配含有 clo 的字符串
p1|p2 匹配 p1 或 p2 ‘bg|fg’ 匹配 bg 或者 fg
[...] 匹配字符集合中的任意一个字符 ‘[abc]’ 匹配 a 或者 b 或者 c
[^...] 匹配不在括号中的任何字符 ‘[^ab]’ 匹配不包含 a 或者 b 的字符串
{
n} 匹配前面的字符串 n 次 ‘g{
2}’ 匹配含有 2 个 g 的字符串
{
n,m} 匹配前面的字符串至少 n 次,至多m 次 ‘f{
1,3}’ 匹配 f 最少 1 次,最多 3 次
- 语法:SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 REGEXP 匹配模式
例如:
select * from Total_Sales where Name regexp '^[n]';
select * from Total_Sales where Name regexp '[n]';
select * from Total_Sales where Name regexp 'Ho|Bo';
8、存储过程(与Shell函数差不多,代码的复用)
- 存储过程在使用过程中是将常用或者复杂的工作预先使用SQL语句写好并用一个指定的名称来进行储存,这个过程经编译和优化后存储在数据库服务器中,当需要使用该存储过程时,只需要调用它即可,存储过程在执行上比传统SQL速度更快,执行效率更高。
- 存储过程的优点
- 1、执行一次后,会将生成的二进制代码驻留缓冲区,提高执行效率
- 2、SQL语句加上控制语句的集合,灵活性高
- 3、在服务器端存储,客户端调用时,降低网络负载
- 4、可多次重复被调用,可随时修改,不影响客户端调用
- 5、可完成所有的数据库操作,也可控制数据库的信息访问权限
语法:
DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE XXX()
BEGIN
select * from xxx;
END!!
DELIMITER ;
call XXX;
====查看存储过程====
show create procedure [数据库.]储存过程名;
show create procedure XXX;
show procedure status [like '%XXX%'] \G
例如:
DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND1()
BEGIN
select * from Total_Sales;
END!!
DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND1;
show create procedure KIND1\G
show procedure status like '%KIND1%'\G
- 存储过程的参数:
- IN 输入参数,表示调用者向过程传入值(传入值可以是字面量或变量)
- OUT 输出参数:表示过程向调用者传出值(可以返回多个值,传出值只能是变量)
例如:
DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND2(IN people char(20))
BEGIN
select * from Total_Sales where Name=people;
END!!
DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND2('lisi');
8.1、存储过程的条件语句
例如:
DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND7(IN num int(10))
BEGIN
declare var int;
set var=num*2;
if var>=10 then
update Total_Sales set sales=sales+1;
else
update Total_Sales set sales=sales-1;
end if;
END!!
DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND7(5);
CALL KIND7(4);
8.2、循环语句while
例如:
create table akg(id int);
DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND6()
BEGIN
declare var int;
set var=0;
while var<5 do
insert into akg values(var);
set var=var+1;
end while;
END!!
DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND6;
select * from akg;