一、初识数据库
二、数据查询语言(一)
二、数据查询语言(二)
二、数据查询语言(三)
二、数据查询语言(四)
提示:以下是本篇文章正文内容,下面案例可供参考
且所用数据表为:可自行下载
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面
支持表子查询
where或having后面 ❤
标量子查询 √
列子查询 √
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询)
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集为一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
1、标量子查询 (单行子查询) √
2、列子查询 (多行子查询) √
3、行子查询 (多行多列)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= <>
列子查询:一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in 、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
案例1:谁的工资比Abel高?
#①先查询abel的工作
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel';
#②查询员工的信息,满足salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141;
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143;
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143);
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id,salary
#①查询工资最少的员工
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id,salary,且工资最少
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门的最低工资和部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50;
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700);
#查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
#①查询job_id为’IT_PROG'的任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id="IT_PROG"
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary,salary>①中的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id="IT_PROG"
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id="IT_PROG"
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
案例3:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种所有工资都低员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id="IT_PROG"
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
USE myemployees;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
行子查询做
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees);
仅仅支持标量子查询
案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
案例:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT(
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id`=102) 部门名;
案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:1或0
*/
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#使用in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
#使用exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
USE girls;
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
);
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
期待大家和我交流,留言或者私信,一起学习,一起进步!