浅谈Mysql分库分表之实战篇

一、背景

发布上篇文章浅谈订单重构之路之后,有很多小伙伴想知道,分库分表具体是如何实现的。 那么这篇文章具体介绍下,分库分表实战篇。

二、目标

  1. 本文将完成如下目标:

​ 分表数量: 256 分库数量: 4

以用户ID(user_id) 为数据库分片Key

最后测试订单创建,更新,删除, 单订单号查询,根据user_id查询列表操作。

浅谈Mysql分库分表之实战篇_第1张图片

表结构如下:

CREATE TABLE `order_XXX` (
  `order_id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '订单id',
  `status` int(11) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '订单状态',
  `booking_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `update_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`),
  KEY `idx_user_id` (`user_id`),
  KEY `idx_bdate` (`booking_date`),
  KEY `idx_ctime` (`create_time`),
  KEY `idx_utime` (`update_time`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

注: 000<= XXX <= 255, 本文重点在于分库分表实践, 只保留具有代表性字段,其它场景可以在此基础上做改进。

全局唯一ID设计

要求:1.全局唯一 2:粗略有序 3:可反解出库编号

  • 1bit + 39bit时间差 + 8bit机器号 + 8bit用户编号(库号) + 8bit自增序列
订单号组成项 保留字段 毫秒级时间差 机器数 用户编号(表编号) 自增序列
所占字节(单位bit) 1 39 8 8 8

单机最大QPS: 256000
使用寿命: 17年
订单号生成规则说明详见唯一ID生成器

三、环境准备

1) 基本信息

版本 备注
SpringBoot 2.1.10.RELEASE
Mango 1.6.16 wiki地址:https://github.com/jfaster/mango
HikariCP 3.2.0
Mysql 5.7
  1. 数据库环境准备

    温馨提示:使用docker-compose快速搭建了4主4从数据库集群,实现本地快速一键部署(实现方式查看我公众号文章:<<浅谈工作中常用应用软件本地docker化,一键部署它不香吗?>>),生产环境一般由DBA同学搭建。

    具体实现请移步查看: https://gitee.com/bytearch_ad...

  1. 建库 & 导入分表
  • 在mysql master实例分别建库 172.30.1.21( order_db_1), 172.30.1.22(order_db_2),172.30.1.23(order_db_3),172.30.1.24(order_db_4​)
  • 分表导入建表SQL 命令为

    mysql -uroot -pbytearch -h172.30.1.21 order_db_1

四、配置&实践

1) pom文件

             
            
                org.jfaster
                mango-spring-boot-starter
                2.0.1
            
         
             
            
                com.bytearch
                fast-cloud-id-generator
                ${version}
            

            
            
                mysql
                mysql-connector-java
                6.0.6
            
  1. 常量配置

    package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common;
    
    /**
     * 分库分表策略常用常量
     */
    public class ShardingStrategyConstant {
        /**
         * database 逻辑名称 ,真实库名为 order_db_XXX
         */
        public static final String LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME = "order_db";
        /**
         * 分表数 256,一旦确定不可更改
         */
        public static final int SHARDING_TABLE_NUM = 256;
    
        /**
         * 分库数, 不建议更改, 可以更改,但是需要DBA迁移数据
         */
        public static final int SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM = 4;
    }
  1. yml 配置

    4主4从数据库配置, 这里仅测试默认使用root用户密码,生产环境不建议使用root用户。

    mango:
      scan-package: com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.dao
      datasources:
        - name: order_db_1
          master:
            driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
            jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.21:3306/order_db_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
            user-name: root
            password: bytearch
            maximum-pool-size: 10
            connection-timeout: 3000
          slaves:
            - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
              jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.31:3306/order_db_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
              user-name: root
              password: bytearch
              maximum-pool-size: 10
              connection-timeout: 3000
        - name: order_db_2
          master:
            driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
            jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.22:3306/order_db_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
            user-name: root
            password: bytearch
            maximum-pool-size: 10
            connection-timeout: 3000
          slaves:
            - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
              jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.32:3306/order_db_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
              user-name: root
              password: bytearch
              maximum-pool-size: 10
              connection-timeout: 3000
        - name: order_db_3
          master:
            driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
            jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.23:3306/order_db_3?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
            user-name: root
            password: bytearch
            maximum-pool-size: 10
            connection-timeout: 3000
          slaves:
            - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
              jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.33:3306/order_db_3?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
              user-name: root
              password: bytearch
              maximum-pool-size: 10
              connection-timeout: 3000
        - name: order_db_4
          master:
            driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
            jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.24:3306/order_db_4?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
            user-name: root
            password: bytearch
            maximum-pool-size: 10
            connection-timeout: 3000
          slaves:
            - driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
              jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://172.30.1.34:3306/order_db_4?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedState&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=5000&useSSL=false
              user-name: root
              password: bytearch
              maximum-pool-size: 10
              connection-timeout: 300
  2. 分库分表策略

    1). 根据order_id为shardKey分库分表策略

    package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy;
    
    import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;
    import com.bytearch.id.generator.IdEntity;
    import com.bytearch.id.generator.SeqIdUtil;
    import org.jfaster.mango.sharding.ShardingStrategy;
    
    /**
     * 订单号分库分表策略
     */
    public class OrderIdShardingStrategy implements ShardingStrategy {
        @Override
        public String getDataSourceFactoryName(Long orderId) {
            if (orderId == null || orderId < 0L) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("order_id is invalid!");
            }
            IdEntity idEntity = SeqIdUtil.decodeId(orderId);
            if (idEntity.getExtraId() >= ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("sharding table Num is invalid, tableNum:" + idEntity.getExtraId());
            }
            //1. 计算步长
            int step = ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM / ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM;
            //2. 计算出库编号
            long dbNo = Math.floorDiv(idEntity.getExtraId(), step) + 1;
            //3. 返回数据源名
            return String.format("%s_%s", ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, dbNo);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String getTargetTable(String logicTableName, Long orderId) {
            if (orderId == null || orderId < 0L) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("order_id is invalid!");
            }
            IdEntity idEntity = SeqIdUtil.decodeId(orderId);
            if (idEntity.getExtraId() >= ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("sharding table Num is invalid, tableNum:" + idEntity.getExtraId());
            }
            // 基于约定,真实表名为 logicTableName_XXX, XXX不足三位补0
            return String.format("%s_%03d", logicTableName, idEntity.getExtraId());
        }
    }

    2). 根据user_id 为shardKey分库分表策略

    package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy;
    
    import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;
    import org.jfaster.mango.sharding.ShardingStrategy;
    
    /**
     * 指定分片KEY 分库分表策略
     */
    public class UserIdShardingStrategy implements ShardingStrategy {
    
        @Override
        public String getDataSourceFactoryName(Integer userId) {
            //1. 计算步长 即单库放得表数量
            int step = ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM / ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_DATABASE_NODE_NUM;
            //2. 计算出库编号
            long dbNo = Math.floorDiv(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM, step) + 1;
            //3. 返回数据源名
            return String.format("%s_%s", ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, dbNo);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String getTargetTable(String logicTableName, Integer userId) {
            // 基于约定,真实表名为 logicTableName_XXX, XXX不足三位补0
            return String.format("%s_%03d", logicTableName, userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM);
        }
    }
  3. dao层编写

    1). OrderPartitionByIdDao

    package com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.dao;
    
    import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.common.ShardingStrategyConstant;
    import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.pojo.entity.OrderEntity;
    import com.bytearch.fast.cloud.mysql.sharding.strategy.OrderIdShardingStrategy;
    import org.jfaster.mango.annotation.*;
    
    @DB(name = ShardingStrategyConstant.LOGIC_ORDER_DATABASE_NAME, table = "order")
    @Sharding(shardingStrategy = OrderIdShardingStrategy.class)
    public interface OrderPartitionByIdDao {
    
        @SQL("INSERT INTO #table (order_id, user_id, status, booking_date, create_time, update_time) VALUES" +
                "(:orderId,:userId,:status,:bookingDate,:createTime,:updateTime)"
        )
        int insertOrder(@TableShardingBy("orderId") @DatabaseShardingBy("orderId") OrderEntity orderEntity);
    
        @SQL("UPDATE #table set update_time = now()" +
                "#if(:bookingDate != null),booking_date = :bookingDate #end " +
                "#if (:status != null), status = :status #end" +
                "WHERE order_id = :orderId"
        )
        int updateOrderByOrderId(@TableShardingBy("orderId") @DatabaseShardingBy("orderId") OrderEntity orderEntity);
    
    
        @SQL("SELECT * FROM #table WHERE order_id = :1")
        OrderEntity getOrderById(@TableShardingBy @DatabaseShardingBy Long orderId);
    
        @SQL("SELECT * FROM #table WHERE order_id = :1")
        @UseMaster
        OrderEntity getOrderByIdFromMaster(@TableShardingBy @DatabaseShardingBy Long orderId);
  4. 单元测试

    @SpringBootTest(classes = {Application.class})
    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    public class ShardingTest {
        @Autowired
        OrderPartitionByIdDao orderPartitionByIdDao;
    
        @Autowired
        OrderPartitionByUserIdDao orderPartitionByUserIdDao;
    
        @Test
        public void testCreateOrderRandom() {
            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
                int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);
                OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();
                orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));
                orderEntity.setStatus(1);
                orderEntity.setUserId(userId);
                orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());
                orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
                orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());
                int ret = orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);
                Assert.assertEquals(1, ret);
            }
        }
    
        @Test
        public void testOrderAll() {
            //insert
            int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);
            OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();
            orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));
            orderEntity.setStatus(1);
            orderEntity.setUserId(userId);
            orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());
            orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
            orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());
            int i = orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);
            Assert.assertEquals(1, i);
    
            //get from master
            OrderEntity orderInfo = orderPartitionByIdDao.getOrderByIdFromMaster(orderEntity.getOrderId());
            Assert.assertNotNull(orderInfo);
            Assert.assertEquals(orderInfo.getOrderId(), orderEntity.getOrderId());
    
            //get from slave
            OrderEntity slaveOrderInfo = orderPartitionByIdDao.getOrderById(orderEntity.getOrderId());
            Assert.assertNotNull(slaveOrderInfo);
            //update
            OrderEntity updateEntity = new OrderEntity();
            updateEntity.setOrderId(orderInfo.getOrderId());
            updateEntity.setStatus(2);
            updateEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
            int affectRows = orderPartitionByIdDao.updateOrderByOrderId(updateEntity);
            Assert.assertTrue( affectRows > 0);
        }
    
        @Test
        public void testGetListByUserId() {
            int userId = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000,1000000);
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                OrderEntity orderEntity = new OrderEntity();
                orderEntity.setOrderId(SeqIdUtil.nextId(userId % ShardingStrategyConstant.SHARDING_TABLE_NUM));
                orderEntity.setStatus(1);
                orderEntity.setUserId(userId);
                orderEntity.setCreateTime(new Date());
                orderEntity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
                orderEntity.setBookingDate(new Date());
                orderPartitionByIdDao.insertOrder(orderEntity);
            }
            try {
                //防止主从延迟引起的校验错误
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            List orderListByUserId = orderPartitionByUserIdDao.getOrderListByUserId(userId);
            Assert.assertNotNull(orderListByUserId);
            Assert.assertTrue(orderListByUserId.size() == 5);
        }
    }

大功告成:

浅谈Mysql分库分表之实战篇_第2张图片

以上源码已开源至: https://gitee.com/bytearch_ad... 欢迎点赞收藏。

五、总结

本篇主要介绍Java版使用Mango框架实现Mysql分库分表实战,分库分表中间件也可以使用类似于ShardingJDBC,或者自研。

以上分库分表数量仅供演示参考,实际工作中分表数量、分库数量、是根据公司实际业务数据增长速度, 高峰期QPS计算。

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