引言
先秦时代百家争鸣,不同的人们都发表了自己对于治理天下的见解。很多思想家都在思考一些共同的问题:人类的戾气与贪欲从何而来?如何消除人类的戾气与贪欲?如何才能让人们和谐地共存?对于这些问题,庄子作为一个神秘主义者,通过讲述“马”的习性,提出了自己独特的看法。
原文
《庄子》
马蹄第九
马,蹄可以践霜雪,毛可以御风寒。龁(hé)草饮水,翘足而陆,此马之真性也。虽有义台路寝,无所用之。及至伯乐,曰:“我善治马。”烧之,剔之,刻之,雒(luò)之。连之以羁馽(zhí),编之以皂栈,马之死者十二三矣;饥之,渴之,驰之,骤之,整之,齐之,前有橛饰之患,而后有鞭䇲(cè)之威,而马之死者已过半矣。陶者曰:“我善治埴,圆者中规,方者中矩。”匠人曰:“我善治木,曲者中钩,直者应绳。”夫埴木之性,岂欲中规矩钩绳哉?然且世世称之曰“伯乐善治马而陶匠善治埴木”,此亦治天下者之过也。
吾意善治天下者不然。彼民有常性,织而衣,耕而食,是谓同德;一而不党,命曰天放。故至德之世,其行填填,其视颠颠。当是时也,山无蹊隧,泽无舟梁;万物群生,连属(zhǔ)其乡;禽兽成群,草木遂长。是故禽兽可系羁而游,鸟鹊之巢可攀援而窥。
夫至德之世,同与禽兽居,族与万物并。恶乎知君子小人哉!同乎无知,其德不离;同乎无欲,是谓素朴。素朴而民性得矣。及至圣人,蹩(bié)躠(xiè)为仁,踶(zhì)跂(qí)为义,而天下始疑矣。澶(chán)漫为乐,摘僻为礼,而天下始分矣。故纯朴不残,孰为牺尊!白玉不毁,孰为圭(guī)璋!道德不废,安取仁义!性情不离,安用礼乐!五色不乱,孰为文采!五声不乱,孰应六律!夫残朴以为器,工匠之罪也;毁道德以为仁义,圣人之过也。
夫马,陆居则食草饮水,喜则交颈相靡,怒则分背相踶(dì)。马知已此矣。夫加之以衡扼,齐之以月题,而马知介倪、(yīn)扼、鸷(zhì)曼、诡衔、窃辔(pèi)。故马之知而态至盗者,伯乐之罪也。
夫赫胥(xū)氏之时,民居不知所为,行不知所之,含哺而熙,鼓腹而游,民能以此矣。及至圣人,屈折礼乐以匡天下之形,县跂(qí)仁义以慰天下之心,而民乃始踶(zhì)跂(qí)好知,争归于利,不可止也。此亦圣人之过也。
参考译文
《庄子》Chuang Tzu
第九章 马蹄 Chapter 9 The Horse's Hooves
马,蹄可以践霜雪,毛可以御风寒。
A horse has the hooves that allow him to walk on the frost and in the snow. He has the hair that protects him from the wind and the cold.
马的蹄子能够踩踏在霜雪上,马的毛发能够为他抵御风寒。
龁(hé)草饮水,翘足而陆,此马之真性也。
He bites off the grass and drinks water. He raises his legs and jumps. This is the true nature of a horse.
他吃草、喝水、翘腿、跳跃,这就是一匹马真正的个性。
虽有义台路寝,无所用之。
Even if you give him a ceremony stage or a grand palace, they are of no use to him.
即使给他一个礼仪的高台、一个高大的宫殿,对他来说也没什么用处。
及至伯乐,曰:“我善治马。”
Then Bo Le appears on this earth, saying, "I am good at managing horses."
后来伯乐出现在了世上,说:“我善于治理马匹。”
烧之,剔之,刻之,雒(luò)之。
He burns the horses with hot iron, cuts off the horses' hair, trims the horses' hooves, and brands the horses.
他用红热的铁器烫马,修剪鬃毛,凿削马蹄,给马烙上印记。
连之以羁馽(zhí),编之以皂栈,马之死者十二三矣;
He ties the horses with bridles and ropes. He arranges the horses into stables. After all this torment, two or three out of ten horses would have died.
他用络头和绳索把马匹拴起来,把马匹编排到马厩里。经过这番折磨,有两到三成的马匹就已经承受不了而死去了。
饥之,渴之,驰之,骤之,整之,齐之,前有橛饰之患,而后有鞭䇲(cè)之威,而马之死者已过半矣。
He then starves them, dehydrates them, makes them rush, makes them gallop, forces them into order, and synchronizes them. The horses suffer from the bits in front and the whips from behind. After all this torment, more than half of the horses would have died.
然后他不给马匹吃东西、喝水,让他们日夜奔驰,整齐划一。马匹们在前面承受着马衔的不适,在后方承受着鞭策的威胁。经过这番折磨,过半的马匹就已经承受不了而死去了。
陶者曰:“我善治埴,圆者中规,方者中矩。”
The potter says: "I am good at managing clay. I can make the clay as round as a compass can draw, and I can make the clay as perfectly square as a T-square can draw."
陶匠说:“我善于治理粘土,我能把粘土做成像圆规画出来的一样圆,像丁字尺画出来的一样方。”
匠人曰:“我善治木,曲者中钩,直者应绳。”
The carpenter says: "I am good at managing wood. I can make the wood as curved as a hook, and I can make the wood as straight as a tightened string."
木匠说:“我善于治理木材,我能让木材像钩子一样弯曲,像墨线一样笔直。”
夫埴木之性,岂欲中规矩钩绳哉?
But is it the nature of the clay and wood to shape themselves according to a compass or a T-square, or to imitate a hook or a tightened string?
而依据粘土和木材的本性,难道它们还想着要符合圆规、丁字尺画出的图案,符合钩子和墨线的形状吗?
然且世世称之曰“伯乐善治马而陶匠善治埴木”,此亦治天下者之过也。
Nevertheless, from generation to generation, people go on saying that Bo Le is good at managing horses, the potter good at managing clay, and the carpenter good at managing wood. Those who try to manage the world are making the same mistake.
即便如此,世世代代人们都说:“伯乐善于治理马匹,陶匠善于治理粘土,木匠善于治理木材。”那些试图治理天下的人们,也在犯着同样的错误。
吾意善治天下者不然。
In my opinion, those who are really good at managing the world are not like this.
我认为,真正善于治理天下的人不是这样的。
彼民有常性,织而衣,耕而食,是谓同德;
People have their own nature. They weave and wear clothes; they farm and eat wheat. This is their common character.
人民有自己的天性,他们织布、穿衣、耕作、吃饭,这是他们共同的品质。
一而不党,命曰天放。
They function as a whole without separating into parties. Their lives are natural.
他们作为一个整体而运作,而不分成各种党派斗争,他们的生命是顺其自然的。
故至德之世,其行填填,其视颠颠。
Therefore, in a world of perfect quality in the past, people's behaviors were calm, and the look in their eyes was simple.
所以,在品德最好的世界里,人们的行为都是稳重的,目光也是质朴的。
当是时也,山无蹊隧,泽无舟梁;
At that time, there were no paths or tunnels in the mountains, no boats or bridges on the waters.
在那时,山上没有路径和隧道,水上没有船只和桥梁。
万物群生,连属(zhǔ)其乡;
Thousands of beings lived together; their towns were all linked together.
各种生物共同生活,各各乡村都是连在一起的。
禽兽成群,草木遂长。
Birds and beasts lived in crowds; grass and trees grew and flourished.
飞禽走兽成群生活,花草树木旺盛生长。
是故禽兽可系羁而游,鸟鹊之巢可攀援而窥。
Therefore, you could roam with birds or beasts on leashes, and you could climb a tree and see the bird's nests.
所以,那时可以牵着鸟兽游玩,攀登树木就能窥见鸟巢。
夫至德之世,同与禽兽居,族与万物并。
In a world of perfect quality in the past, people lived with birds and beasts and existed with thousands of creatures in harmony.
在品德最好的世界里,人们与鸟兽共同生活,与万物共同和谐存在。
恶乎知君子小人哉!
How could they even think about who a good man was and who a bad man was?
他们哪里会去想谁是君子,谁是小人?
同乎无知,其德不离;
They were all innocent, and their virtue never left them.
他们都是天真无邪的,品德不会丧失。
同乎无欲,是谓素朴。
They were all without desire; they were simple beings.
他们都没有贪欲,所以他们是简单朴素的。
素朴而民性得矣。
People's nature was reserved through simplicity.
简单朴素,就能保持人民的本性。
及至圣人,蹩(bié)躠(xiè)为仁,踶(zhì)跂(qí)为义,而天下始疑矣。
Then, the so-called saints appeared on this earth. They rushed hither and thither to preach about their so-called Ren (humaneness); they preached pretentiously about their so-called Yi (morality). Because of them, people around the world started to doubt about their natural way of living.
后来,所谓的圣人出现在了世上,他们到处奔走宣扬所谓“仁”的概念,夸耀自恃地教导所谓“义”的概念,使得天下的人们对自己本来自然纯朴的生活方式产生了怀疑。
澶(chán)漫为乐,摘僻为礼,而天下始分矣。
People started to take laxity for joy, repression for politeness, and the world started to become split and schizophrenic.
人们开始把散漫当作快乐,把拘束当作礼节,天下的人们就开始分裂了。
故纯朴不残,孰为牺尊!
So, how can you carve a container without damaging a log?
所以,不毁坏木材,怎么能雕刻出酒器?
白玉不毁,孰为圭(guī)璋!
How can you make a ceremonial object without destroying a white jade?
不毁坏一块白玉,又怎么能制作礼器?
道德不废,安取仁义!
How can you practice the so-called Ren (humaneness) and Yi (morality) without abandoning the Tao (Truth) and Te (the power/quality of Tao)?
不废弃道和德(道的品质),怎么能施行所谓的“仁”和“义”?
性情不离,安用礼乐!
How can you practice social customs without the people giving up their natural emotions?
人们不离开自己的真性情,又怎么能施行礼乐?
五色不乱,孰为文采!
How can you make artificial patterns without messing up the natural colors?
不把自然界的颜色打乱,怎么能画出纷乱的纹饰?
五声不乱,孰应六律!
How can you make musical scales without manipulating the natural sounds?
不把自然界的声音打乱,又怎么能操控使它们符合人为的音阶?
夫残朴以为器,工匠之罪也;
Destroying the log to make it into a utensil is the carpenter's fault.
将原木毁坏,制成器皿,这是工匠的罪过。
毁道德以为仁义,圣人之过也。
Leading people away from Tao and Te by preaching the so-called Ren (humaneness) and Yi (morality) is the fault of the so-called saints.
使人们远离道和德,宣扬所谓的仁和义,这就是那些所谓的圣人们的罪过。
夫马,陆居则食草饮水,喜则交颈相靡,怒则分背相踶(dì)。
As land animals, horses eat grass and drink water. When they are happy, they rub against each other with their necks. When they are angry, they turn their backs towards each other and kick.
马匹们生活在陆地上,吃草喝水,高兴了就用脖子互相摩擦,生气了就转身互相踢打。
马知已此矣。
Horses only know this much.
马所能了解的就是这么多而已。
夫加之以衡扼,齐之以月题,而马知介倪、(yīn)扼、鸷(zhì)曼、诡衔、窃辔(pèi)。
Now you add a yoke to them and put moon-shaped accessories on their foreheads. As a result, the horses have now learnt to look sideways, escape the yoke by bending their necks, get rid of the fetters violently, spit out the bits, and destroy the reins.
现在人们给他们加上木轭,佩戴上月形头饰;其结果就是,马们学会了斜眼去看、弯曲脖子以试图脱离木轭、横冲直撞试图摆脱束缚、吐出马衔、毁坏缰绳。
故马之知而态至盗者,伯乐之罪也。
Such simple beings, who originally did not know any tricks, are now behaving in such cunning manners. This is Bo Le's fault.
所以,本来不懂什么伎俩的马匹,现在却变得如此狡猾,这是伯乐的罪过。
夫赫胥(xū)氏之时,民居不知所为,行不知所之,含哺而熙,鼓腹而游,民能以此矣。
During the ancient time when He Xu Shi was ruling, people lived without goals to accomplish and walked without a destination to reach. They frolicked with food in their mouths and roamed with their belly filled. This was how naturally they lived.
在赫胥氏统治天下时,人民在生活中不觉得有什么需要做的事情,在行走时也不觉得有什么需要去的地方。他们含着食物玩耍,鼓着肚子游玩,人民的生活是如此简单而自然。
及至圣人,屈折礼乐以匡天下之形,县跂(qí)仁义以慰天下之心,而民乃始踶(zhì)跂(qí)好知,争归于利,不可止也。
Then, the so-called saints appeared on this earth, who invented crooked social customs to "correct" people's behaviors, and who praised the ideals of Ren (humaneness) and Yi (morality) to pacify people's minds. As a result, people started to behave pretentiously and became wiseacres. They started to race to gather possessions, and no one could stop them.
后来圣人出现了,他们发明了谄曲造作的礼乐制度,试图“矫正”天下人们自然的行为举止,把“仁义”的理念挂在高处令人崇拜,试图抚平人们的心情。结果就是,人们开始矫揉造作,试图让自己显得很聪明,争相地去抢占名利,谁也制止不了了。
此亦圣人之过也。
This is also the fault of the so-called saints.
这也是所谓的圣人们的罪过啊!
背景
庄子(约前369年-前286年)是战国时代的思想家,是道家的代表人物之一,继承了老子(生卒年不详)的思想。其著作《庄子》幽默风趣,内容生动丰富,能感受到作者对自然与生命的热爱。其中有很多篇幅都是通过对自然界的描述,来阐明哲理。
思考
1. 这个故事符合我们的实际体验吗?在我们的记忆里,是否曾经受到过如文中的马匹性质类似的待遇?
2. 庄子指出,马之所以会做出对人类的叛逆行为,是因为人类强加给他们的器具与要求不符合他们原本的天性。我们的生活中有没有类似的情况?
3. 如果有人天生就是制作陶器的天才、天才的木匠,难道他们不应被允许发挥他们的天赋吗?
4. 时间不可倒流,不管怎么说,已经过去的时代就已经过去了。在当今的现状下,我们能如何活用庄子指明的深刻见解,来消除剥削与暴力,缓解恶性的竞争呢?
总结
通过这个故事和论述,我们可以看到,每个动物、每个人都有自己的天性,有着适合自己的生活方式。如果强迫鸡去游泳,强迫鱼去打鸣,那么即使他们做到了,效率也是很低下的。只有帮助人们发现并发挥自己的天赋、自己的长处,人们才能最高效率地进行生产活动、最和谐地享受生活。如果盲目地崇拜、模仿一些人的生活方式,而盲目地贬低、躲避自己自然的生活方式,这山望着那山高,最终只会邯郸学步,东施效颦。
在茂密的森林里,没有一颗大树因为自己的高大长寿而骄傲,也没有一颗小草因为自己的渺小和转瞬即逝而感到自卑,他们都共同生活在一起,不分彼此地庆祝着生命的喜悦。只有人类发展出了头脑和自我意识,人们可以选择对自己的形象感到不满,羡慕别人的生活,试图成为别人,达到别人的标准,结果却是造成了各种焦虑、忧愁,只能通过麻痹与麻醉来缓解痛苦。
然而这并不意味着人类与其他生物相比是低下的。其他生物因为没有发达的头脑,并不清楚忧虑的痛苦为何物,所以他们的快乐也是肤浅的、没有尊严的。而正是因为人类有选择的权力,可以选择与人攀比而产生痛苦,也可以选择接受天性而回归快乐,人类的快乐才是有尊严而深刻的。
在现在这个竞争愈发激烈的时代里,人们应该接受自己的天性,无论它看起来是多么平凡,发挥自己的天赋,无论它看起来多么不起眼,这是尤为重要的。否则,活生生的人就会受到攀比心的摆布,伪装自己,沦为生产的机械,而且还是效率不高的机械,因为他的天赋不在这里;结果就是既埋没了天赋,也错失了生命。每个人都是独一无二的,没有一个人是没有天赋的,只有看不起自己天赋的人。
让我们提高对自己的认识,聆听内心的声音,从而创造一个更加美好而和谐的生活吧!