1、定义
单例模式(Singleton Pattern)是指确保一个类在任何情况下都绝对只有一个实例,并提供一个全局访问点。
隐藏其所有的构造方法。
属于创建型模式。
2、适用场景
确保任何情况下都绝对只有一个实例。
3、常见写法
第一种:饿汉式单例:在单例类首次加载时就创建实例
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.hungry * @Description: 饿汉式单例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:15 */ public class HungrySingleton { private static final HungrySingleton INSTANCE = new HungrySingleton(); /** * 私有化构造器 */ private HungrySingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static HungrySingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
饿汉式单例静态代码块写法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.hungry * @Description: 饿汉式单例(静态代码块初始化) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:15 */ public class HungryStaticSingleton { private static final HungryStaticSingleton INSTANCE; /** * 静态代码块 */ static { INSTANCE = new HungryStaticSingleton(); } /** * 私有化构造器 */ private HungryStaticSingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static HungryStaticSingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
第二种:懒汉式单例:被外部类调用时才创建实例
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懒汉式单例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:24 */ public class LazySingleton { private static LazySingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazySingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static LazySingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazySingleton(); } return INSTANCE; } }
懒汉式单例静态匿名内部类写法(性能最优):
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懒汉式单例(匿名静态内部类)(性能最优) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 18:00 */ public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } }
第三种:注册式单例:将每一个实例都缓存到统一的容器中,使用唯一标识获取实例
注册式单例枚举写法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.registry * @Description: 注册式单例-枚举单例 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 10:24 */ public enum EnumSingleton { INSTANCE; /** * 如果需要让其他对象成为单例,只需要将data改为目标类对象即可 * * 通过getter和setter操作 */ private Object data; public Object getData() { return data; } public void setData(Object data) { this.data = data; } public static EnumSingleton getInstance() { return INSTANCE; } }
Spring中常见的注册式单例写法:
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.registry * @Description: Spring中常见的注册式单例写法 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 10:54 */ public class ContainerSingleton { /** * spring ioc */ private static Mapcontainer = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); private ContainerSingleton() { } public static Object getBean(String clazzName) { // 加synchronized代码块保证线程安全 synchronized (container) { if (!container.containsKey(clazzName)) { Object object = null; try { object = Class.forName(clazzName).newInstance(); container.put(clazzName, object); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return object; } return container.get(clazzName); } } }
第四种:ThreadLocal线程单例:保证线程内部的全局唯一,且天生线程安全
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.threadlocal * @Description: ThreadLocal线程单例(伪安全) * @Description: 可以使用ThreadLocal动态切换数据源 * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-21 11:10 */ public class ThreadLocalSingleton { public static final ThreadLocalTHREAD_LOCAL = new ThreadLocal () { @Override protected ThreadLocalSingleton initialValue() { return new ThreadLocalSingleton(); } }; private ThreadLocalSingleton() { } public static ThreadLocalSingleton getInstance() { return THREAD_LOCAL.get(); } }
4、如何防止单例被破坏
1.多线程破坏单例以及解决方法
以懒汉式单例LazySingleton为例:
首先写一个线程实现类,如下:
import com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy.LazySingleton; /** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy.test * @Description: * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 16:32 */ public class ExecutorThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { LazySingleton instance = LazySingleton.getInstance(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + instance); } }
main方法测试:
public class LazySingletonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ExecutorThread()); thread1.start(); Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ExecutorThread()); thread2.start(); System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); } }
测试结果:显然出现了两个不同的实例
解决方法1:加synchronized关键字修饰getInstance方法
public class LazySingleton { private static LazySingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazySingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 * * synchronized关键字修饰方法 */ public static synchronized LazySingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazySingleton(); } return INSTANCE; } }
解决方法2:双重检查锁DoubleCheck
/** * @Package: com.hzg.study.design.pattern.singleton.lazy * @Description: 懒汉式单例(双重检查锁) * @Author: HuangZhiGao * @CreateDate: 2022-02-18 17:08 */ public class LazyDoubleCheckSingleton { /** * volatile关键字修饰,避免指令重排序引发问题 */ private volatile static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton INSTANCE = null; /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazyDoubleCheckSingleton() { } /** * 全局访问点 * * 双重检查锁 */ public static LazyDoubleCheckSingleton getInstance() { if (INSTANCE == null) { synchronized (LazyDoubleCheckSingleton.class) { if (INSTANCE == null) { INSTANCE = new LazyDoubleCheckSingleton(); } } } return INSTANCE; } }
2.反射破坏单例以及解决方法
以懒汉式单例静态匿名内部类写法LazyInnerClazzSingleton为例:
main方法测试:
public class LazyInnerClazzSingletonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { try { ClassaClazz = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.class; Constructor declaredConstructor = aClazz.getDeclaredConstructor(null); declaredConstructor.setAccessible(true); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance1 = declaredConstructor.newInstance(); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance2 = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.getInstance(); System.out.println(instance1); System.out.println(instance2); System.out.println(instance1 == instance2); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
测试结果:构建了两个不同的实例
解决方法:在构造器中增加如下if判断
public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { if (null != LazyHolder.INSTANCE) { throw new RuntimeException("不允许构建多个实例"); } } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } }
再次测试:
3.序列化破坏单例以及解决方法
以懒汉式单例静态匿名内部类写法LazyInnerClazzSingleton为例:注意必须先实现序列化接口Serializable
main方法测试:
public static void main(String[] args) { LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance1 = LazyInnerClazzSingleton.getInstance(); LazyInnerClazzSingleton instance2 = null; try ( FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("LazyInnerClazzSingleton.obj"); ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(fileOutputStream); FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("LazyInnerClazzSingleton.obj"); ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(fileInputStream); ) { // 序列化 objectOutputStream.writeObject(instance1); objectOutputStream.flush(); // 反序列化 instance2 = (LazyInnerClazzSingleton) objectInputStream.readObject(); System.out.println(instance1); System.out.println(instance2); System.out.println(instance1 == instance2); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
测试结果:构建了两个不同的实例
解决方法:新增readResolve方法
public class LazyInnerClazzSingleton implements Serializable { /** * 私有化构造器 */ private LazyInnerClazzSingleton() { if (null != LazyHolder.INSTANCE) { throw new RuntimeException("不允许构建多个实例"); } } /** * 全局访问点 */ public static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton getInstance() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } private static class LazyHolder { private static final LazyInnerClazzSingleton INSTANCE = new LazyInnerClazzSingleton(); } /** * 重写readResolve方法,实际还是创建了两次,只不过是覆盖了反序列化出来的对象,之前反序列化出来的对象会被GC回收 * 发生在JVM层面,相对来说比较安全 */ private Object readResolve() { return LazyHolder.INSTANCE; } }
5、优缺点
优点:
在内存中只有一个实例,减少了内存开销。
可以避免对资源的多重占用。
设置全局访问点,严格控制访问。
缺点:
没有接口,扩展困难。
如果要扩展单例对象,只有修改代码,没有其他途径。
不符合开闭原则
6、总结
1、私有化构造器
2、保证线程安全
3、延迟加载
4、防止序列化和反序列化破坏单例
5、防御反射攻击单例
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