计算机英语2

第一章 计算机硬件

1.1 计算机的组成

    audio                                   声[音]频的,声音的

    bus                                     总线

    computer                                计算机

    central processing unit (CPU)           中央处理器

    Computer Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) 光盘只读存储器

    desktop computer                        台式计算机

    Digital Video Disk (DVD)                数字视[频光]盘

    disk                                    磁盘

    general-purpose machine     通用(计算)机

    hardware                    硬件

    information processing      信息处理

    input device                输入设备

    Input/Output (I/O)          输入/输出

    instruction                 指令    

    interface                   接口

    keyword                     键盘

    main memory                 主存储器

    mainframe                   主机,特大型机

    microcomputer               微型计算机

    minicomputer                小型计算机

    monitor                     监视,监视器

    mouse                       鼠标

    operating system            操作系统

    output device               输出设备

    peripheral                  外围,外围设备

    personal computer (PC)      个人计算机

    program                     程序

    reset                       复位

    set of instruction          指令集,指令系统

    software                    软件

    special-purpose machine     专用(计算)机

1.2 什么是处理器

 

    arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)   算术/逻辑部件

    clock                        时钟

    control unit                   控制器,控制部件

    decode                       译码,解码

    instruction                    指令

    instruction set                 指令系统,指令集

    machine language              机器语言   

    megahertz (MHz)              兆赫

    operand                      操作数

    operation               操作、操作码、操作码指令

    processor               处理器

    register                 寄存器

    word size (word length)    字长

 

1.3 存储系统

  benchmark                             基准测试程序,基准[程序],测试标准,基准

  boot                                   引导,启动,自举                              

  cache                                  高速缓冲存储器,高速缓存

  chip                                   芯片

  Compact Disk ROM (CD ROM)            只读光盘

  disk drive                              磁盘驱动器

  Dynamic RAM (DRAM)         动态随机存储器

  floppy disk (diskette)            软磁盘

  hierarchical memory             存储器层次结构

  laser storage                    激光存储器

  latency                         潜伏时间、等待时间

  magnetic disk                    磁盘

  magnetic tape                    磁带

  main memory                    主存储器

  on-chip cache                    单片高速缓存

  page frame                      页帧

  paged virtual memory             页式虚拟存储器  

  Random Access Memory (RAM)     随机(访问)存储器

  Read Only Memory (ROM)         只读存储器

  real memory (storage)            实存储器

  register file                     寄存器组

  silicon-die                      硅片

  volatile                         易失性

  write once, read many (WORM)      一次写多次读

1.4 输入输出(I/O)系统

    accumulator                       累加器

    latency                           潜伏时间、等待时间

    bandwidth                         带宽(外设与存储器的传送速率范围)

    buffering                          缓冲

    channel                           信道,通道

    code conversion                    代码转换

    coherency                         相关,相干

    coprocessor I/O                     协处理器I/O

    direct memory access(DMA)          直接存储器存取

    hard disk                          硬(磁)盘

    input/output system                  输入输出系统

    interrupt                           中断

    load                                装入,加载

    memorymapped I/O                 存储器映射I/O

    modem                             调制解调器

    multiprocessor                       多处理器

    path                                通路,路径

    pattern of bits                          位模式

    peripheral                            外围,外围设备

    programmed I/O                       程序控制I/O

    synchronization                        同步化

     

1.5 总线和控制器

  adapter                               适配器

  asynchronous                          异步的

  bandwidth                        (频)带宽(度)

  bus                               总线

  daisy chain                        菊花链

  decentralized                     分散式(的)

  dedicated bus                     专用总线

  distributed                       分布式(的)

  general-purpose bus                      通用总线

  peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)   外围部件互连(总线)

  polling                 轮询

  priority                优先级

  share                   共享

  synchronous             同步的

  timing                  定时,同步

1-6 JUST WHAT IS THE UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS?

adapter card                    适配器卡

broadcast quality               广播级质量

configuration                  配置

download                    下载

Fiber Channel                 光纤通道

game card                    游戏卡

high-resolution                高分辨率

hub                         集线器

image                       图像,映像,成像

information flow              信息流

intelligence                   智能

joystick                      操作杆

platform                      平台

serial port                     串行(端)口

sound card                    声卡

surround sound stereo            环绕声,立体声

telecommunication               远程通信,电信

traffic flow                     业务流

Universal Serial Bus (USB)     通用串行总线

video                       视频

video conferencing             视频会议

 

1.7 REDUCED  INSTRUCTION  SET COMPUTERS

 

   addressing                                  编址,寻址

   addressing mode                        寻址方式

   algorithm                                    算法

   branch instruction                        转移指令,分支指令

   compiler                                编译器,编译程序

   Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)    复杂指令系统计算机

   displacement                               移位

   field                                       字段

   instruction format                        指令格式

   machine cycle                               机器周期

   microcode                                  微代码,微指令

   microinstruction                            微指令

   micro-program                             微程序

   op-code                                    操作码

   pipeline                                    流水线

   reduced instruction set computer (RISC)        精简指令系统计算机

   superscalar                                超级标量

 1.8 MEASURING COMPUTER PERFORMANCE

 application environment     应用环境

 benchmark program            基准程序

 bottleneck                            瓶颈

 clock rate                             时钟频率

 computer performance       计算机性能

 execution-rate                     执行速率

 floating point                      浮点

 metric                                 尺度,指标

 millions of instructions executed per second (MIPS)     百万条指令(数)每秒

 parameter                            参量,参数

 port                                      移植,端口

 System Performance Evaluation Cooperative (SPEC)  系统性能评价合作组织

 throughput                          吞吐量

 workstation                         工作站

 measure                              度量

 

 

 

 

 

第二章 计算机操作系统

2.1 操作系统概述

 

   job management                              作业管理

   resource management                      资源管理

   job queue                                         作业队列

   input/output control system(IOCS) 输入输出控制系统

   batch system                                    批处理系统

   time-shared operating system          分时操作系统

   offline operation                              脱机操作

   real-time system                              实时系统

   buffering                     缓冲技术

   spooling system          假脱机系统

   multiprogramming      多道程序设计

 

2.2 WINDOWS XP 和VISTA

 dependability                          可信性、可靠性

 Dynamic Link Library (DLL)    动态链接库

 firewall                                     防火墙

 attack                                       攻击,进攻

 Encrypting File System (EFS) 加密文件系统

 hacker                                      黑客

 remote assistance                   远程援助

 task-oriented                            面向任务的

 restack                                     重新堆叠

 stack                                         栈,堆栈,堆叠

 interface                          界面,接口

 tablet PC                         平板式计算机

 notebook computer         笔记本计算机

 desktop                           桌面(计算机)

 backup                            备份,后备支援

 remote                             远程

 definition                         分辨率,清晰度

 premium                          高级,优质

 entertainment                  娱乐

 menu slide                      菜单滑块

 taskbar                            任务栏

 appearance                     外观,外部特征

 customize                       个性化

 gadget                            小工具,小器具

 system resource             系统资源

 virus                                病毒

 animation                        动画

 switcher                       切换器(程序)   

 folder                               文件夹

 navigation pane               动画窗格

 favorite                         收藏夹(页)

 filter                              筛选器

 visual                            可视的

 threat                            威胁

 digital media                 数字媒体

 Photo Gallery                照片库

 exposure                       曝光,泄露

 export                           导出,输出,引出

 clip                                剪辑

 share                            共享

 wireless network          无线网络

 

2.3 UNIX 和 LINUX

 UNIX                   一种计算机操作系统

 concurrently        并发地

 terminal               终端

 multi-user            多用户

 multitask              多任务

 job                       作业

 kernel                  内核

 interface                           接口

 programming language   程序设计(编程)语言

 background                     后台

 system call                      系统调用

 interpreter                        解释程序

 file                                   文件

 redirection                       重定向

 device-independent        设备无关的

 shell                       外壳(程序)、命令解释程序

 General Public License(GPL)         公用授权协议

 Linux                     以Linux命名的操作系统

 source code          源代码

 Portable Operating System UNIX(POSIX) 可移植的UNIX系统

 Gnu’s Not UNIX (GNU)     一个自由软件组织

2.4  THE MIDDLEWARE

    persistent storage                   持久储存器

    middleware                             中间件

    Application Program Interface (API)   应用程序接口

    variable-length file                   可变长文件

    relational database                  关系型数据库

    bundle                                      捆,卷,捆绑件

    host name                                主机名

  2.5  A CACHING MODEL OF OPERATING SYSTEM KERNEL FUNCTIONALITY

caching model                   高速缓存模型

micro-kernel                       微内核

monolithic                           单块(片)的

virtual memory system       虚拟存储系统

copy-on-write                      按写拷贝

domain-specific                   特定域

resource allocation              资源分配

random access                    随机访问

sequential access                  顺序访问

resource management           资源管理

failure                                     故障,失效

application module                 应用模块

server                                     服务器

active object                           活动对象

address space                        地址空间

thread                                     线程

Inter-Process Communication (IPC)     进程间通信

mapping                         映像,镜像

descriptor                       描述符

page frame                     页面帧

supervisor-level              管理层

programming interface   编程接口

emulator                         仿真器

 

 

第三章 个人计算机(PC)的使用

3.1 选择和设置PC系统

PC(Personal Computer)      个人电脑

power-hungry                       耗电的

application suite                   应用(软件)套件,应用程序集

word processor                    字处理程序

spreadsheet                         电子表格

tax preparation                     税收预处理(软件)

drawing                                 绘图(软件)

home publishing              家庭出版(软件)

reference software          参考软件

game                               游戏(软件)

platform                           平台

configuration                   配置

tower                               塔式

all-in-one                         一体化,全内置

monitor                            监视器

 peripheral device                外围设备

 fluctuation                           波动

 surge suppressor                浪涌抑制器

 port                                      端口

 expansion card                    扩展卡

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) 通用串行总线

 hub                                      集线器

 CD (Compact Disk)             光盘,激光唱盘,高密度磁盘

 customize                        定制,按指定规格制造

 setting                              设置,调整,装配

 screen saver                    屏幕保护装置(程序)

 screen resolution             屏幕分辨率

 menu                                菜单

 desktop                            桌面

 shortcut items                  快捷项

 toolbar                              工具条

 background image          背景图(映)像

 color scheme                  配色方案

 theme                             主题

 control panel                   控制面板

 quick launch toolbar       快速发送工具条

 

3.2 使用PC

boot                       自举,引导,启动,引导程序

standby mode        等待模式,待机模式

wear-and-tear        长时间使用之后的损耗,消耗

operating system   操作系统

utility                      实用程序,实用工具

virus                       病毒

user interface         用户接口

text-based              基于文本的

GUI (Graphical User Interface)     图形用户接口

desktop                                         桌面

icon                                               图标

taskbar                                          任务栏

dialog box                                     会话框

pull-down  (drop-down) menu      下拉式菜单

 

3.3 PC系统维护

system maintenance          系统维护

backup                               备份、备用、后备支援

removable hard disk           可移动硬盘

storage medium                  存储媒体

surge suppression               浪涌抑制

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)  不间断电源

CD (Compact Disk)             光盘

DVD (Digital Video Disk)    数字视频光盘

zip disk                               大容量磁盘

troubleshooting                 故障查找(诊断、排除)

diagnose                            诊断

 

3.4 UPGRADING PC

Upgrade                      升级,提高

RAM (Random Access Memory)  随机存储器,内存

peripheral equipment   外围设备

image scanner            图像扫描仪

color printer                 彩色打印机

motherboard                主(机)板

version                         版本

release                        (软件产品)发布,版本

bug                                 故障,错误,安全漏洞

upward compatible         向上兼容

downward compatibility  向下兼容性

cross compatibility          交叉兼容性

boldfacing                       粗(黑)体的

italicizing                         斜体的

RTF (Rich Text Format) 多功能文本格式

PDF (Portable Document Format)  可移植文档格式

HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)   超文本标记语言 

 

 

第四章 计算机网络

4.1 计算机网络的体系结构

 

 computer network               计算机网络

 network architecture           网络体系结构

 protocol                              协议

 open system interconnection reference  model (OSI/RM)    开放系统互连参考模型

 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 传输控制协议/互联网协议

 channel                                信道

 frame                                   帧

 packet                                  分组,包

 message                                       报文,消息

 connectionless                             无连接的

 connectionoriented                  面向连接的

 user datagram protocol (UDP)    用户数据报协议

 data communication                    数据通信

 resource sharing                          资源共享

 data format                                  数据格式

 layer-based                                  分层次的

 physical medium                                   物理媒体(介质)

 International Standards Organization (ISO)       国际标准化组织

 Department Of Defense (DOD) (美国)国防部

 industrial standard                         行业标准

 transport layer                               传输层,运输层

 network layer                                网络层

 application layer                            应用层

 end-to-end                                     端对端,终点到终点

 byte stream                                    字节流

 virtual terminal                              虚拟终端

 

4.2 局域网(LAN)

 

  LAN (Local Area Network)    局域网

  client-server                             客户服务器(方式)

  peer-to-peer                             对等(方式)

  hub                                          集线器

  switch                                      交换机

  topology                                   拓扑(结构)

  star topology                            星型拓扑

  Ethernet                                   以太(局域)网

  randomly                                 随机地

  CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测

  UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)     非屏蔽双绞线

  coaxial cable                                   同轴电缆

  NIC (Network Interface Card)       网络接口卡(网卡)

  multi-port bridge                            多端口网桥

  router                                              路由器

  ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) 专用集成电路

  Gigabit Ethernet               千兆位以太网

  fiber-optic                         光纤

  FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)  光纤分布式数据接口

  ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)   异步转移(传输)模式

  WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)      无线局域网

  ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band 工业、科学和医药频段

  FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频

  DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)  直序扩频

  CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)    码分多址

  MAC (Medium Access Control)                   媒体访问控制

  WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)  无线应用协议

  cell phone                                              蜂窝电话

  pager                                                      寻呼机

  wireless bridge                                      无线网桥

  leased line                                              租用线

 

 

4.3 广域网(WAN)

WAN (Wide Area Network)          广域网

packet switching network            分组交换网

priority code                                 优先级代码

source  address                           源地址

destination address                     目的地址

datagram                                     数据报

virtual circuit                                虚电路

(SVC) Switched Virtual Circuit    交换式虚电路

(PVC) Permanent Virtual Circuit         永久式虚电路

multiplex                                              多路复用

leased line network                              租用线(路)网

frame relay                                           帧中继

CPE(Customer Premises Equipment) 客户设备

access line                                           接入线

port                                                       端口

route                                                     路由,路径

backbone                   主干网,骨干网

trunk                           干线,[ 局内]中继线,信息通路

4.4  WINDOWS SERVER 2008

 utility                                     实用程序,实用工具

 virtualization                         虚拟化

 Information Technology (IT) 信息技术

 workload                               工作负荷

 shell                                    外壳(程序),命令解释程序

 hypervisor                             管理程序

 Virtual Private Network (VPN)   虚拟专用网

 Internet Information Services(IIS)   因特网信息服务

 client computer                               客户计算机

 diagnostic                                       诊断

 troubleshooting                               故障查找(诊断、排除)

 Network Access Protection (NAP) 网络访问保护

 Active Directory (AD)                     活动目录

 High Performance Computing (HPC)    高性能计算 

 

4.5 ABOUT NETWORK CONVERGENCE

 Session Initiation Protocol  (SIP)     会话起始协议

 Internet Multimedia core network Subsystem  (IMS)  因特网多媒体核心网子系统

 convergence                收敛(性),会聚(性、 度),会聚,学科交叉

 network traffic              网络通信(业务)量

 core network                核心网

 network layer protocol 网络层协议

 subscriber                    用户

 roam                                               漫游

 cellular network                              蜂窝式网络

 Broadband Internet                        宽带因特网

 access network                              接入网

 login                                               登录

 Personal Digital Assistant  (PDA)  个人数字助理

 account                                          账户,账号

 node                                              节点

 Time Division Multiplex  (TDM)     时分多路复用

 

第五章 因特网

5.1 因特网概述

  Internet                                     因特网

  ARPAnet                                  ARPA计算机网,阿帕网

  packetswitching network      分组交换网,包交换网

  interoperability                         互操作性

  WWW(world wide web)     万维网,环球信息网

  hypertext                                   超文本

  client                                         客户

  browser                                     浏览器

  download                                 下载  

  HTTP(hypertext transfer protocol) 超文本传送协议

  URL(uniform resource locator)      统一资源定位地址

  search engine                               搜索引擎

  search criteria                              搜索条件

  Web page                                     网页

  GUI(graphical user interface) 图形用户接口

  IE(Internet Explorer)      (微软公司的)浏览器软件

  Mosaic     美国计算机安全协会(NCSA)的公共WWW浏览器  

  Navigator                                  (网景公司的)浏览器

  electronic mail                             电子邮件

  SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)  简单邮件传送协议

   POP(Post Office Protocol)                 邮局协议

   FTP(File Transfer Protocol)               文件传送协议

   Telnet(Telecommunication network) 远程通信网 远程登录(服务)

   TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) 传输控制协议/互联网协议

5.2与因特网连接

ISP (Internet Service Provider)    因特网服务提供商

access                                         访问,接入

portability                                     便携(设备)

animation                                     动画

video chip                                     视频剪辑

mobile Web                                  移动万维网

wireless Web                                无线万维网

notebook                                      笔记本(电脑)

handheld                         手持的

built-in                              内置的

mobile phone                   移动电话

pager                                寻呼机

modem                             调制解调器

video on demand (VOD)  视频点播

premise                            前提,处所

tree topology                    树型拓扑

optical fiber                      光纤

WAN (Wide Area Network)     广域网

LAN (Local Area Network)      局域网

dedicated connection              专线连接

wireless connection                 无线连接

transceiver                              收发器

coaxial cable                            同轴电缆

cable TV                                   有线电视

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)  非对称数字用户线

downstream                             下行,顺流,下游   

upstream                                    上行,逆流,上游

CO (Central Office)                    中心(交换)局

HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax)    混合光纤同轴电缆(网)

MSO(Multiple System Operator)多系统操作员

head end                                    头端器,数据转换器    

RF (Radio Frequency)               射频,无线电频率

cable modem                             电缆调制解调器

backbone network                     主(骨)干网

duplex                                        双工

 

5.3 万维网浏览器和服务器

hyperlink               超(级)链接

click                       单击,点击

Web server           万维网服务器

transaction           事务,事务处理,交易

UNIX                     一种操作系统

daemon                守护程序,后台驻留程序,端口监控程序

dial-up telephone  拨号电话

package                     程序包,软件包

shareware                  共享(软)件

HTML (HypertText Markup Language)  超文本标记语言

MSIE (MicroSoft Internet Explorer)  微软公司的因特网浏览器

commercial package   商业软件包

IIS (Internet Information Server)  因特网信息服务器

 

5.4 网络安全

  digital library                    数字图书馆

  virtual laboratory              虚拟实验室

  multicasting                      多播,组播

  Quality of Service (QoS)  服务质量

  Next generation Internet (NGI)  下一代因特网

5.5 NETWORK SECURITY

 network security                  网络安全

 virus                                     病毒

 unauthorized access           非授权访问

 firewall                                 防火墙

 boot                                     自举,引导,启动

 sector                                  (磁盘)扇区,扇面

 macro virus                         宏病毒

 floppy disk                           软(磁)盘

 download                       下载,卸载

 identification                   识别,验证,鉴定

 authentication                 验证,鉴别

 password                        口令,密码

 access card                    存取卡

 biometric device             生物统计仪器

 filter                                过滤,滤波

 block                               封锁

 NFS(Network File System)    网络文件系统

 gateway                               网关

 relay service                        中继业务

 packet filtering                     分组(包)过滤

 circuit gateway                     电路网关

 application-level gateway    应用级网关

 screening router                  屏蔽路由器

 bastion host                         堡垒主机

 dual-homed gateway           双宿主网关

 screened-host gateway       屏蔽主机网关

 screened subnet                  屏蔽子网 

 

六、因特网应用

6.1 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

 VPN (Virtual Private Network)  虚拟专用网

 public network                           公用网

 gateway                                     网关

 router                                         路由器

 firewall                                       防火墙

 protocol                                     协议

 link                                             链路,链接

 encryption                                  加密

 authentication                              验证

 tunneling                                      隧道技术

 ISP (Internet Service Provider)   因特网服务提供商

 POP (Point-Of-Presence)           接入点

 roaming user                               漫游用户

 Intranet                                        因特网内部网

 Extranet                                       因特网外部网

 Web server                                  万维网服务器

 laptop                                          膝上(电脑)

 

6.2 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

 electronic commerce                            电子商务

 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)  电子资金传送(转账),电子汇款

 Business-to-Business (B to B, B2B)     商业对商业

 transaction                               事务[处理],交易,会刊,学报

 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)      电子数据交换

 communications medium                     通信媒体

 digital form                         数字格式

 revenue           税收,收入,收益

6.3 BUSINESS NETWORKING

information age                                 信息时代

Information Technology (IT)            信息技术

computer-aided design (CAD)          计算机辅助设计

global positioning satellite (GPS)     全球定位卫星

cash register                                       现金出纳机

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 企业资源计划

knowledge management                     知识管理

smart appliance                                   智能设备

business networking                商业联网

sub-process                              子过程,子进程

electronic service                     电子服务,电子业务

framework                                框架,架构,构架

business model                         商业模式

point of view                            观点

Background                              后台

traffic information                    通信信息,业务信息

sensor                               传感器

supply chain                     供应链

online-database                 在线数据库

Internet banking                因特网银行业务

electronic market              电子市场

automatic measurement    自动测量

product catalog                  产品目录

 

6.4 WHAT IS ERP?

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)  企业资源计划

acronym                                      首字母缩略词

human resources                        人力资源

warehouse                                  仓库

integrated software program      综合软件程序

share                                          共享

status                                         状态

item                                            项,项目

customer                          顾客,客户

Inventory                          目录,存货,库存,清单

log                                    登录

decision                            决策

online                               在线

responsibility                    响应度

productivity                       生产力(率)

Chief Execution Officer (CEO) 首席执行官,行政主管

manufacturing processes      生产(加工)工艺

package                                 包

core ERP program                 核心ERP程序

6.5 ABOUT INTERNET TELEPHONY

Internet telephony            因特网电话

transcontinental               横贯大陆的

Quality of Service (QoS)  服务质量

applet                               小应用程序,支程序

end-user                           最终(终端,直接)用户

distributed system            分布式系统

caller                                主叫方,呼叫方

recipient                           接收方

analogue signal                          模拟信号

compress                                    压缩

decompress                                解压缩

encrypt                                        加密

decrypt                                        解密

play back                                     回放,读出

half duplex                                   半双工

full duplex                                    全双工

delay jitter                                   延时抖动

play out time                               结束时间

Internet Service Provider (ISP)   因特网服务提供商

host computer                             主计算机

workstation                                  工作站

bandwidth                                  (频)带宽(度)

packet                                          分组,包

 

6.6 EVOLUTION OF THE WEB AND WEB APPLICATIONS

Web                                               万维网

medium(复 media)                       媒体

sharing                                          共享

desktop                                          台式,桌面

desktop computer                          台式计算机

notebook computer                        笔记本计算机

pocket computer                            袖珍计算机

Personal Digital Assistant  (PDA)  个人数字助理

mobile phone                                 移动电话

Hyper-Text Markup Language  (HTML)  超文本标记语言

Web page                    万维网网页

Web site                      万维网网站

Interactivity                  交互性

service-oriented          面向服务的

Application Programming Interface  (API)    应用编程界面

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) 异步Java过程语言和扩展的标记语言 

6.7 ABOUT THE AJAX

unload                                  卸载,转储

open source                         开源

remote procedure call          远程过程调用

intermediate layer                 中间层

Ajax engine                           Ajax 引擎

plain text                                明文

parse                                     语法分析

client-server                          客户-服务器

HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)  超文本标记语言

XML(eXtensible Markup Language)  可扩展的标记语言

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)  级联风格(样式)表(单)

DOM (Document Object Model)  文档对象模型

XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language  Transformations) 可扩展风格化表单语言变换  

JavaScriptJava              过程(程序)语言,基于对象的脚本语言

Interaction                      交互 

 

第七章 程序设计语言

7.1 计算机语言概述

programming languages   程序设计语言

instruction                          指令

operation code                   操作码

operand                             操作数

mnemonic                          助记的

symbolic address               符号地址

assembler                          汇编程序,汇编器

source program                 源程序

object program                    目标程序

high level language             高级语言

macroinstruction                  宏指令

compiler                              编译程序,编译器

selection structure               选择结构

loop structure                      循环结构

machine language              机器语言

addressing                          编址,寻址 

 

7.2 FLOWCHART

 program flowchart                      程序流程图

 module                                        模块

 macrochart                                  宏流程图

 microchart                                   微流程图

 subroutine                                   子例程

 programming control structure    编程控制结构

 sequence structure                       顺序结构

 selection structure                       选择结构

 loop structure                              循环结构

 chart                                    图,图表

 maincontrol                         主控(图)

 modular                               模块(图)

 symbol                                 符号

 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)  美国国家标准学会

 Input/Output (I/O)               输入/输出

 processing                            处理

 data movement instruction   数据传输指令

 terminal                             终端,终止符

 interruption point              中断点

 program branch                程序分支

 decision                            判定,决策

 entry (entrance)                入口,进入

 logic/compassion              逻辑/比较

 conditional statement        条件语句

 connector                          连接符,连接器 

 

7.3 BASIC AND VISUAL BASIC

BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)  初学者通用符号指令码

Visual Basic                           可视Basic

Object-oriented                      面向对象的

Graphic User Interface (GUI)  图形用户界面

form                                    表单

control                                  控件

ActiveX                     微软倡导的网络多媒体对象技术

Internet Information Server (IIS) (微软)因特网信息服务器

Applications Edition   应用版本

Intranet                      因特内部网,内联网

Structured Query Language (SQL) 结构化查询语言

 

7.4 C, C++, AND C#

structured language               结构化语言

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)  面向对象程序设计

compiler                                 编译器(程序)

class                                       类

VC++ (Visual C++)                可视化C++

Java language                       一种面向对象的程序设计语言

encapsulation                包装,封装

data hiding                     数据隐藏

inheritance                     继承性     

polymorphism                多态性

portable                          可移植的

ANSI                               美国国家标准学会

superset                          超类

framework                       框架,构架,架构

platform                           平台

runtime                            运行时间,运行时,运行期

Common Language Runtime (CLR)   公共语言运行时

Common Language Specification (CLS) 公共语言规范

library                               库

.NET Framework Class Library (FCL) .NET 架构类库

Graphic User Interface (GUI)             图形用户接口

building block                                     积木式部件

7.5 MARKUP AND SCRIPTING LANGUAGES

markup language   标记(置标)语言

scripting language  脚本(描述)语言,过程(编制)语言

HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)  超文本标记 语言

line capacity            线路容量

tag                           标记

word processor       字处理器(软件)

text editor                  文本编辑器(软件)

XML(eXtensible Markup Language) 可扩展的标记语言

JavaScriptJava 过程(程序)语言,基于对象的脚本语言

DHTML (Dynamic HTML)  动态超文本标记语言

 

7.6 ABOUT OPEN SOURCE

 Open Source    开源

 proprietary        专用的

 Software Development Kit (SDK)  软件开发套件

 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) 通用语言基础

 European Computer Manufacturer’s Association (ECMA)    欧洲计算机制造商协会

 shareware                    共享件,公用件

 interchangeable           可互换性

 overlap                         重叠

 Shared Source             共享源

 version                          版本

 release                       (软件产品)发布,版本

 Shared Source Common Language   

 Infrastructure (SSCLI)   共享源通用语言基础

第八章 软件工程

8.1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE MODELS

 release                     软件发布

 overlap                     重叠

 drawback                  缺点

 spiral                         螺旋形的

 life cycle                    生命(存)周期

 model                        模型

 variation                    变化,变更

 fixing bugs                查错

 overhead                   开销

 prototype                   原型,样机

 demo                         演示(版),测试版,样机

 word processor         字处理软件

 spreadsheet              电子表格软件

 risk                            风险

 feedback                   反馈

 

8.2 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS

 requirement analysis   需求分析

 background study        背景研究

 business                       商业,事业,事务

 accounting system       记账系统,会计制表系统

 accounting service       记账服务(程序)

 package                     (软件)包

 feasibility                       可行性

 background                   背景,后台

 

8.3 SOFTWARE DESIGN AND TESTING

 software design                        软件设计

 flowchart                                   流程图

 design description languages   设计描述语言

 programming system                程序设计系统

 file structure                              文件结构

 software testing                         软件测试

 coding                                        编码

 data flow diagram                      数据流程图

 case                                           案例

 algorithm                            算法

 data structure                     数据结构

 module testing                    模块测试

 unit testing                          单元测试

 boundary condition             边界条件

 integration testing               综合测试,集成测试

 function test                        功能测试

 performance test                性能测试

 debugging                          调试,排错

 program module                 程序模块

 

8.4 SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

 software quality assurance    软件质量保证

 software standard                  软件标准

 verification                              验证,检验,核实

 validation                                确认,证实,验证,有效性

 engineering project                工程项目

 robustness                             稳健性,鲁棒性,健壮性

 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic  Engineers) 电气和电子工程师协会

 ANSI (American National Standards Committee)美国国家标准协会

 documentation          文档

 reliability                    可靠性

 usability                     可使用性

 modifiability               可修改性

 portability                   可移植性

 maintainability            可维护性

 criterion(复criteria)  标准,基准,准则

 assessment                评定,评估

8.5 SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

 software maintenance                 软件维护

 telecommunication protocol        远程通信协议

 environment                                环境

 mode of interaction                     交换模式

 adaptation                                  (自)适应,适配

 upgrade                                       升级,提高

 modification                                 改型,变形,修改

 budget                                         预算

 evolution                            进化

 clarity                                 清晰度,明确(性)

 modularity                          模块性,积木性

 source code                       源代码

 crossreference                   交叉参考

 configuration                      配置

 

第九章 数据库及其应用

9.1 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)

 database                               数据库

 data element                         数据元

 retrieval                                 检索,恢复

 magnetizable media              可磁化介质

 linkage                                   链接

 system software package     系统软件包

 database record                    数据库记录

 operating system (OS)          操作系统

 search                                    搜索,查找

probe                                        探查

query                                        查询

file-oriented system                  面向文件的系统

communications path                通信通道

database management system (DBMS)  数据库管理信息系统

management information system (MIS)   管理信息系统

decision making           决策

information flow            信息流

user                    用户(其含义已从人员扩大到包括硬软件设施)

 

9.2 HOW DOES A DATABASE WORK?

 relational database            关系型数据库

 table                               表

 inventory                       (存货)清单,报表,商品目录,库存

 warehouse                         仓库

 stock                               库存,存货,现货

 transparent                        透明的

 client                   客户

 screen               屏幕

 execute             执行

 field                   字段

9.3 SQL SERVER

 Structured Query Language (SQL)           结构化查询语言

 thread scheduling             线程调度

 memory management      存储管理

 I/O management              输入/输出管理

 relational engine              关系引擎

 type system                     类型系统

buffer pool management          缓冲槽管理

resource management              资源管理

synchronization primitives         同步化原语

deadlock                                    死锁

background maintenance jobs  后台维护作业

multitasking                               多(重)任务作业

Applications Program Interface (API)  应用程序接口

log                                          记录

Storage Engine                      存储引擎

Tabular Data Stream (TDS)  表格数据流

character strings                    字符串

textual data                            文本数据

User-Defined composite Types (UDTs)   用户定义的组合类型

Dynamic Management Views (DMVs)   动态管理视图

constraint                                 约束

value added services               增值服务

self-tuning                                 自调谐(节)

digital media formats                 数字媒体格式

bit-stream                                  比特流

storage backend                       存储后端

eXtensible Markup Language (XML)          可扩展的标记语言

spatial data type                          空间数据类型

unstructured data                        非结构化数据

semi-structured data                   半结构化数据

metadata                                     元数据

backing up                                   备份,备用

hierarchical data                          层次型数据

recursive query                            递归查询

 

9.4 DATA WAREHOUSE

 data warehouse                          数据仓库

 information technology (IT)        信息技术

 decision support                         决策支持

 operational data                          操作数据

 platform                                       平台

 transaction                                   事务(处理)

 distributed system                       分布式系统

 infrastructure              基础设施

 client                          客户

 mass storage             大容量存储器,海量存储器

 data refresh                数据刷新

 information pool         信息库

 On-Line  Analytical Processing  联机(在线)分析处理技术

 iterative approach       迭代方法

 database recovery      数据库恢复

 

9.5 DATA MINING

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)        企业资源计划

Customer Relationship Management  (CRM)   客户关系管理

log                                     日志,(运行)记录,对数

pattern                               模式,图形(案),特性曲线

Intelligence Quotient  (IQ) 智商

 predictable              可预测的

 attribute                   属性

 dataset                    数据集

 subset                     子集

 recursive                 递归

 training process      训练过程

 root node                根节点

 leaf node                 叶子节点

 algorithm                 算法

 decision tree           决策树,判定树

 cluster                     聚类,簇, 群集

 association             关联,结合,协(学)会

 time series              时(间)序(列)

 prediction                预测

 churn analysis        周转分析

 Structured Query Language (SQL)        结构化查询语言

 

9.6 THE WEB AND DATABASES

 

online ordering               在线订货

browser                          浏览器

peer-to-peer                   对等的

retrieval                          检索

E-Commerce                  电子商务

E-Business                     电子企业

script                               脚本(文件),稿本,过程

dynamic web page         动态web网页

static web page                    静态web网页

hyperlink                               超(级),链接

form                                      表单,表格,窗体

database query                    数据库查询

middleware                           中间件

CGI (Common Gateway Interface)  公用网关接口

API (Application Program Interface)   应用程序接口

PHP (Personal Home  Page)   个人家庭主页

ASP (Active Server Page)        现用服务器页, 动态服务器主页

 

第十章 办公自动化软件

10.1 THE BASICS OF OFFICE AUTOMATION SOFTWARE

office automation           办公自动化

word processor           (文)字处理器(程序)

software suite                 软件套件,成套软件

ownership right               拥(所)有权

icon                                 图标,图符

toolbar                            工具条

worksheet                      工作表,表单

online help                     在线帮助

copyright                        版权

proprietary software      专有软件

shareware                     共享(软)件,公用件

freeware                        免费(自由)软件

public-domain software 公用域软件

GUI (Graphic User Interface)     图形用户接口

 

10.2 OFFICE WORD 2007

authoring program             创作程序,编辑程序

writing tool                         书写工具

professional-looking          专业样子,专业水准

format                                格式,格式化

document                          文档

diagramming                     图形表示

charting engine                 绘图引擎

spreadsheet               电子表格

presentation               演示,显示,呈现,图像

blog post                    博客站

transparency              透明性

Portable Document Format (PDF)   可移植的文档格式

XML Paper Specification (XPS)     XML文件规格书

interoperability                   互操作性

back-end system                后端系统

controls                              控件

binding                               捆绑

template                             模板

macro                                 宏

embedded                          嵌入(式)的

 

10.3 OFFICE EXCEL 2007

 results-oriented                  面向结果的

 dual processors                 双处理器

 multi-core processors        多核处理器

 cell                                      单元

 Three-Dimension (3D)       三维

 soft shadowing                   软投影

 Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)  超文本标识语言

 business dashboard             商业表盘

 portal                                     门户

 calculation engine                 计算引擎

 Application Programming Interface (API)应用编程接口

 import                        导入、引入、进口、输入

 

10.4 OFFICE POWERPOINT 2007

 presentation                        显(表)示,演示,呈现

 workflow                              工作流

 hierarchy                             层次

 bullet                                   加重号,分割符,点符

 streamlined user interface  流线型用户接口

 click                                     敲击,点击,单击

 platform                               平台

 data recovery                     数据恢复

 slide                                   幻灯片

 hidden text                         隐藏文本

 digital signature                 数字签名

第十一章 计算机图形学与图像处理技术

11.1  INTRODUCTION

computer graphics (CG)        计算机图形(学)

video game                          视频游戏

render                                   渲染

three-dimensional computer graphics   三维计算机图形

scene                                   景物,景色,场景

image                                   图像,影(映)像,成像

photograph                              照片

medical imaging system          医疗成像系统

monitor                                    监视器

paint program                          绘图程序

model                                      模型

computer-simulated world      计算机模拟世界

 

11.2 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE (1)

GUI (graphics user interface) 图形用户界面

DTP (desktop publishing)       桌面出版

resolution                                分辨率

image-setter                           激光照排机

paste-board                            粘贴板

HTML (hypertext markup language)  超文本标记语言

PDF (portable document format)          可移植文档格式

PDL (page description language)    页面描述语言

graphics software                  图形软件

WP(Word Processing)        (文)字处理

typescript                               打印文稿(原稿)

laser printer                           激光打印机

dpi (dots per inch)           每英寸点数

lay out                              排版

Electronic Publishing       电子出版

video                                视频

animation                         动画

hyperlink                          超链接

suite of software              软件套件

 

11. 3 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE  (2)

bit-mapped image                      位图图像

pattern                                        模式

vector                                          矢量,向量

template                                      模板

dummy                                         虚化

CAD (Computer-Aided Design)   计算机辅助设计

graphic workstation                      图形工作站

2D (Dimension)-plan                   二维平面

3D (Dimension) object                 三维物体

illustration software                      绘图软件

library of drawings                        图形库

business presentation software    商业演示软件

pattern                                           图案,模式

 

11.4 HIERARCHY OF IMAGE PROCESSING OPERATIONS

image processing              图像处理

sensor                                传感器

acquisition                          采集,获取         

illumination                         光照

digitization                           数字化       

coordinate transformation   坐标变换

motion blur                          运动模糊

tomography                         X线断层技术

chromosome                      染色体

background                        背景

gray value                           灰度值

visual system                      视觉系统

multimedia                           多媒体

brightness                            亮度

contrast                                对比度

pixel                                      像素

distortion                               失真,畸变

filter                                       滤波,过滤

 

11.5 DIGITAL IMAGE FILE FORMATS

bitmap                           位图  

raster image                  光栅图像

decompress                   解压

gray-scale                      灰度

magic number                幻数

LUT(look up table)         查找表

file format                       文件格式

proprietary                     所有人的,所有的,专利的

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)  标记图像文件格式

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)         图形交换格式

index                           索引

RLE (Run-Length Encoding)  游程编码

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)  联合(静态)图像专家组

第十二章 多媒体

12.1 WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?

electrify                              电子化,电气化

up to date                           最新的

hypermedia                        超媒体                              

sensual elements               传感元素

HTML (hypertext markup language)   超文本标记语言

DHTML (dynamic hypertext markup language)  动态超文本标记语言

GUI (graphical user interface)   图形用户界面

videodisc player                       影碟机.视盘播放机

videotape player                      录像机

playback                                  播放

interactive multimedia             交互式多媒体

audio and video clips              音频和视频片段,剪辑

copyright                                       版权

video conference                          视频会议

virtual reality                                 虚拟现实

Web site                                       万维网网站,网站

 

12.2 WHERE TO USE MULTIMEDIA?

information retention               信息保持力

genealogy                                系谱,宗谱

convergence                             会聚,收敛

VRML (virtual reality modeling language)     虚拟现实造型语言

presentation                              演示

LAN (Local Area Network)        局域网

WAN (Wide Area Network)        广域网

presentation software package  演示软件包

simulation                                   模拟

educational software                   教育软件

data highway                               数据高速公路

built-in                                          内置的

extension                                     扩展(名),后缀

dedicated computer                    专用计算机

 

12.3 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES

 QuickTime                    Apple公司的数字多媒体技术

 platform                        平台

 proprietary technology 专利技术

 MPEG(Motion Picture Experts Group)  运动图像专家组(一种压缩比率较大的活动图像和声音的压缩标准)

 MIDI (Musical Instrument Data Interface)  乐器数据接口

 run-length coding                      行程编码

 NTSC (National Television Systems Committee)  美国国家电视系统委员会制式

 MHEG(Multimedia and Hypermedia Expert Group)  多媒体超媒体信息编码专家组

 compression                             压缩

 resolution                                  分辨率

 AVI(Audio Video Interleave)     音频视频交叉

 DVI(Digital Video Interface)      数字视频接口

 digital video                               数字视频

 vector                                        矢量

 frame rate                                 帧频率

 quantization                              量化

 object class                               对象类

 presentation                              表达,表示,演示

 distribution                                分布,分配

 interactive                             交互(式)的

 multivendor                           多厂商

 client/server                          客户/服务器

 three spatial coordinate       三维空间坐标

 

12.4 MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING

 bandwidth                       带宽

 real-time                          实时

 synchronization               同步

 multicasting                     多播,组播

 latency                             延时,等待

 video mail                        视频邮件

 transfer rate                     传输速率

 multipoint                         多点

 point-to-point                   点对点

 ATM(Automated Teller Machine)    自动出纳机

 

 第十三章 现代工业自动化软件

13.1 概述

CAD (computer-aided design)    计算机辅助设计

CAM (computer-aided manufacturing)     计算机辅助制造

CAE (computer-aided engineering)        计算机辅助工程

product cycle                              产品周期

prototype                                    原型

feasibility                                    可行性

qualitative                        定性的

symmetry                         对称, 匀称

cross-sectional property  截面性质

design need                     设计需求

design specification         设计规范(规格)

synthesis                          综合

sketch                               草图

layout                                布局,规划,设计,草图

analysis model                         分析模型

attribute                                    属性

optimization                              优化

blueprint                                   蓝图

 

13.2 CAD, CAM,和 CAE的应用

 interference checking            干扰检验

 kinematic analysis                 运动分析

 iteration                                  迭代  

 virtual prototype                     虚拟原型

 NC (Numerical Control)         数控  

 CAPP (computer-aided process planning)   计算机辅助工艺计划

 CMM (coordinate measuring machine)      三坐标测量机

 commercial database              商业数据库

 macroprogramming                 宏编程,宏程序设计

 imbed (embed)                         嵌入

 optimal design                         优化设计

 type of data                             数据类型

 retrieval                                   检索

 robot                                        机器人

 

 

13.3 DEFINITIONS OF CAD, CAM,   AND CAE

 GT (group technology)            群组技术

 MRP (material requirement planning)      物资需求计划

 FEM (finite-element method)  有限元法

 CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing)   计算机集成制造

 customized                              定制的

 finite-element                           有限元

 visualization                         可视化

 mechanical part                   机械零件

 CAD database                     计算机辅助设计数据库

 computer interface               计算机接口

 instruction                             指令

 workpiece                             工件

 assembly                              组装,装配

 

13.4 MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING, MRP-II AND BEYOND

MRP (manufacturing resource planning)        制造资源计划

MRP (material resource planning)      物资资源计划

BRP (business resource planning)   商业资源计划

ERP (enterprise resource planning)   企业资源计划

feedback                                       反馈

inventory management                 库存管理

integrated system                         集成系统

module                                          模块

client/server                                  客户/服务器

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