python + selenium实现12306全自动买票

整个程序分了三个模块：购票模块（主体）、验证码处理模块、余票查询模块
使用方法：三个模块分别保存为三个python文件，名字分别为：book_ticket，captcha，check_ticket。

在购票模块里初始化相关参数：出发站、终点站、出发日期、自己的账号、密码，乘客姓名等，出发日期的格式：xxxx-xx-xx。

购票模块

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import wait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
import json
import time
from check_ticket import Check#余票查询模块
from captcha import Code#验证码处理模块
class Buy_Ticket():
    def __init__(self, start_station, end_station, date, username, password, purpose, names):
        self.num = 1
        self.start = start_station
        self.end = end_station
        self.date = date
        self.username = username
        self.password = password
        self.purpose = purpose
        self.all_names = names
        self.login_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/login.html'
        self.ticket_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init'
    #模拟登录函数，包括自动填充用户名、密码、自动点击验证、最终自动登录
    def login(self):
        browser.get(self.login_url)
        time.sleep(0.5)
        try:
            wait.WebDriverWait(browser, 5).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME,'login-hd-account'))).click()
            input_name = browser.find_element_by_id('J-userName')
            input_pd = browser.find_element_by_id('J-password')
            input_name.send_keys(self.username)
            input_pd.send_keys(self.password)
            start_end, check = self.add_cookie()
            #time.sleep(5)
            c = Code(browser)       #调用验证码识别模块
            c.main()
            print('登录成功！')
            time.sleep(0.8)
            print(browser.current_url)
            #try:
                #wait.WebDriverWait(browser, 3).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME,'btn.btn-primary.ok'))).click()
            #except NoSuchElementException:
                #pass
            self.check(start_end, check)
        except NoSuchElementException:
            print('没有找到元素')
            self.login()
            
    def add_cookie(self):
        check = Check(self.date, self.start, self.end, self.purpose)
        start_end = check.look_up_station()
        # cookie的添加，json.dumps把以汉字形式呈现的起始、终点站转化成unicode编码，可在审查元素里查看cookie
        browser.add_cookie({'name': '_jc_save_fromStation',
                            'value': json.dumps(self.start).strip('"').replace('\\', '%') + '%2C' + start_end[0]})
        browser.add_cookie({'name': '_jc_save_toStation',
                            'value': json.dumps(self.end).strip('"').replace('\\', '%') + '%2C' + start_end[1]})
        browser.add_cookie({'name': '_jc_save_fromDate', 'value': self.date})
        print('cookie添加完成！')
        return start_end, check
    #余票查询函数，获取预定车次信息
    def check(self, start_end, check):
        #调用余票查询模块
        browser.get(self.ticket_url)
        self.num = check.get_info(start_end, 1)
        button = wait.WebDriverWait(browser, 3).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID,'query_ticket')))
        button.click()
        if self.purpose == '学生':
            browser.find_element_by_id('sf2').click()
            button.click()
    def check_date(self):
        #12306学生票的时间是：暑假：6月1日-9月30日，寒假：12月1日-3月31日
        date = ''.join(self.date.split('-'))
        #暑假
        if int(date[:4] + '0601') <= int(date) <= int(date[:4] + '0930'):
            return 1
        #当年寒假，也就是当年的1、2、3月
        if int(date[:4] + '0101') <= int(date) <= int(date[:4] + '0331'):
            return 1
        #这里处理的是从当年12月到第二年的3月，比如在2020-12-12买2021-01-18的学生票，那么就是在下面的处理区间
        next_year = str(int(date[:4]) + 1)
        if int(date[:4] + '1201') <= int(date) <= int(next_year + '0331'):
            return 1
        return 0
    #车票预定函数
    def book_ticket(self):
    time.sleep(1.5)
        print('开始预订车票...')
        #先查找出所有车次对应的预订按钮，再根据余票查询模块返回的车次序号，点击相应的预订按钮
        button = browser.find_elements_by_class_name('no-br')
        button[self.num-1].click()
        time.sleep(1.5)
        #选择乘车人
        #获取所有乘车人的信息
        passengers = browser.find_element_by_id('normal_passenger_id')
        names = passengers.text.split('\n')
        for name in self.all_names:
            index = names.index(name)
            browser.find_element_by_id('normalPassenger_' + str(index)).click()
            if '学生' in name:
                if self.check_date():
                    browser.find_element_by_id('dialog_xsertcj_ok').click()
                else:
                    print('当前日期不在学生票可购买时间区间！')
                    print('学生票乘车时间为暑假6月1日至9月30日、寒假12月1日至3月31日！')
                    browser.find_element_by_id('dialog_xsertcj_cancel').click()
        #browser.close()
        browser.find_element_by_id('submitOrder_id').click()
        wait.WebDriverWait(browser, 3).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID,'qr_submit_id'))).click()
        print('车票预定成功！请在30分钟内完成付款！')
    def main(self):
        self.login()
        if self.num:
        self.book_ticket()
        else:
        browser.close()
        return
if __name__ == '__main__':
    begin = time.time()
    #隐藏浏览器
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")    #2020.03.28更新
    browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    browser.maximize_window()
    # Buy_Ticket类初始化参数，从左到右：出发站，终点站，出发日期，账号，密码，购票类型(默认购买成人票，若要购买学生票，
    # 添加乘客姓名时在后面加上(学生))，把要购买票的乘客姓名放在一个列表里
    b = Buy_Ticket('上海', '重庆', '2020-12-30', '账号', '密码', 'ADULT', ['乘客1姓名', '乘客2姓名(学生)'])
    b.main()
    end = time.time()
    print('总耗时：%d秒' % int(end-begin))
    #browser.close()

验证码处理模块

import time
import base64
import requests
import numpy as np
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.support import wait
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
class Code():
    def __init__(self, browser):
        self.browser = browser
        self.verify_url = 'http://littlebigluo.qicp.net:47720/'     #验证码识别网址，返回识别结果
    #获取验证码图片
    def get_captcha(self):
        element = self.browser.find_element_by_class_name('imgCode')
        #time.sleep(0.5)
        img = base64.b64decode(element.get_attribute('src')[len('data:image/jpg;base64,'):])
        with open('captcha.png', 'wb') as f:
            f.write(img)
        #验证码解析
    def parse_img(self):
        pic_name = 'captcha.png'
        # 打开保存到本地的验证码图片
        files={'pic_xxfile':(pic_name,open(pic_name,'rb'),'image/png')}
        response = requests.post(self.verify_url, files=files)
        try:
            num = response.text.split('')[1].split('<')[0]
        except IndexError:  #验证码没识别出来的情况
            print('验证码未能识别！重新识别验证码...')
            return
        try:
            if int(num):
                print('验证码识别成功！图片位置：%s' % num)
                return [int(num)]
        except ValueError:
            try:
                num = list(map(int,num.split()))
                print('验证码识别成功！图片位置：%s' % num)
                return num
            except ValueError:
                print('验证码未能识别')
                return
        #识别结果num都以列表形式返回，方便后续验证码的点击
        #还有可能验证码没能识别出来
        #实现验证码自动点击
    def move(self):
        num = self.parse_img()
        if num:
            try:
                element = self.browser.find_element_by_class_name('loginImg')
                for i in num:
                    if i <= 4:
                        ActionChains(self.browser).move_to_element_with_offset(element,40+72*(i-1),73).click().perform()
                    else :
                        i -= 4
                        ActionChains(self.browser).move_to_element_with_offset(element,40+72*(i-1),145).click().perform()
                self.browser.find_element_by_class_name('login-btn').click()
                self.slider()
            except:
                print('元素不可选！')
        else:
            self.browser.find_element_by_class_name('lgcode-refresh').click()  #刷新验证码
            time.sleep(1.5)
            self.main()
    def ease_out_quart(self, x):
        return 1 - pow(1 - x, 4)
    #生成滑动轨迹
    def get_tracks(self, distance, seconds, ease_func):
        tracks = [0]
        offsets = [0]
        for t in np.arange(0.0, seconds, 0.1):
            ease = ease_func
            offset = round(ease(t / seconds) * distance)
            tracks.append(offset - offsets[-1])
            offsets.append(offset)
        return tracks
    #处理滑动验证码
    def slider(self):
        print('开始处理滑动验证码...')
        #track = self.get_tracks(305, 1, self.ease_out_quart)
        track = [30, 50, 90, 140]  #滑动轨迹可随意，只要距离大于300
        try:
            slider = wait.WebDriverWait(self.browser, 5).until(
                EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, 'nc_iconfont.btn_slide')))
            ActionChains(self.browser).click_and_hold(slider).perform()
            for i in track:
                ActionChains(self.browser).move_by_offset(xoffset=i, yoffset=0).perform()
        except:
            print('验证码识别错误！等待验证码刷新，重新识别验证码...')
            time.sleep(2.1)  #验证码刷新需要2秒
            self.main()
    def main(self):
        self.get_captcha()
        self.move()

余票查询模块

import requests
from urllib.parse import urlencode
import time
import json
class Check():
    def __init__(self, date, start, end, purpose):
        self.base_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/query?'
        self.url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.9018'
        self.headers = {
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36',
            'Cookie': 'JSESSIONID=B709F9775E72BDED99B2EEBB8CA7FBB9; BIGipServerotn=1910046986.24610.0000; RAIL_EXPIRATION=1579188884851; RAIL_DEVIC'
            }
        self.date = date
        self.start_station = start
        self.end_station = end
        self.purpose = purpose if purpose == 'ADULT' else '0X00'
        #查找出车站的英文简称，用于构造cookie、完整的余票查询链接
    def look_up_station(self):
    try:
            with open('station_code.json', 'r') as f:
                dic = json.load(f)
        except FileNotFoundError:
            response = requests.get(self.url).text
            station = response.split('@')[1:]
            dic = {}
            for each in station:
                i = each.split('|')
                dic[i[1]] = i[2]
            with open('station_code.json', 'w') as f:
                f.write(json.dumps(dic))
        return [dic[self.start_station], dic[self.end_station]]
    def get_info(self, start_end, check_count):
        #构造请求参数
        data = {
        'leftTicketDTO.train_date': self.date,
        'leftTicketDTO.from_station': start_end[0],
        'leftTicketDTO.to_station': start_end[1],
        'purpose_codes': self.purpose
        }
        url = self.base_url + urlencode(data)
        print('完整余票查询链接：', url)
        count = 0  # 用于对车次编号
        while count == 0:
            print('余票查询中...  %d次' % check_count)
            response = requests.get(url, headers=self.headers)
            #print(response.text)
            try:
            json = response.json()
            except ValueError:
            print('余票查询链接有误，请仔细检查！')
            return
            maps = json['data']['map']
            for each in json['data']['result']:
            count += 1
            s = each.split('|')[3:]
                info = {
                'train':s[0],
                'start_end':maps[s[3]] + '-' + maps[s[4]],
                'time':s[5] + '-' + s[6],
                '历时':s[7],
                '一等座':s[28],
                '二等座':s[27]
                }
                try:
                    #余票的结果有3种：有、一个具体的数字(如：18、6等)、无，判断如果余票是有或者一个具体的数字就直接输出对应的车次信息，然后返回
                    if info['二等座'] == '有' or int(info['二等座']):
                        print('预定车次信息如下：')
                        print('[%d]' % count, info)
                        return count
                except ValueError:
                    continue
            count = 0
            check_count += 1
            time.sleep(0.8)

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