【北邮国院大三上】电子商务法(e-commerce law)知识点整理——Banking Law&e-Payment

北邮国院大三电商在读，随课程进行整理知识点。仅整理PPT和相关法条中相对重要的知识点，个人认为相对不重要的细小的知识点不列在其中。如有错误请指出。转载请注明出处，祝您学习愉快。

Why are legal rules required?

(指的是电商方面的这些法律）

• To ensure economic stability and consumer protection, to provide legal certainty
• 确保经济稳定和消费者保护，提供法律确定性

什么是“money”

money=value

• Money: a means of communicating value
• 金钱:传达价值的手段
• Currency: physical manifestation of money: gives money visible form – ‘Tokens’ (bank notes, coins etc)
• 货币:货币的物理表现:给予货币可见的形式-“代币”(银行券，硬币等)

谁发行（issue）money？

The Central Bank in any country issues coins and banknotes
任何国家的中央银行都发行硬币和纸币
叫做：‘fiat currency’ / LEGAL TENDER 法定货币

What is monetary policy?货币政策

• Government policies which try to influence the economy by changing the amount of money circulating in the economy (money supply) and the interest rate (rate at which people, companies, or the government can borrow money)
• 试图通过改变经济中流通的货币量(货币供应量)和利率(个人、公司或政府可以借钱的利率)来影响经济的政府政策

银行对于经济来说是相当重要的

Banks: traditionally currency circulators & main payment service providers
银行:传统的货币流通机构和主要支付服务提供商
Banks play an important role in any economy: keep money in circulation
银行在任何经济体中都扮演着重要的角色:保持货币流通
所以说要有Banking laws

Objectives of bank regulation

Prudential – to reduce the level of risk bank creditors are exposed to (i.e. to protect depositors)
审慎——降低银行债权人面临的风险水平(即保护储户)
Systemic risk reduction – to reduce the risk of disruption resulting from adverse trading conditions for banks causing multiple or major bank failures
降低系统性风险——降低银行因不利交易条件而导致多家或主要银行倒闭的中断风险
Avoid misuse of banks – to reduce the risk of banks being used for criminal purposes, e.g. laundering the proceeds of crime
避免滥用银行——减少银行被用于犯罪目的的风险，例如洗钱犯罪收益
Credit allocation – to direct credit to favored sectors
信贷分配——将信贷导向受青睐的部门

Regulation of Banks（Art.1）

核心法律：Law of the People’s Republic of China on Commercial Banks
Article 1 This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of commercial banks, depositors and other clients, to standardize the behavior of commercial banks, to raise the quality of credit assets, to strengthen supervision and control, to ensure the stable and sound operation of commercial banks, to maintain financial order and to promote the development of the socialist market economy.
为了保护商业银行、存款人和其他客户的合法权益，规范商业银行的行为，提高信贷资产质量，加强监督管理，保障商业银行稳健运行，维护金融秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，制定本法。

Legal definition of ‘bank’（Art.2）

Article 2 For the purposes of this Law, the term “commercial banks” means enterprise legal persons that are established in conformity with this Law and the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China and that take in deposits from the general public, grant loans, handle settlements, etc.
本法所称商业银行，是指依照本法和《中华人民共和国公司法》设立的，吸收社会存款、发放贷款、办理结算等业务的企业法人。

Banks activities（ part of Art.3）

Article 3 Commercial banks may engage in some or all of the following business operations:
(1) taking in deposits from the general public;
……
(10) engaging in the business of bank cards;
(12) acting as an agent for the receipt and payment of money and acting as an insurance agent;
第三条商业银行可以从事下列部分或者全部业务: (一)接受公众存款; …．． (十)经营银行卡业务; (十二)代收代付款项，担任保险代理人;

Authorization required to operate（Art.11）

经营需要授权
Article 11 The establishment of commercial banks shall be subject to examination and approval by the banking regulatory authority under the State Council.
No unit or individual may engage in commercial banking business such as taking in deposits from the general public, and no unit may use the word “bank” in its name, without approval of the banking regulatory authority under the State Council.
第十一条设立商业银行，必须经国务院银行业监督管理机构审查批准。
未经国务院银行业监督管理机构批准，任何单位和个人不得从事吸收公众存款等商业银行业务，任何单位不得在名称中使用“银行”字样。

Minimum capital requirements（Art.13）

最低资本要求
Article 13 The minimum amount of registered capital required for the establishment of a national commercial bank shall be RMB one billion yuan. The minimum amount of registered capital required for the establishment of an urban commercial bank shall be 100 million yuan, and the minimum amount of registered capital required for the establishment of a rural commercial bank shall be 50 million yuan. Registered capital shall be paid-up capital.
第十三条设立全国性商业银行的注册资本最低限额为人民币10亿元。设立城市商业银行的注册资本最低限额为人民币1亿元，设立农村商业银行的注册资本最低限额为人民币5000万元。注册资本为实收资本。

More requirements: Reserves and redeem-ability（Art.32,33）

更多要求:储备和赎回能力

Article 32 Commercial banks shall place a deposit reserve with the People’s Bank of China and maintain sufficient provision for payment, in accordance with the regulations of the People’s Bank of China.
第三十二条商业银行应当按照中国人民银行的规定，向中国人民银行交存存款准备金，保持充足的备付金。

Article 33 Commercial banks shall guaranty, and may not delay or refuse, payment of the principal of deposits and the interest thereon.
第三十三条商业银行应当保证存款本金和利息的支付，不得迟延或者拒绝支付。

Criminal Offence to offer banking services without authority（Art.81）

擅自提供银行服务的刑事犯罪
Article 81 Any unit or individual, without approval of the banking regulatory authority under the State Council, establishes a commercial bank, or illegally takes in deposits from the general public or does so in disguised form, which is serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law, and such a commercial bank shall be closed down by the banking regulatory authority under the State Council.
第八十一条未经国务院银行业监督管理机构批准，设立商业银行，或者非法吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任，由国务院银行业监督管理机构关闭。

政府和银行在经济中的作用

• Governments control money supply to preserve function and value of money and to keep economies healthy
• 政府控制货币供应，以保持货币的功能和价值，并保持经济健康
• Money circulated through banks – very tight regulation of banks
• 资金通过银行流通——对银行的监管非常严格

Types of online e-payments

• e-money
• e-Payment services
• crypto-currencies 加密数字货币

e-money

e-money: value issued on a device (in exchange for ‘fiat currency’ or ‘real’ money)
电子货币:在设备上发行的价值(以换取“法定货币”或“真实”货币)
【类似银行卡，北邮的学生卡这种可以在某个设备里存钱的东西】

e-Payment services

e-Payment services: where a third party pays the merchant on behalf of the customer (Third Party Payment Services – TPPS) – i.e. Alipay, Wechat
电子支付服务:第三方代表客户向商家支付(第三方支付服务- TPPS) -即支付宝，微信

Crypto-currencies

Crypto-currencies: e.g. bitcoins (not issued by any country’s central bank!)
加密货币:例如比特币(不是由任何国家的中央银行发行!)

我们接下来要看的，就是EU、PRC、US这三个地方对于这三种e-payment的监管政策和法律

EU —— e-money

• Non-banks should be allowed to issue e-money: encourages competition and innovation
• 应该允许非银行机构发行电子货币:鼓励竞争和创新
• Regulation, but lighter touch than with banks
• 监管，但力度比银行要轻

European Central Bank: if following minimum requirements are met, non banks can issue e-money

Solid and transparent legal arrangements
扎实透明的法律安排
Adequate technical, organisational and procedural safeguards
充分的技术、组织和程序保障
Protection against criminal abuse
防止犯罪滥用
Monetary statistics reporting
货币统计报告
Redeemability of e-money into central bank money at par and
电子货币兑换成中央银行货币的可兑换性
Possibility of reserve requirements
准备金要求的可能性

核心法律：European Electronic Money Directive (2000) – Revised in 2009/110/EC【EMD】

Electronic Money defined: monetary value:（Art.2）

Article 2(1) of the new EMD:
“electronic money‟ means electronically, including magnetically, stored monetary value as represented by a claim on the issuer which is issued on receipt of funds for the purpose of making payment transactions … and which is accepted by a natural or legal person other than the electronic money issuer
“电子货币”是指电子货币发行方以外的自然人或法人接受的以电子方式(包括磁性方式)存储的货币价值，以对发行方的债权为代表，该债权是在收到资金后为进行支付交易而发行的

Exemptions——不被监管的情况

Exemptions for limited networks, but boundary not clear
对有限网络的豁免，但边界不明确
A wide range of limited purpose e-money cards, such as single-retailer cards, petrol cards, telephone cards, parking cards, public transport cards, insurance pay-out cards, membership cards, canteen cards, meal and other vouchers
范围广泛的有限用途电子货币卡，例如单一零售商卡、汽油卡、电话卡、停车卡、公共交通卡、保险支付卡、会员卡、食堂卡、餐券和其他代金券
(Services based on instruments that can be used to acquire goods or services only in the premises used by the issuer or under a commercial agreement with the issuer either within a limited network of service providers or for a limited range of goods or services.)
(基于只能在发证人使用的场所内或根据与发证人的商业协议在有限的服务提供者网络内或有限的货物或服务范围内获得货物或服务的工具的服务。)

【省流版：就是你在哪办的就在哪花的这种不受监管（油卡、各种储值卡、BUPT一卡通甚至是Q币这种），但是你办了可以在别的地方花的受监管（银行卡）】

Main goal

Tempt non-banks to enter the e-money market as issuers under a ‘regulation light’ regime.
引诱非银行机构以“宽松监管”制度下的发行者身份进入电子货币市场。

(E-money is a way to make payments and not a way to save)
(电子货币是一种支付方式，而不是一种储蓄方式)

EMD创建了一种新的institution（机构）——EMI

ELECTRONIC MONEY INSTITUTE (EMI)
电子货币机构
‘‘electronic money institution’ means a legal person that has been granted authorisation …to issue electronic money;
“电子货币机构”是指获授权发行电子货币的法人;

Initial Capital Requirements for EMI – EUR 350 000 (as against an initial capital requirement of EUR 5,000,000 to operate as a bank
EMI的初始资本要求- 35万欧元(相对于作为银行运营的初始资本要求为500万欧元)

E-money issuers are not permitted:

To make risky loans or investments with the funds they accept from customers
用从客户处接受的资金进行高风险贷款或投资
Are subject to special rules for safeguarding and repaying that money.
都有特殊的规则来保护和偿还这笔钱。

EMI need to comply:

【防止Money Laundering洗钱】
Obtain evidence of the identity of the customer
获取客户身份的证据
Could be difficult for customers opening accounts online
客户在网上开户会很困难
Keep records of withdrawals or deposits through issue
保存存取款记录

US —— e-money

no special ‘regulatory’ regime, like EU, created. No definition of e-money. A patchwork of state and federal laws apply. Permission to be taken state by state. Non banks can issue.
没有像欧盟那样的特殊“监管”制度。电子货币没有定义。各州和联邦法律的拼凑适用。每个州都有许可。非银行可以发行。

China —— e-money

Regulated via the Payment Regulations
通过支付条例进行监管

e-money summary

EU: special regulation - EMI created to manage risks and encourage innovation
欧盟:特别规定-创建EMI以管理风险和鼓励创新
Other countries: patchwork of laws, quite complicated.
其他国家:法律杂乱无章，相当复杂。

EU —— e-Payment

EU: keen to encourage innovation and competition
欧盟:热衷于鼓励创新和竞争【这句话反复提了很多次，所有规则的制定都基于这一思想，答题如果答到这也可以凑字数用】

2007 – PSD1 - who are not EMIs
(Payment Services Directive 第一版，注意此时是2007年，还没有EMI这个概念】
allowed non bank payment service providers to offer payment services, under a regulatory scheme
根据监管计划，允许非银行支付服务提供商提供支付服务

‘PAYMENT INSTITUTE’ (PI)

EU Payment Services Directive creates a new type of institution: ‘PAYMENT INSTITUTE’ (PI):
欧盟支付服务指令创建了一种新型机构:“支付机构”(PI):

定义：payment institution’ means a legal person that has been granted authorisation in accordance with Article 11 to provide and execute payment services throughout the Union
“支付机构”是指根据第11条获得授权在整个欧盟范围内提供和执行支付服务的法人

Difference between EMI and PI

PIs process identified transactions and cannot issue e-money
PI处理已识别的交易，不能发行电子货币

Payment Service（PS）

The definition of payment services should be technologically neutral and should allow for the development of new types of payment services, while ensuring equivalent operating conditions for both existing and new payment service providers.
支付服务的定义应该是技术中立的，应该允许开发新的支付服务类型，同时确保现有和新的支付服务提供商的同等运营条件。

Payment Services Regulation

2 main areas of regulation:
监管的两个主要领域:

• Authorization and supervision
• 授权与监督
• Conduct of Business rules
• 商业行为规则

PS的最低注册资本条件比EMI还要低

PI Regulation

Payment Institution must have sufficient capital
支付机构必须有足够的资金
Is properly controlled and the controllers are known
控制是否正确，控制器是否已知
Is properly governed with adequate systems & controls
是否有适当的制度和控制
Has risk controls in place – (security of accounts and payment information)
有适当的风险控制-(帐户和付款信息的安全)

由于balabala各种原因，EU PSD2更新了

Account Information Service Provider（ASIP）

账户信息服务提供商(ASIP)

aggregators of information from the payment accounts the customers operate - businesses who are AISP’s are authorised to ‘read-only’ access of bank account information.
来自客户操作的支付账户的信息聚合器- AISP的企业被授权“只读”访问银行账户信息。
【就是看你银行账户信息的】

Third-parties payment services initiators (PISP)

第三方支付服务发起人(PISP)
A third-party provider that initiates payments on behalf of the consumer (PSU) with respect to a payment account held by another PSP
代表消费者(PSU)就另一个PSP持有的支付账户发起支付的第三方提供商
【相当于一个中介】

PSD2对于各方的监管和保护

由于这里的英文原版实在太长太绕太难懂。具体可以去PPT的108页-111页去看
反正我的理解就是，银行开放API给FinTechs or ‘Third Party Providers (TTPs)【这里可能跟上面的ASIP是一个东西，但我不确定】，然后TTP和传统的PSP（payment service provider）一样都要收到相同的监管，还要保证安全的银行API来要数据。
我的理解大概就是这样，我也不知道对不对，这里给的太绕了，也没怎么讲，估计也就那样

Summary

EU created a single law for two different types of e-payment service providers, the EMI and the PI, to encourage market entrance by innovators of payment services
欧盟为两种不同类型的电子支付服务提供商(EMI和PI)制定了单一法律，以鼓励支付服务创新者进入市场

China has a single law to cover different types of e-payment services. Market entry is a little tougher than for EU innovators, but justified because of the volume of transactions that Chinese PSPs handle.
中国有一个单一的法律来涵盖不同类型的电子支付服务。与欧盟创新者相比，中国的市场准入略难一些，但由于中国psp处理的交易量很大，这是合理的。

US – there isn’t a single law. There are different laws that apply, however, consumers are well protected since the 2008 crash, with rules similar to what we saw in the EU. Similarly with China.
美国——没有单一的法律。有不同的法律适用，然而，自2008年金融危机以来，消费者得到了很好的保护，其规则与我们在欧盟看到的类似。中国也是如此

各国对于e-Payment的监管

EU: Payment Services Directives (PSD1 and 2) (2007 and 2015)

China: Payment Services Rules (September 2010 – to date)

US: state rules : a patchwork of state laws!

China —— e-Payment

Types of Payment Services included: TPP Rules

1. Network payments
   e.g: Internet payment, mobile/phone payment, digital TV payment
2. Prepaid card issuance and acceptance
   预付卡的发行和受理
3. Bank card business through POS
   银行卡业务通过POS
4. ‘other payments’ (as ‘innovated’ and regulated from time to time)
   “其他支付”(称为“创新”并不时受到监管)

核心法律：Administrative Rules for the Payment Services by Non-financial Institutions，在PPT里叫“Third Party Payment Service Rules" June 14, 2010. With effect from September 2010 (TPP Rules)

《非金融机构支付业务管理办法》
【在政府官网上这个法律叫Administrative Measures for the Payment Services Provided by Non-financial Institutions，这里以PPT的为准】

payment through the network的定义（Art.2）

A.2 The term “payment through the network” as mentioned in these Measures refers to the transfer of monetary funds between payers and payees via public or private networks, including currency exchange, internet payment, mobile phone payment, fixed phone payment, digital TV payment, etc.
本办法所称网络支付，是指通过公共网络或者专用网络在支付人与收款人之间进行货币资金转移，包括货币兑换、互联网支付、移动电话支付、固定电话支付、数字电视支付等。

Prepard cards的定义（Art.2）

The term “prepaid cards” as mentioned in these Measures refers to cards with prepaid values which are issued for making profits and are used for buying goods or services at institutions other than the issuer, including those issued in the form of cards or passwords by adopting such technologies as magnetic stripes or chips.
本办法所称预付卡，是指为盈利目的在发卡机构以外的机构发行用于购买商品或者服务的预付卡，包括采用磁条、芯片等技术以卡、密码形式发行的预付卡。

接下来是说了一堆很晦涩的玩意，就是这个相关法律还在不断更新，监管更加严格，这里就不整理了，感觉没什么用

Summary

• The Chinese payment system has been very disruptive – more revolutionary than the e-payments systems in the EU and the US (which are still largely card based and bank dependant)
  • largely disintermediated the banking system
  • growing abroad now, to service Chinese travellers and consumers abroad
• 中国的支付系统非常具有颠覆性——比欧盟和美国的电子支付系统更具革命性(欧盟和美国的电子支付系统仍主要基于银行卡和银行)。
  • 在很大程度上去中介化了银行系统
  • 为中国游客和海外消费者提供服务

China —— Crypto-currency

NOT BANNED IN CHINA – ‘grey’

5th of December, 2013: China prohibited financial institutions and third party payment processors from dealing with bitcoin directly. Bitcoin remained legal for private individuals to own and trade and exchange platforms were allowed to continue business.
2013年12月5日:中国禁止金融机构和第三方支付处理机构直接处理比特币。比特币仍然是私人合法拥有的，交易和交换平台被允许继续经营。

2017 : China banned INITIAL COIN OFFERINGS ‘ICOs’ as a way to raise money for new ventures
2017年:中国禁止首次代币发行(ico)作为为新企业筹集资金的一种方式

2018: China ‘crackdown’ on cryptos
banned crypto exchanges and blocked foreign crypto exchange websites in China
2018年:中国“打击”加密货币
禁止加密交易所，并封锁了在中国的外国加密交易所网站

US —— Crypto-currency

First bit-license in the world: New York, USA, For operating within the state of New York
世界上第一个比特许可证:美国纽约州，用于在纽约州内运营
Requires licensing and Sets out operating conditions/ minimum standards of conduct for anyone engaged in this activity
要求颁发许可证，并为从事此活动的任何人规定操作条件/最低行为标准
Other states in the US may follow
美国其他州可能会效仿

EU —— Crypto-currency

欧盟央行觉得暂时不用监管，因为不成熟，直接开摆

Regulatory sandbox

The regulatory sandbox allows businesses to test innovative propositions in the market, with real consumers, while putting safeguards in place
监管沙盒允许企业在市场上与真正的消费者测试创新主张，同时采取保障措施
【UK，USA，HongKong在虚拟货币这方面用过】

Reasons for Regulation of any payment service

Protection of the economy (e.g. what happens if a bank fails?)
对经济的保护(例如，如果一家银行倒闭了怎么办?)
Proper supervision and accountability of payment service providers
对支付服务提供者进行适当监督和问责
Consumer protection
消费者保护
Preventing money ‘laundering’
防止“洗钱”

PROTECTION OF THE ECONOMY: HOW?

By regulating

1. Who can issue money/be a payment service provider
   谁可以发行货币/成为支付服务提供商
2. Controlling supply of money
   控制货币供应
3. Strict supervision and control of such institutions – to protect the economy and consumers
   严格监管此类机构——保护经济和消费者

e-Payments forms