总结一下常用的数据结,以上是它们大概的继承关系。
- List:列表
- Map:key-value映射关系
- Set:集合中元素唯一
Collection
├─List
│ ├─ArrayList
│ ├─LinkedList
│ ├─Vector
│
├─Set
│ ├─HashSet
│ ├─TreeSet
Map
├─HashMap
├─TreeMap
├─LinkedHashMap
List
ArrayList
使用数组进行缓存,好处的遍历快,缺点的插入/删除中间元素比较慢
//数据集合
private transient Object[] elementData;
中间插入分析
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
//需要copy(size-n)个单位,时间消耗比较长
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
当数组空间不足时,会调用Arrays.copyOf进行扩展
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
//一般扩展1.5倍的长度
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
LinkedList使用双链表的结构
transient Node first;
transient Node last;
private static class Node {
E item;
Node next;
Node prev;
Node(Node prev, E element, Node next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
插入主要有3个方法,中间插入因为不需要coye数组,所以比较快
private void linkFirst(E e) {
final Node f = first;
final Node newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);
first = newNode;
if (f == null)
last = newNode;
else
f.prev = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Links e as last element.
*/
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node l = last;
final Node newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
*/
void linkBefore(E e, Node succ) {
// assert succ != null;
final Node pred = succ.prev;
final Node newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
ArrayList和LinkedList比较经过上面的分析,中间插入元素LinkedList较好,因为 ArrayList 使用数组,是连续的内存,所以遍历会比较快。
Vector的数据结果和实现跟ArrayList差不多,主要的区别是操作数据的方法都加了synchronized关键字修饰,它是线程安全的,也牺牲了些性能,慎用。
public synchronized void insertElementAt(E obj, int index) {
modCount++;
if (index > elementCount) {
throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " > " + elementCount);
}
ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, elementCount - index);
elementData[index] = obj;
elementCount++;
}
Map
HashMap使用数组和单链表的形式保存数据
transient Entry[] table = (Entry[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
static class Entry implements Map.Entry {
final K key;
V value;
Entry next;
int hash;
}
接下来看一下具体的保存实现
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
inflateTable(threshold);
}
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
//先计算获取hash
int hash = hash(key);
//通过hash计算数组的索引,(hash & (length-1))
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
//hash相同或key相等时,不插入table,替换value,并且返回旧值
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
//插入
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
HashMap的扩展规则的是:当前元素size大于threshold时,将2倍扩展,所有元素将重新计算索引值在插入到新的table。
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
resize(2 * table.length);
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
}
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}
//threshol的值的当前table数组长度*loadFactor,loadFactor可以设置,默认0.75
threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
LinkedHashMap继承了HashMap,数据结果和HashMap一样,但增加了双向列表的结果,用来记录插入的顺序,结果如下
private transient Entry header;
private static class Entry extends HashMap.Entry {
Entry before, after;
}
只要重写createEntry的
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
HashMap.Entry old = table[bucketIndex];
Entry e = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, old);
table[bucketIndex] = e;
e.addBefore(header);
size++;
}
//插入到header前面
private void addBefore(Entry existingEntry) {
after = existingEntry;
before = existingEntry.before;
before.after = this;
after.before = this;
}
void init() {
header = new Entry<>(-1, null, null, null);
header.before = header.after = header;
}
双向链表的结果为:E0-E1-E2-...-header
TreeMap使用红-黑树结果,具有元素排序功能
private transient Entry root = null;
static final class Entry implements Map.Entry {
K key;
V value;
Entry left = null;
Entry right = null;
Entry parent;
boolean color = BLACK;
}
HashSet使用HashMap来保存对象
private transient HashMap map;
//使用key来保持元素唯一
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
TreeSet默认使用TreeMap的key来保存元素,具有排序功能
public TreeSet() {
this(new TreeMap());
}
小提示
在大多数据结果使用modCount来记录操作数,目的是为了检验数据安全,比如在多线程中使用不当就会抛出异常ConcurrentModificationException,比如遍历或者序列化的时候
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
//保存当前操作数
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject();
clone()
s.writeInt(size);
for (int i=0; i