1.requests是一个第三方模块,是urllib.requset的封装,功能比urllib.request强大,使用更方便.
requsets的安装: pip install requests
import requests
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
import random
# 创建useragent对象
us = UserAgent()
headers = {
"User-Agent": us.random
}
# 创建代理池
proxy_list = [
{"代理协议": "代理的ip"},
{'http': "42.59.86.21:1133"},
{'https': "42.59.86.21:1133"},
......
]
# 随机选择一个代理ip
proxy = random.choice(proxy_list)
url = "请求的网址"
# cookies = {
# 以获取的cokies
"":"",
"":"",
......
}
# requsets的GET请求
# 可以直接通过 proxies参数设置代理
# 也可以直接设置cookie
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxy, cookies=cookies)
# 对象响应有如下操作
print(response.__dict__) # 查看对象所有属性
print(response.text) # 返回字符串内容
print(response.content) # 返回二进制内容
print(response.content.decode()) # 返回字符串,默认编码utf-8
print(response.json()) # requests自带json解析
print(response.status_code) # 返回状态码
print(response.cookies) # 获取cookies
print(response.url) # 获取请求网址
print(response.headers) # 获取请求头
--------------------------------------------------------
# 也可以获取响应对象中的cookies
# 获取cookie
res_cookies = response.cookies
# 将cookiejar转换成字典
print(requests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(res_cookies))
---------------------------------------------------------
# 也可以通过session来自动保存cookies
import requests
# 笔趣阁登录
url = "https://www.biquge5200.cc/u/login.htm"
data = {
# 用户名： niejeff, 密码： 123456
"name": "niejeff",
"password": "E10ADC3949BA59ABBE56E057F20F883E",
"autoLogin": "1",
"autologin": "1"
}
headers = {
'User-Agent': "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36"
}
# 使用session: 自动保存和提交cookie
session = requests.session()
# 登录
response = session.post(url, data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.text)
-------------------------------------------------------
# requests 中的SSL认证
import requests
# 要想检查某个主机的SSL证书，你可以使用 verify 参数（也可以不写）
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/", verify=True)
# 忽略验证， 可以省略不写或设置为verify=False
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/", verify=False)
print(response.text)
# 如果出现下面的错误，则忽略SSL证书
# SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'ssl3_get_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')],)",)
# auth验证
# 如果提示： Requires authentication， 添加auth参数
auth=('test', '123456')
response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=auth)
print(response.text)
- xpath用来解析,查找,过滤网页数据
xpath的安装:pip install lxml
xpath的常用语法/ : 获取子节点，默认选取根节点。
// : 从匹配选择的当前节点选择文档中的节点，而不考虑它们的位置。
. : 选取当前节点。
..: 选取当前节点的父节点。
@ : 选取属性。
2.1.以获取京东数据为例
import requests # 导入requests
from lxml import etree # 导入xpath
import time # 导入时间模块
from spider_jd.proxys import proxys # 自定义代理ip模块
from spider_jd.user_agent import user # 自定义用户代理 user_agent 模块
# 获取静态页面部分数据
def crawl_first(num):
# 设置用户代理
user_agent = user()
headers = {
'User-Agent': user_agent,
'authority': 'search.jd.com',
'method': 'GET',
'path': '/s_new.php?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page=4&s=74&scrolling=y&log_id=1562323559.30035&tpl=3_M&show_items=100005945610,5089273,5089235,100000822969,8790521,100003936976,47716923931,3133841,7652089,47847150993,100005819880,100000856861,46971161949,7437564,100003332220,8058010,100000972490,100003475378,100001247225,100000287133,100005150846,1861091,100003490442,7652091,100003336101,100002433196,100004544992,100003207541,100000766433,100005088618',
'scheme': 'https',
'cookie': 'shshshfpa=ea747a7e-66d3-d02e-43d0-ac87be9b0c90-1546772120; shshshfpb=smbRYXeZEqVbOIUQUwQguGQ%3D%3D; qrsc=3; __jdc=122270672; __jdv=122270672|baidu|-|organic|not set|1562307212304; __jdu=1561809008634351058752; areaId=19; ipLoc-djd=19-1607-3155-0; PCSYCityID=1607; xtest=9587.cf6b6759; rkv=V0600; __jda=122270672.1561809008634351058752.1561809008.1562307212.1562314874.3; 3AB9D23F7A4B3C9B=3YDZC2ANDPEZWOXX5SJRD2YMFTT3VIKVQPGFXB5HZCBN6OJ7H4TPWJ643OIP5NDNSX6UJ5YUUNM52HATIF66ZSSFPI; shshshfp=ffea12491b36e16b6aa589b093d49865',
'referer': 'https://search.jd.com/Search?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page=3&s=5&click=0',
'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest'
}
# 设置代理ip
proxies = proxys()
# 待爬url
url = 'https://search.jd.com/Search?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&' \
'enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page={}'.format(num*2-1)
# 发送请求,并返回响应
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
html = response.text
# 创建xpath对象
tree = etree.HTML(html)
# 获取全部手机的li
phone_li = tree.xpath('//*[@id="J_goodsList"]/ul/li')
with open('JD_Phone.csv', 'a', newline='', encoding='utf-8')as fp:
for phone in phone_li:
try:
# 价格
p_price = phone.xpath('./div/div[3]/strong/i/text()')[0]
# 标题
p_title = phone.xpath('./div/div[4]/a/@title')[0]
# 直卖店
p_shop = phone.xpath('./div/div[7]/span/a/@title')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
try:
string = 'title:%s,price:%s,shop:%s' % (p_title, p_price, p_shop)
fp.write(string + '\n')
fp.flush()
except Exception as s:
print(s)
# 获取动态加载部分数据
def crawl_last(num):
a = time.time()
b = "%.5f" % a
# 设置用户代理
user_agent = user()
headers = {
'User-Agent': user_agent,
'authority': 'search.jd.com',
'method': 'GET',
'path': '/s_new.php?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page=4&s=74&scrolling=y&log_id=1562323559.30035&tpl=3_M&show_items=100005945610,5089273,5089235,100000822969,8790521,100003936976,47716923931,3133841,7652089,47847150993,100005819880,100000856861,46971161949,7437564,100003332220,8058010,100000972490,100003475378,100001247225,100000287133,100005150846,1861091,100003490442,7652091,100003336101,100002433196,100004544992,100003207541,100000766433,100005088618',
'scheme': 'https',
'cookie': 'shshshfpa=ea747a7e-66d3-d02e-43d0-ac87be9b0c90-1546772120; shshshfpb=smbRYXeZEqVbOIUQUwQguGQ%3D%3D; qrsc=3; __jdc=122270672; __jdv=122270672|baidu|-|organic|not set|1562307212304; __jdu=1561809008634351058752; areaId=19; ipLoc-djd=19-1607-3155-0; PCSYCityID=1607; xtest=9587.cf6b6759; rkv=V0600; __jda=122270672.1561809008634351058752.1561809008.1562307212.1562314874.3; 3AB9D23F7A4B3C9B=3YDZC2ANDPEZWOXX5SJRD2YMFTT3VIKVQPGFXB5HZCBN6OJ7H4TPWJ643OIP5NDNSX6UJ5YUUNM52HATIF66ZSSFPI; shshshfp=ffea12491b36e16b6aa589b093d49865',
'referer': 'https://search.jd.com/Search?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page=3&s=5&click=0',
'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest'
}
# 设置代理ip
proxies = proxys()
# 待爬url
url = 'https://search.jd.com/s_new.php?keyword=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA&enc=utf-8&qrst=1&rt=1&stop=1&vt=2&cid2=653&cid3=655&page={}&s={}&scrolling=y&log_id={}'.format(2*num, 48*num-20, b)
# 发送请求,并返回响应
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)
print(response.url)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
html = response.text
# 创建xpath对象
tree = etree.HTML(html)
# 获取全部手机的li
phone_li = tree.xpath('//*[@id="J_goodsList"]/ul/li')
print(phone_li)
with open('JD_Phone.csv', 'a', encoding='utf-8')as fp:
for phone in phone_li:
try:
# 价格
p_price = phone.xpath('./div/div[3]/strong/i/text()')[0]
# 标题
p_title = phone.xpath('./div/div[4]/a/@title')[0]
# 直卖店
p_shop = phone.xpath('./div/div[7]/span/a/@title')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
string = 'title:%s,price:%s,shop:%s' % (p_title, p_price, p_shop)
print(string)
fp.write(string + '\n')
fp.flush()
if __name__ == '__main__':
for num in range(1):
print('开始爬取静态数据部分')
crawl_first(num)
print('crawl_first:%s结束' % num)
print('*'*100)
print('开始爬取动态加载数据部分')
crawl_last(num)
print('crawl_last:%s结束' % num)