android图片处理

在 Android 应用中加载位图比较复杂,原因有很多种:

  • 位图很容易就会耗尽应用的内存预算。例如,Pixel 手机上的相机拍摄的照片最大可达 4048x3036 像素(1200 万像素)。如果使用的位图配置为 [ARGB_8888](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/graphics/Bitmap.Config)(Android 2.3(API 级别 9)及更高版本的默认设置),将单张照片加载到内存大约需要 48MB 内存(404830364 字节)。如此庞大的内存需求可能会立即耗尽该应用的所有可用内存。
  • 在界面线程中加载位图会降低应用的性能,导致响应速度变慢,甚至会导致系统显示 ANR 消息。因此,在使用位图时,必须正确地管理线程处理。
    单个像素的字节大小
    单个像素的字节大小由Bitmap的一个可配置的参数Config来决定。 Bitmap中,存在一个枚举类Config,定义了Android中支持的Bitmap配置:


    不同config单个像素字节大小.png

    Bitmap加载方式
    Bitmap 的加载方式有 Resource 资源加载、本地(SDcard)加载、网络加载等加载方式。

  1. 从本地(SDcard)文件读取
    方式一
    /**
  • 获取缩放后的本地图片 *
  • @param filePath 文件路径
  • @param width 宽
  • @param height 高 * @return
    /
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromFile(String filePath, int width, int height) {
    BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
    BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filePath, options);
    float srcWidth = options.outWidth;
    float srcHeight = options.outHeight; int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false; options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filePath, options);
    }
    方式二 (效率高于方式一)
    /
    *
  • 获取缩放后的本地图片 *
  • @param filePath 文件路径
  • @param width 宽
  • @param height 高 * @return
    */
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromFileDescriptor(String filePath, int
    width, int height) {
    try {
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(filePath); BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fis.getFD(), null, options); float srcWidth = options.outWidth;
    float srcHeight = options.outHeight;
    int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fis.getFD(), null, options);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
    }
    return null;
    }
  1. 从输入流中读取文件(网络加载)
    /**
  • 获取缩放后的本地图片 *
  • @param ins 输入流
  • @param width 宽
  • @param height 高 * @return
    /
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromInputStream(InputStream ins, int width,int height) {
    BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
    BitmapFactory.decodeStream(ins, null, options); float srcWidth = options.outWidth;
    float srcHeight = options.outHeight;
    int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeStream(ins, null, options);
    }
    3.Resource资源加载
    Res资源加载方式:
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromResource(Resources resources, int
    resourcesId, int width, int height) {
    BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeResource(resources, resourcesId, options); float srcWidth = options.outWidth;
    float srcHeight = options.outHeight; int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeResource(resources, resourcesId, options);
    }
    此种方式相当的耗费内存 建议采用 decodeStream 代替 decodeResource 可以如下形式:
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromResource(Resources resources, int
    resourcesId, int width, int height) {
    InputStream ins = resources.openRawResource(resourcesId); BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeStream(ins, null, options);
    float srcWidth = options.outWidth; float srcHeight = options.outHeight; int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeStream(ins, null, options);
    }
    BitmapFactory.decodeResource 加载的图片可能会经过缩放,该缩放目前是放在 java 层做的,效率 比较低,而且需要消耗 java 层的内存。因此,如果大量使用该接口加载图片,容易导致OOM错误
    BitmapFactory.decodeStream 不会对所加载的图片进行缩放,相比之下占用内存少,效率更高。 这两个接口各有用处,如果对性能要求较高,则应该使用 decodeStream ;如果对性能要求不高,且需 要 Android 自带的图片自适应缩放功能,则可以使用 decodeResource 。
    4.Assets资源加载方式:
    /
    *
  • 获取缩放后的本地图片
  • @param filePath 文件路径,即文件名称 * @return
    /
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromAssetsFile(Context context, String
    filePath) {
    Bitmap image = null;
    AssetManager am = context.getResources().getAssets(); try {
    InputStream is = am.open(filePath); image = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is); is.close();
    } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return image;
    }
    5.从二进制数据读取图片
    public static Bitmap readBitmapFromByteArray(byte[] data, int width, int
    height) {
    BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inJustDecodeBounds = true; BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(data, 0, data.length, options); float srcWidth = options.outWidth;
    float srcHeight = options.outHeight; int inSampleSize = 1;
    if (srcHeight > height || srcWidth > width) {
    if (srcWidth > srcHeight) {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcHeight / height); } else {
    inSampleSize = Math.round(srcWidth / width); }
    }
    options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
    options.inSampleSize = inSampleSize;
    return BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(data, 0, data.length, options);
    }
    Bitmap | Drawable | InputStream | Byte[ ] 之间进行转换
    1.Drawable转化成Bitmap
    public static Bitmap drawableToBitmap(Drawable drawable) {
    Bitmap bitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(drawable.getIntrinsicWidth(),
    drawable.getIntrinsicHeight(),
    drawable.getOpacity() != PixelFormat.OPAQUE ?
    Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888 : Bitmap.Config.RGB_565);
    Canvas canvas = new Canvas(bitmap); drawable.setBounds(0, 0, drawable.getIntrinsicWidth(),
    drawable.getIntrinsicHeight()); drawable.draw(canvas); return bitmap;
    }
    drawable 的获取方式: Drawable drawable=getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.ic_launcher);
    2.Bitmap转换成Drawable
    public static Drawable bitmapToDrawable(Resources resources, Bitmap bm) {
    Drawable drawable = new BitmapDrawable(resources, bm);
    return drawable;
    }
    3.Bitmap转换成byte[ ]
    public byte[] bitmap2Bytes(Bitmap bm) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); bm.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 100, baos);
    return baos.toByteArray();
    }
    4.byte[]转换成Bitmap
    Bitmapbitmap=BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(byte,0,b.length);
    5.InputStream转换成Bitmap
    InputStreamis=getResources().openRawResource(id); Bitmapbitmap=BitmaoFactory.decodeStream(is);
    6.InputStream转换成byte[]
    InputStream is = getResources().openRawResource(id);//也可以通过其他方式接收一个 InputStream对象
    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    byte[] b = new byte[1024
    2];
    int len = 0;
    while ((len = is.read(b, 0, b.length)) != -1) {
    baos.write(b, 0, len);
    baos.flush(); }
    byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
    Bitmap常用操作
    1.将Bitmap保存为本地文件:
    public static void writeBitmapToFile(String filePath, Bitmap b, int quality)
    {
    try {
    File desFile = new File(filePath);
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(desFile); BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos); b.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPEG, quality, bos); bos.flush();
    bos.close();
    } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace();
    } }
    2.图片压缩:
    private static Bitmap compressImage(Bitmap image) {
    if (image == null) {
    return null;
    }
    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
    try {
    baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); image.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPEG, 50, baos);
    byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
    ByteArrayInputStream isBm = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes); Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(isBm);
    return bitmap;
    } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
    } finally {
    try {
    if (baos != null) {
    baos.close(); }
    } catch (IOException e) {
    } }
    return null;
    }
    3.图片缩放:
    /**
  • 根据scale生成一张图片
  • @param bitmap
  • @param scale 等比缩放值 * @return
    /
    public static Bitmap bitmapScale(Bitmap bitmap, float scale) {
    Matrix matrix = new Matrix();
    matrix.postScale(scale, scale); // 长和宽放大缩小的比例
    Bitmap resizeBmp = Bitmap.createBitmap(bitmap, 0, 0, bitmap.getWidth(),
    bitmap.getHeight(), matrix, true);
    return resizeBmp;
    }
    4.获取图片旋转角度:
    /
    *
  • 读取照片exif信息中的旋转角度 *
  • @param path 照片路径
  • @return角度
    */
    private static int readPictureDegree(String path) { if (TextUtils.isEmpty(path)) {
    return 0; }
    int degree = 0;
    try {
    ExifInterface exifInterface = new ExifInterface(path);
    int orientation = exifInterface.getAttributeInt(ExifInterface.TAG_ORIENTATION,
    ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_NORMAL); switch (orientation) {
    case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_90: degree = 90;
    break;
    case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180:
    degree = 180;
    break;
    case ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_270:
    degree = 270;
    break; }
    } catch (Exception e) {
    }
    return degree;
    }
    5.设置图片旋转角度
    private static Bitmap rotateBitmap(Bitmap b, float rotateDegree) {
    if (b == null) {
    return null;
    }
    Matrix matrix = new Matrix(); matrix.postRotate(rotateDegree);
    Bitmap rotaBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(b, 0, 0, b.getWidth(),
    b.getHeight(), matrix, true); return rotaBitmap;
    }
    6.通过图片id获得Bitmap:
    Bitmapbitmap=BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.ic_launcher);
    7.通过 assest 获取 获得Drawable bitmap:
    InputStream in = this.getAssets().open("ic_launcher");
    Drawable da = Drawable.createFromStream(in, null);
    Bitmap mm = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(in);
    8.通过 sdcard 获得 bitmap
    1 Bitmapbit=BitmapFactory.decodeFile("/sdcard/android.jpg");
    9.view转Bitmap
    publicstaticBitmapconvertViewToBitmap(Viewview,intbitmapWidth,int bitmapHeight){
    Bitmap bitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);
    view.draw(new Canvas(bitmap));
    return bitmap;
    }
    10.将控件转换为bitmap
    public static Bitmap convertViewToBitMap(View view){ // 打开图像缓存
    view.setDrawingCacheEnabled(true);
    // 必须调用measure和layout方法才能成功保存可视组件的截图到png图像文件
    // 测量View大小
    view.measure(MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(0, MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED),
    MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(0, MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED));
    // 发送位置和尺寸到View及其所有的子View
    view.layout(0, 0, view.getMeasuredWidth(), view.getMeasuredHeight()); // 获得可视组件的截图
    Bitmap bitmap = view.getDrawingCache();
    return bitmap;
    }
    public static Bitmap getBitmapFromView(View view){
    Bitmap returnedBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(view.getWidth(),
    view.getHeight(), Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888); Canvas canvas = new Canvas(returnedBitmap); Drawable bgDrawable = view.getBackground(); if (bgDrawable != null)
    bgDrawable.draw(canvas); else
    canvas.drawColor(Color.WHITE); view.draw(canvas);
    return returnedBitmap;
    }
    11.放大缩小图片
    public static Bitmap zoomBitmap(Bitmap bitmap,int w,int h){ int width = bitmap.getWidth();
    int height = bitmap.getHeight();
    Matrix matrix = new Matrix();
    float scaleWidht = ((float)w / width);
    float scaleHeight = ((float)h / height);
    matrix.postScale(scaleWidht, scaleHeight);
    Bitmap newbmp = Bitmap.createBitmap(bitmap, 0, 0, width, height, matrix,
    true);
    return newbmp;
    }
    12.获得圆角图片的方法
    public static Bitmap getRoundedCornerBitmap(Bitmap bitmap,float roundPx){
    Bitmap output = Bitmap.createBitmap(bitmap.getWidth(), bitmap .getHeight(), Config.ARGB_8888);
    Canvas canvas = new Canvas(output);
    final int color = 0xff424242;
    final Paint paint = new Paint();
    final Rect rect = new Rect(0, 0, bitmap.getWidth(), bitmap.getHeight()); final RectF rectF = new RectF(rect);
    paint.setAntiAlias(true);
    canvas.drawARGB(0, 0, 0, 0);
    paint.setColor(color);
    canvas.drawRoundRect(rectF, roundPx, roundPx, paint);
    paint.setXfermode(new PorterDuffXfermode(Mode.SRC_IN)); canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, rect, rect, paint);
    return output;
    }
    13.对 bitmap 进行裁剪
    public Bitmap bitmapClip(Context context , int id , int x , int y){
    Bitmap map = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), id); map = Bitmap.createBitmap(map, x, y, 120, 120);
    return map;
    }
    Bitmap内存模型


    内存模型.png

    Bitmap的内存回收

  1. 在Android2.3.3之前推荐使用Bitmap.recycle()方法进行Bitmap的内存回收。
    备注:只有当确定这个Bitmap不被引用的时候才能调用此方法,否则会有“Canvas: trying to use a recycled bitmap”这个错误。
  2. Android3.0之后
    Android3.0之后,并没有强调Bitmap.recycle();而是强调Bitmap的复用
    Save a bitmap for later use
    使用LruCache对Bitmap进行缓存**,当再次使用到这个Bitmap的时候直接获取,而不用重走编码流程。
    Use an existing bitmap
    Android3.0(API 11之后)引入了BitmapFactory.Options.inBitmap字段,设置此字段之后解 码方法会尝试复用一张存在的Bitmap。这意味着Bitmap的内存被复用,避免了内存的回收 及申请过程,显然性能表现更佳。不过,使用这个字段有几点限制:
    声明可被复用的Bitmap必须设置inMutable为true;
    Android4.4(API 19)之前只有格式为jpg、png,同等宽高(要求苛刻),inSampleSize为1的 Bitmap才可以复用;
    Android4.4(API 19)之前被复用的Bitmap的inPreferredConfig会覆盖待分配内存的Bitmap设 置的inPreferredConfig;
    Android4.4(API 19)之后被复用的Bitmap的内存必须大于需要申请内存的Bitmap的内存; Android4.4(API 19)之前待加载Bitmap的Options.inSampleSize必须明确指定为1
    获取Bitmap的大小
  3. getByteCount()
    getByteCount()方法是在API12加入的,代表存储Bitmap的色素需要的最少内存。API19开始 getAllocationByteCount()方法代替了getByteCount()。
  4. getAllocationByteCount()
    API19之后,Bitmap加了一个Api:getAllocationByteCount();代表在内存中为Bitmap分配的内存大
    小。
    public final int getAllocationByteCount() {
    if (mBuffer == null) {
    //mBuffer代表存储Bitmap像素数据的字节数组。
    return getByteCount();
    }
    return mBuffer.length; }
  5. getByteCount()与getAllocationByteCount()的区别
    一般情况下两者是相等的
    通过复用Bitmap来解码图片,如果被复用的Bitmap的内存比待分配内存的Bitmap大,那么 getByteCount()表示新解码图片占用内存的大小(并非实际内存大小,实际大小是复用的那个 Bitmap的大小),getAllocationByteCount()表示被复用Bitmap真实占用的内存大小(即mBuffer 的长度)
    Bitmap占用内存大小计算
    Bitmap作为位图,需要读入一张图片每一个像素点的数据,其主要占用内存的地方也正是这些像素数 据。对于像素数据总大小,我们可以猜想为:像素总数量 × 每个像素的字节大小,而像素总数量在矩形 屏幕表现下,应该是:横向像素数量 × 纵向像素数量,结合得到:
    Bitmap内存占用 ≈ 像素数据总大小 = 横向像素数量 × 纵向像素数量 × 每个像素的字节大小
    if (env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_scaledFieldID)) {
    const int density = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_densityFieldID);
    const int targetDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_targetDensityFieldID);
    const int screenDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_screenDensityFieldID);
    if (density != 0 && targetDensity != 0 && density != screenDensity) {
    scale = (float) targetDensity / density;
    }
    }
    ...
    int scaledWidth = decoded->width();
    int scaledHeight = decoded->height();

if (willScale && mode != SkImageDecoder::kDecodeBounds_Mode) {
scaledWidth = int(scaledWidth * scale + 0.5f);
scaledHeight = int(scaledHeight * scale + 0.5f);
}
...
if (willScale) {
const float sx = scaledWidth / float(decoded->width());
const float sy = scaledHeight / float(decoded->height());
bitmap->setConfig(decoded->getConfig(), scaledWidth, scaledHeight);
bitmap->allocPixels(&javaAllocator, NULL);
bitmap->eraseColor(0);
SkPaint paint;
paint.setFilterBitmap(true);
SkCanvas canvas(bitmap);
canvas.scale(sx, sy);
canvas.drawBitmap(
decoded, 0.0f, 0.0f, &paint);
}
从上述代码中,我们看到bitmap最终通过canvas绘制出来,而canvas在绘制之前,有一个scale的操作,scale的值由
scale=(float)targetDensity/density;
这一行代码决定,即缩放的倍率和targetDensity和density相关,而这两个参数都是从传入的options中 获取到的
inDensity:Bitmap位图自身的密度、分辨率
inTargetDensity: Bitmap最终绘制的目标位置的分辨率
inScreenDensity: 设备屏幕分辨率
其中inDensity和图片存放的资源文件的目录有关,同一张图片放置在不同目录下会有不同的值:

density.png

可以验证几个结论:

  1. 图片放在drawable中,等同于放在drawable-mdpi中,原因为:drawable目录不具有屏幕密度特
    性,所以采用基准值,即mdpi
  2. 图片放在某个特定drawable中,比如drawable-hdpi,如果设备的屏幕密度高于当前drawable目
    录所代表的密度,则图片会被放大,否则会被缩小 放大或缩小比例 = 设备屏幕密度 / drawable目录所代表的屏幕密度
    因此,关于Bitmap占用内存大小的公式,从之前:
    Bitmap内存占用 ≈ 像素数据总大小 = 横向像素数量 × 纵向像素数量 × 每个像素的字节大小
    可以更细化为:
    Bitmap内存占用 ≈ 像素数据总大小 = 图片宽 × 图片高× (设备分辨率/资源目录分辨率)^2 × 每个像 素的字节大小
    高效加载大型位图,请参考官网
    https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/graphics/load-bitmap
    缓存位图,请参考官网
    https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/graphics/cache-bitmap
    管理位图,请参考官网
    https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/graphics/manage-memory
    本篇参考了https://www.jianshu.com/p/3f6f6e4f1c88

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