指针是c语言的重点,也是c语言的难点,一般最简单的指针变量我们不会弄错,可以遇到指针数组,数组指针,2维指针,3维指针,函数指针,void指针,有时候就蒙了,今天我花一天时间,学习整理一下,以供日后参考,防止学完后少用又忘记了。
普通变量有地址和值。
指针变量也有地址和值,值存的是他址(普通变量地址)。
*name 访问的是他值(普通变量值)。
他型,指针变量声明的类型,是他值的类型(普通变量类型)。
指针变量+n,-n,是在他址的位置上下偏移(n * sizeof(他型))。
指针变量总结一句号:
值存他址,*访他值。
#include
int main()
{
int arr[4] = {1,2,3,5};
printf("arr[0] address = %x\n",&(arr[0]));
printf("arr[1] address = %x\n",&(arr[1]));
printf("arr[2] address = %x\n",&(arr[2]));
printf("&(*(arr)) address = %x\n",&(*(arr)));
printf("&(*(arr + 1)) address = %x\n",&(*(arr + 1)));
printf("&(*(arr + 2)) address = %x\n",&(*(arr + 2)));
printf("arr address = %x\n",arr);
printf("arr + 1) address = %x\n",arr + 1);
printf("arr + 2) address = %x\n",arr + 2);
printf("*arr value = %d\n",*arr);
printf("*(arr + 1) value = %d\n",*(arr + 1));
printf("*(arr + 2) value = %d\n",*(arr + 2));
printf("arr address = %x\n",&(arr));
printf("arr address + 1 = %x\n",&(arr) + 1);
printf("arr address + 2 = %x\n",&(arr) + 2);
printf("arr address + 1 = %x\n",&arr + 1);
printf("arr address + 2 = %x\n",&arr + 2);
printf("arr address + 3 = %x\n",&arr + 3);
return 0;
}
下标访问取地址
arr[0] address = c7365bb0
arr[1] address = c7365bb4
arr[2] address = c7365bb8*号取地址
&(*(arr)) address = c7365bb0
&(*(arr + 1)) address = c7365bb4
&(*(arr + 2)) address = c7365bb8arr值
arr address = c7365bb0
arr + 1) address = c7365bb4
arr + 2) address = c7365bb8他值
*arr value = 1
*(arr + 1) value = 2
*(arr + 2) value = 3自己地址
arr address = c7365bb0
arr address + 1 = c7365bc0
arr address + 2 = c7365bd0
总结:
arr其实就是一个常量指针,非常奇怪他值地址和自己地址相同,我把它称为指向自己的指针。
定义完后,arr不能重新赋值。
arr指向数组首地址。(地址类型为int)
&arr自己地址。(地址类型为int[4])+ 1会偏移 sizeof(int) * 4
int arrs[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{3,4,5}};
printf("arrs[0] address = %x\n",&(arrs[0]));
printf("arrs[0][0] address = %x\n",&(arrs[0][0]));
printf("arrs[0][1] address = %x\n",&(arrs[0][1]));
printf("arrs[1] address = %x\n",&(arrs[1]));
printf("&(*(arrs) address = %x\n",&(*(arrs)));
printf("&(*(arrs + 1) address = %x\n",&(*(arrs + 1)));
printf("arrs address = %x\n",arrs);
printf("arrs + 1 address = %x\n",arrs + 1);
printf("&arrs address = %x\n",&arrs);
printf("&arrs + 1 address = %x\n",&arrs + 1);
printf("(*arrs) + 1 address = %x\n",(*arrs) + 1);
printf("arr[1][2] value = %d\n", *(*(arrs + 1)) + 2);
arrs[0] address = a892b070
arrs[0][0] address = a892b070
arrs[0][1] address = a892b074
arrs[1] address = a892b07c
&(*(arrs) address = a892b070
&(*(arrs + 1) address = a892b07c
arrs address = a892b070
arrs + 1 address = a892b07c
&arrs address = a892b070
&arrs + 1 address = a892b088
(*arrs) + 1 address = a892b074
arr[1][2] value = 5
二维数组和一维数据的区别:己址,己值,他值,操作维度上升。
&arrs己址,值类型为(int[2][3]),偏移量为 sizeof(int) * 2 * 3
arrs己值,值类型为(int[3])arrs + 1 偏移量为 sizeof(int) * 3
*arrs他值,值为(int[3]数组首地址),值类型为(int)arr + 1为sizeof(int)
*(*arrs),值为int
int (*p)[3];
int a[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
p = a;
printf("&p address = %x\n",&p);
printf("p address = %x\n",p);
printf("p+1 address = %x\n",p + 1);
printf("a[1][1] address = %x\n",(*(p + 1) + 1));
printf("a[1][1] = %d\n",*(*(p + 1) + 1));
&p address = af57d528
p address = af57d510
p+1 address = af57d51c
a[1][1] address = af57d520
a[1][1] = 5
这里定义的p它是一个指向数组长度为3的指针变量。相当于行指针。
己址(&p):就是指针变量的地址,值类型为(int*),偏移量为sizeof(int *)
己值(p):数组长度为3的首地址。值类型为(int[3]),偏移量为sizeof(int)* 3
他值(*p):2维数组首地址的值(也就是a[0])。值类型为(int) ,偏移量为sizeof(int)
a[0]的值为1维数组首地址。
*((*p + i) + j):他值的他值a[i][j]位置的值
int *p[3];
int a[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("&(p + %d) address = %x\n",i,&(p) + i);
printf("&(p[%d]) address = %x\n",i,&(p[i]));
printf("&(*(p + %d)) address = %x\n",i,&(*(p + i)));
}
p[0] = &a[1][1];
p[1] = a[0];
printf("*p[0] value = %d\n",*(p[0]));
printf("*p[0] value = %d\n",*(*(p)));
printf("a[0][1] value = %d\n",*(p[1] + 1));
printf("a[0][1] value = %d\n",*(*(p + 1) + 1));
&(p + 0) address = bf0e30e0
&(p[0]) address = bf0e30e0
&(*(p + 0)) address = bf0e30e0
&(p + 1) address = bf0e30f8
&(p[1]) address = bf0e30e8
&(*(p + 1)) address = bf0e30e8
&(p + 2) address = bf0e3110
&(p[2]) address = bf0e30f0
&(*(p + 2)) address = bf0e30f0
*p[0] value = 5
*p[0] value = 5
a[0][1] value = 2
a[0][1] value = 2
p实际上是一个长度为3类型为指针的数组。
己址(&p):p数组的首地址,值类型为(int*)[3],偏移量为sizeof(int *) * 3
己值(p):首地址p[0]的值,值类型为(int *),偏移量为sizeof(int *)
他值(*p):相当于*p[0],值类型为(int),偏移量为sizeof(int)
*((*p + i) + j):他值的他值a[i][j]位置的值
数组指针是一个指针,指针数组是多个指针。
它们在己址,己值值类型上面刚好相反。
int **p = NULL;
int *p1 = NULL;
int a[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
p1 = a[0];
p = &p1;
printf("p1 address = %x\n",&p1);
printf("p1 + 1 address = %x\n",&p1 + 1);
printf("p1 value = %x\n",p1);
printf("p address = %x\n",&p);
printf("p + 1 address = %x\n",&p + 1);
printf("p value = %x\n",p);
printf("p1 a[0][1] value = %d\n",*(p1 + 1));
printf("p a[0][1] value = %d\n",*(*(p) + 1));
return 0;
p1 address = b000e120
p1 + 1 address = b000e128
p1 value = b000e100
p address = b000e128
p + 1 address = b000e130
p value = b000e120
p1 a[0][1] value = 2
p a[0][1] value = 2
p是一个指针一级指针的指针
己址(&p):值类型为(int**),偏移量为sizeof(int**)
己值(p):值类型为(int*),偏移量为sizeof(int*)
他值(*p):值类型为(int*),偏移量为sizeof(int*)
*((*p + i) + j):他值的他值a[i][j]位置的值
int (*f)(int);
f = fun;
printf("f address = %x\n",&f);
printf("fun address = %x\n",&fun);
printf("*f address = %x\n",*f);
f(1);
f address = f49988e8
fun address = 40052d
*f address = 40052d
fun 1
p是一个指向返回值为int,参数1为int的函数入口地址。
不清楚类型的指针,任何指针都可以赋值给void指针。
常用于泛型编程,作为公共接口函数的参数。