浅拷贝:对基本类型数据进行值传递,对引用类型数据进行引用传递的拷贝
深拷贝:对基本类型数据进行值传递,对引用类型数据创建一个新的对象,并复制其内容
在Java中,所有的对象都继承自java.lang.Object
,在Object
类中提供了一个clone()
方法来供我们对Java对象进行拷贝:
protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;
这个方法是native
的,所以不需要我们来实现。
不过需要注意的是,这个方法还是**protected**
的,这意味着clone()
方法只在java.lang
包或其子类可见。
clone()
方法还抛出了一个CloneNotSupportedException
异常,通过源码注释可以知道,当调用了clone()
方法的对象类没有实现Cloneable
接口,或者无法克隆对象的时候,会抛出该异常,也就是说,如果要成功的调用clone()
接口,首先该类要实现Cloneable
接口。
/**
* Thrown to indicate that the clone
method in class
* Object
has been called to clone an object, but that
* the object's class does not implement the Cloneable
* interface.
*
* Applications that override the clone
method can also
* throw this exception to indicate that an object could not or
* should not be cloned.
*
* @author unascribed
* @see java.lang.Cloneable
* @see java.lang.Object#clone()
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class CloneNotSupportedException extends Exception {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 5195511250079656443L;
public CloneNotSupportedException() {super();}
public CloneNotSupportedException(String s) {super(s);}
}
Cloneable
是一个空接口,对Cloneable
接口可以把它理解为一个标记,是开发者允许这个类对象可以被拷贝的标记。
/**
* A class implements the Cloneable
interface to
* indicate to the {@link java.lang.Object#clone()} method that it
* is legal for that method to make a
* field-for-field copy of instances of that class.
*
* Invoking Object's clone method on an instance that does not implement the
* Cloneable
interface results in the exception
* CloneNotSupportedException
being thrown.
*
* By convention, classes that implement this interface should override
* Object.clone (which is protected) with a public method.
* See {@link java.lang.Object#clone()} for details on overriding this
* method.
*
* Note that this interface does not contain the clone method.
* Therefore, it is not possible to clone an object merely by virtue of the
* fact that it implements this interface. Even if the clone method is invoked
* reflectively, there is no guarantee that it will succeed.
*
* @author unascribed
* @see java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException
* @see java.lang.Object#clone()
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public interface Cloneable {
}
通过源码注释,我们可以了解到:
Cloneable
接口的对象,可以调用Object#clone()
来进行属性的拷贝Cloneable
接口,直接调用clone()
方法则会抛出CloneNotSupportedException
异常Cloneable
接口时,以public
修饰符重写Object#clone()
方法Cloneable
是一个空接口,如果只实现了该接口,没有重写Object#clone()
方法也不会调用成功。参考上面:对于实现了Cloneable
接口的对象,可以调用Object#clone()
来进行属性的拷贝。这里的拷贝就是浅拷贝
示例:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
CloneTest source = new CloneTest(10,new CloneTest());
// 拷贝
CloneTest copy = (CloneTest)source.clone();
System.out.println("修改前:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
// 修改属性
copy.setAge(12);
copy.getCloneTest().setAge(13);
System.out.println("修改后:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
}
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
class CloneTest implements Cloneable{
int age ;
CloneTest cloneTest;
@Override
public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
}
------------------------输出-----------------------------
修改前:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
修改后:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=13, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=12, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=13, cloneTest=null))
可以看到对copy
的CloneTest
属性值进行修改之后,source
的CloneTest
属性值也改变了
和浅拷贝不同的是,在深拷贝时,有多层对象的,每个对象都需要实现 Cloneable 并重写 clone() 方法,进而实现了对象的串行层层拷贝。
深拷贝有两种实现方式:序列化对象方式和属性二次调用clone方法
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
CloneTest source = new CloneTest(10,new CloneTest());
// 拷贝
CloneTest copy = (CloneTest)source.clone();
System.out.println("修改前:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
// 修改属性
copy.setAge(12);
copy.getCloneTest().setAge(13);
System.out.println("修改后:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
}
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
class CloneTest implements Cloneable{
int age ;
CloneTest cloneTest;
@Override
public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
CloneTest clone = (CloneTest)super.clone();
if (null!=cloneTest){
// 对属性进行二次clone
clone.cloneTest =(CloneTest) cloneTest.clone();
}
return clone;
}
}
---------------输出---------------------
修改前:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
修改后:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=12, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=13, cloneTest=null))
通过debug可以看到,深拷贝后引用类型的属性不再指向同一个引用了
因为序列化拷贝是把对象转换为字节序列,再把字节序列恢复成对象,不是属性的拷贝,所以使用序列化拷贝可以不实现Cloneable
接口,但要实现Serializable
接口
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
class CloneTest implements Serializable{
int age;
CloneTest cloneTest;
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
CloneTest source = new CloneTest(10, new CloneTest());
// 这里为了看着方便,省略了try...catch...finally...
ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(byteArrayOutputStream);
objectOutputStream.writeObject(source);
ByteArrayInputStream byteArrayInputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray());
ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(byteArrayInputStream);
CloneTest copy = (CloneTest)objectInputStream.readObject();
System.out.println("修改前:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
// 修改属性
copy.setAge(12);
copy.getCloneTest().setAge(13);
System.out.println("修改后:");
System.out.println(source);
System.out.println(copy);
}
}
-----------------输出-------------------
修改前:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
修改后:
CloneTest(age=10, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=0, cloneTest=null))
CloneTest(age=12, cloneTest=CloneTest(age=13, cloneTest=null))
注意:因为transient变量无法序列化, 使用这种方法将无法拷贝transient变量。再就是性能问题。创建一个socket, 序列化一个对象, 通过socket传输它, 然后反序列化它,这个过程与调用已有对象的方法相比是很慢的。