kubeadm的方式搭建k8s集群

01 搭建K8s集群

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/install-kubeadm/#installing-kubeadm-kubelet-and-kubectl

GitHub:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm

课程中:使用kubeadm搭建一个3台机器组成的k8s集群,1台master节点,2台worker节点

如果大家机器配置不够,也可以使用在线的,或者minikube的方式或者1个master和1个worker

配置要求

  • One or more machines running one of:
    • Ubuntu 16.04+
    • Debian 9+
    • CentOS 7
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7
    • Fedora 25+
    • HypriotOS v1.0.1+
    • Container Linux (tested with 1800.6.0)
  • 2 GB or more of RAM per machine (any less will leave little room for your apps)
  • 2 CPUs or more
  • Full network connectivity between all machines in the cluster (public or private network is fine)
  • Unique hostname, MAC address, and product_uuid for every node. See here for more details.
  • Certain ports are open on your machines. See here for more details.
  • Swap disabled. You MUST disable swap in order for the kubelet to work properly.

1.1 版本统一

Docker       18.09.0
---
kubeadm-1.14.0-0 
kubelet-1.14.0-0 
kubectl-1.14.0-0
---
k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.1
k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.3.10
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.3.1
---
calico:v3.9

1.2 准备3台centos

大家根据自己的情况来准备centos7的虚拟机。

要保证彼此之间能够ping通,也就是处于同一个网络中,虚拟机的配置要求上面也描述咯。

1.3 更新并安装依赖

3台机器都需要执行

yum -y update
yum install -y conntrack ipvsadm ipset jq sysstat curl iptables libseccomp

1.4 安装Docker

根据之前学习的Docker方式[Docker第一节课的笔记中也有这块的说明]

在每一台机器上都安装好Docker,版本为18.09.0

01 安装必要的依赖
  sudo yum install -y yum-utils \
    device-mapper-persistent-data \
    lvm2
    
    
02 设置docker仓库
  sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
  
【设置要设置一下阿里云镜像加速器】
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["这边替换成自己的实际地址"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload


03 安装docker

  yum install -y docker-ce-18.09.0 docker-ce-cli-18.09.0 containerd.io


04 启动docker
  sudo systemctl start docker && sudo systemctl enable docker

1.5 修改hosts文件

(1)master

# 设置master的hostname,并且修改hosts文件
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname m

vi /etc/hosts
192.168.8.51 m
192.168.8.61 w1
192.168.8.62 w2

(2)两个worker

# 设置worker01/02的hostname,并且修改hosts文件
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname w1
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname w2

vi /etc/hosts
192.168.8.51 m
192.168.8.61 w1
192.168.8.62 w2

(3)使用ping测试一下

1.6 系统基础前提配置

# (1)关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld

# (2)关闭selinux
setenforce 0
sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config

# (3)关闭swap
swapoff -a
sed -i '/swap/s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab

# (4)配置iptables的ACCEPT规则
iptables -F && iptables -X && iptables -F -t nat && iptables -X -t nat && iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT

# (5)设置系统参数
cat <  /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF

sysctl --system

1.7 Installing kubeadm, kubelet and kubectl

(1)配置yum源

cat < /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
       http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

(2)安装kubeadm&kubelet&kubectl

yum install -y kubeadm-1.14.0-0 kubelet-1.14.0-0 kubectl-1.14.0-0

(3)docker和k8s设置同一个cgroup

# docker
vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
    "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
    
systemctl restart docker
    
# kubelet,这边如果发现输出directory not exist,也说明是没问题的,大家继续往下进行即可
sed -i "s/cgroup-driver=systemd/cgroup-driver=cgroupfs/g" /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf
    
systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet

1.8 proxy/pause/scheduler等国内镜像

(1)查看kubeadm使用的镜像

kubeadm config images list

可以发现这里都是国外的镜像

k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.14.0
k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.1
k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.3.10
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.3.1

(2)解决国外镜像不能访问的问题

  • 创建kubeadm.sh脚本,用于拉取镜像/打tag/删除原有镜像
#!/bin/bash

set -e

KUBE_VERSION=v1.14.0
KUBE_PAUSE_VERSION=3.1
ETCD_VERSION=3.3.10
CORE_DNS_VERSION=1.3.1

GCR_URL=k8s.gcr.io
ALIYUN_URL=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers

images=(kube-proxy:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-scheduler:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-controller-manager:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-apiserver:${KUBE_VERSION}
pause:${KUBE_PAUSE_VERSION}
etcd:${ETCD_VERSION}
coredns:${CORE_DNS_VERSION})

for imageName in ${images[@]} ; do
  docker pull $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName
  docker tag  $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName $GCR_URL/$imageName
  docker rmi $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName
done
  • 运行脚本和查看镜像
# 运行脚本
sh ./kubeadm.sh

# 查看镜像
docker images
  • 将这些镜像推送到自己的阿里云仓库【可选,根据自己实际的情况】
# 登录自己的阿里云仓库
docker login --username=xxx registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
#!/bin/bash

set -e

KUBE_VERSION=v1.14.0
KUBE_PAUSE_VERSION=3.1
ETCD_VERSION=3.3.10
CORE_DNS_VERSION=1.3.1

GCR_URL=k8s.gcr.io
ALIYUN_URL=xxx

images=(kube-proxy:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-scheduler:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-controller-manager:${KUBE_VERSION}
kube-apiserver:${KUBE_VERSION}
pause:${KUBE_PAUSE_VERSION}
etcd:${ETCD_VERSION}
coredns:${CORE_DNS_VERSION})

for imageName in ${images[@]} ; do
  docker tag $GCR_URL/$imageName $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName
  docker push $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName
  docker rmi $ALIYUN_URL/$imageName
done

运行脚本 sh ./kubeadm-push-aliyun.sh

1.9 kube init初始化master

(1)kube init流程

01-进行一系列检查,以确定这台机器可以部署kubernetes

02-生成kubernetes对外提供服务所需要的各种证书可对应目录
/etc/kubernetes/pki/*

03-为其他组件生成访问kube-ApiServer所需的配置文件
    ls /etc/kubernetes/
    admin.conf  controller-manager.conf  kubelet.conf  scheduler.conf
    
04-为 Master组件生成Pod配置文件。
    ls /etc/kubernetes/manifests/*.yaml
    kube-apiserver.yaml 
    kube-controller-manager.yaml
    kube-scheduler.yaml
    
05-生成etcd的Pod YAML文件。
    ls /etc/kubernetes/manifests/*.yaml
    kube-apiserver.yaml 
    kube-controller-manager.yaml
    kube-scheduler.yaml
    etcd.yaml
    
06-一旦这些 YAML 文件出现在被 kubelet 监视的/etc/kubernetes/manifests/目录下,kubelet就会自动创建这些yaml文件定义的pod,即master组件的容器。master容器启动后,kubeadm会通过检查localhost:6443/healthz这个master组件的健康状态检查URL,等待master组件完全运行起来

07-为集群生成一个bootstrap token

08-将ca.crt等 Master节点的重要信息,通过ConfigMap的方式保存在etcd中,工后续部署node节点使用

09-最后一步是安装默认插件,kubernetes默认kube-proxy和DNS两个插件是必须安装的

(2)初始化master节点

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm/

注意此操作是在主节点上进行

# 本地有镜像
kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=1.14.0 --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.8.51 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
【若要重新初始化集群状态:kubeadm reset,然后再进行上述操作】

记得保存好最后kubeadm join的信息

(3)根据日志提示

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

此时kubectl cluster-info查看一下是否成功

(4)查看pod验证一下

等待一会儿,同时可以发现像etc,controller,scheduler等组件都以pod的方式安装成功了

注意:coredns没有启动,需要安装网络插件

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

(5)健康检查

curl -k https://localhost:6443/healthz

1.10 部署calico网络插件

选择网络插件:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

calico网络插件:https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.9/getting-started/kubernetes/

calico,同样在master节点上操作

# 在k8s中安装calico
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.9/manifests/calico.yaml

# 确认一下calico是否安装成功
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -w

1.11 kube join

记得保存初始化master节点的最后打印信息【注意这边大家要自己的,下面我的只是一个参考】

kubeadm join 192.168.0.51:6443 --token yu1ak0.2dcecvmpozsy8loh \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:5c4a69b3bb05b81b675db5559b0e4d7972f1d0a61195f217161522f464c307b0

(1)在woker01和worker02上执行上述命令

(2)在master节点上检查集群信息

kubectl get nodes

NAME                   STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
master-kubeadm-k8s     Ready    master   19m     v1.14.0
worker01-kubeadm-k8s   Ready       3m6s    v1.14.0
worker02-kubeadm-k8s   Ready       2m41s   v1.14.0

1.12 再次体验Pod

(1)定义pod.yml文件,比如pod_nginx_rs.yaml

cat > pod_nginx_rs.yaml <

(2)根据pod_nginx_rs.yml文件创建pod

kubectl apply -f pod_nginx_rs.yaml

(3)查看pod

kubectl get pods
kubectl get pods -o wide
kubectl describe pod nginx

(4)感受通过rs将pod扩容

kubectl scale rs nginx --replicas=5
kubectl get pods -o wide

(5)删除pod

kubectl delete -f pod_nginx_rs.yaml

02 Basic

2.1 yaml文件

2.1.1 简介

YAML(IPA: /ˈjæməl/)是一个可读性高的语言,参考了XML、C、Python等。

理解:Yet Another Markup Language

后缀:可以是.yml或者是.yaml,更加推荐.yaml,其实用任意后缀都可以,只是阅读性不强

2.1.2 基础

  • 区分大小写
  • 缩进表示层级关系,相同层级的元素左对齐
  • 缩进只能使用空格,不能使用TAB
  • "#"表示当前行的注释
  • 是JSON文件的超级,两个可以转换
  • ---表示分隔符,可以在一个文件中定义多个结构
  • 使用key: value,其中":"和value之间要有一个英文空格

2.1.3 Maps

2.1.3.1 简单

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod

---表示分隔符,可选。要定义多个结构一定要分隔

apiVersion表示key,v1表示value,英文":"后面要有一个空格

kind表示key,Pod表示value

也可以这样写apiVersion: "v1"

转换为JSON格式

{
"apiVersion": "v1",
"kind": "Pod"
}
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx

2.1.2.2 复杂

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx

metadata表示key,下面的内容表示value,该value中包含两个直接的key:name和labels

name表示key,nginx-deployment表示value

labels表示key,下面的表示value,这个值又是一个map

app表示key,nginx表示value

相同层级的记得使用空间缩进,左对齐

转换为JSON格式

{
"apiVersion": "apps/v1",
"kind": "Deployment",
"metadata": {
            "name": "nginx-deployment",
            "labels": {
                       "app": "nginx"
                      }
           }
}

2.1.4 Lists

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: myapp-pod
  labels:
    app: myapp
spec:
  containers:
  - name: myapp-container01
    image: busybox:1.28
  - name: myapp-container02
    image: busybox:1.28

containers表示key,下面的表示value,其中value是一个数组

数组中有两个元素,每个元素里面包含name和image

image表示key,myapp-container表示value

转换成JSON格式

{
"apiVersion": "v1",
"kind": "Pod",
"metadata": {
              "name": "myapp",
              "labels": {
                          "app": "myapp"
                        }
            },
 "spec": {
    "containers": [{
                    "name": "myapp-container01",
                    "image": "busybox:1.28",
                   }, 
                   {
                    "name": "myapp-container02",
                    "image": "busybox:1.28",
                   }]
         }
}

2.1.5 找个k8s的yaml文件

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/

# yaml格式对于Pod的定义:
apiVersion: v1          #必写,版本号,比如v1
kind: Pod               #必写,类型,比如Pod
metadata:               #必写,元数据
  name: nginx           #必写,表示pod名称
  namespace: default    #表示pod名称属于的命名空间
  labels:
    app: nginx                  #自定义标签名字
spec:                           #必写,pod中容器的详细定义
  containers:                   #必写,pod中容器列表
  - name: nginx                 #必写,容器名称
    image: nginx                #必写,容器的镜像名称
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80         #表示容器的端口

2.2 Container

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/

2.2.1 Docker世界中

可以通过docker run运行一个容器

或者定义一个yml文件,本机使用docker-compose,多机通过docker swarm创建

2.2.2 K8S世界中

同样以一个yaml文件维护,container运行在pod中

2.3 Pod

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/

2.3.1 What is Pod

A Pod is the basic execution unit of a Kubernetes application
A Pod encapsulates an application’s container (or, in some cases, multiple containers), storage resources, a unique network IP, and options that govern how the container(s) should run

2.3.2 Pod初体验

(1)创建一个pod的yaml文件,名称为nginx_pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-container
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

(2)根据该nginx_pod.yaml文件创建pod

kubectl apply -f nginx_pod.yaml

(3)查看pod

01 kubectl get pods

NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-pod   1/1     Running   0          29s

02 kubectl get pods -o wide

NAME       READY     STATUS   RESTARTS   AGE             IP             NODE   
nginx-pod   1/1     Running      0       40m       192.168.80.194        w2 

03 kubectl describe pod nginx-pod

Name:               nginx-pod
Namespace:          default
Priority:           0
PriorityClassName:  
Node:               w2/192.168.0.62
Start Time:         Sun, 06 Oct 2019 20:45:35 +0000
Labels:             app=nginx
Annotations:        cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 192.168.80.194/32
                    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
                      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"app":"nginx"},"name":"nginx-pod","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"c...
Status:             Running
IP:                 192.168.80.194
Containers:
  nginx-container:
    Container ID:   docker://eb2fd0b2906f53e9892e22a6fd791c9ac68fb8e5efce3bbf94ec12bae96e1984
    Image:          nginx
    Image ID:       docker-pullable:/

(4)可以发现该pod运行在worker02节点上

于是来到worker02节点,docker ps一下

CONTAINER ID  IMAGE  COMMAND                    CREATED        STATUS   PORTS   NAMES
eb2fd0b2906f  nginx  "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   6 minutes ago       Up 6 minutes           k8s_nginx-container_nginx-pod_default_3ee0706d-e87a-11e9-a904-5254008afee6_0

不妨进入该容器试试[可以发现只有在worker02上有该容器,因为pod运行在worker02上]:

docker exec -it k8s_nginx-container_nginx-pod_default_3ee0706d-e87a-11e9-a904-5254008afee6_0 bash

root@nginx-pod:/#

(5)访问nginx容器

curl 192.168.80.194    OK,并且在任何一个集群中的Node上访问都成功

(6)删除Pod

kubectl delete -f nginx_pod.yaml
kubectl get pods

2.3.3 Storage and Networking

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/#networking

  • Networking
Each Pod is assigned a unique IP address. Every container in a Pod shares the network namespace, including the IP address and network ports. 

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/#storage

  • Storage
A Pod can specify a set of shared storage Volumes. All containers in the Pod can access the shared volumes, allowing those containers to share data. 

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