英语句式参考纯享版 - 定语从句

[ 定语从句 ] 定语从句就是修饰限定名词或代词，做后置定语的句子

注意：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词，从句中的人称和数取决于先行词，三单问题

        定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词

        The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.

        中国人民被轻视的日子永远一去不复返了

[ 定语从句的连接词 ] 连接词无意义

关系代词：who        whom        whose        which        that        as

关系副词：when        where        why

        关系副词 一般做从句的状语，也就是 + 完整的句子

        关系代词 一般作为从句中的一部分

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[ who ] 关系代词，在从句中作主语

注意：只能修饰表示人的名词或代词，主句和从句之前没有时态限制

[ who + 谓宾 ]

        The girl who helps me every day is beautiful.        三单

        每天帮助我的那个女孩很漂亮

        I never forget the girl who helped me yesterday.

        我永远不会忘记昨天帮助我的那个女孩

        How do you thank the people who have helped you?

        你如何感谢那些帮助过你的人

        The man who is talking with my father is a policeman.

        和我父亲谈话的那个人是个警察

[ who + 系表 ]

        The girl who is beautiful helped me just now.

        那个漂亮的女孩刚刚帮了我

非限定性定语从句：形容词和介词不能修饰人名，定语从句可以

        Pandora, who is under the tree, is with her boyfriend now.

        潘多拉就在树下，现在和她的男朋友在一起

[ who + 助动词"be" + 及物动词-ed ] who在被动句做主语

        Do you know the girl who was hit last night?

        你认识昨晚被击中的那个女孩吗？

也可以使用过去分词短语做后置定语，但不能用作其他被动句的时态

        Do you know the girl hit last night?

        Do you know the girl who will married by a rich man?

        你认识那个要嫁给一个有钱人的女孩吗

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[ whom ] 关系代词，在从句中作宾语

注意：只能修饰表示人的名词或代词，常省略

[ whom + 主语 + 及物动词 + 状语 ]

        The man (whom) you will marry next year is with you now.

        你明年要嫁给的那个人现在已经和你在一起了

        The people (whom) you hate are always happy.

        你所憎恨的人总是快乐的

        The teacher (whom) we all like has resigned.

        我们都喜欢的老师已经辞职了

[ whom + 主语 + 谓语 + to + 及物动词原型 + 状语 ] whom 做动词不定式的宾语

        The singer (whom) you want to see has gone.

        你想看的歌手已经走了

        The girl (whom) I try to help every day is my student.

        我每天试图帮助的女孩是我的学生

[ whom + 主语 + 谓语 + 及物动词-ing + 状语 ] whom 做动名词的宾语

        The woman (whom) he minds seeing is his ex-wife.

        他想看到的那个女人是他的前妻

        The old man (whom) they denied helping is a beggar.

        他们否认帮助的老人是个乞丐

[ whom + 主语 + 双宾动词 + 直接宾语 + 状语 ] whom 做间接宾语

注意：直接宾语在前要加 to，在这里可以省略，如果不省略要把 to 放到 whom 前面，此时的whom不能省略

        The girl ( to whom) I teach English every day is his sister.

        我每天教英语的那个女孩是他的妹妹

        The man to whom I gave a book just now is my friend.

        我刚才送给他一本书的那个人是我的朋友

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[ which ] 关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语

注意：只能修饰表示事物的名词或代词，做宾语时可省略

[ which + 谓宾 ] 做主语

注意：注意先行词的单复数，三单问题

        The book which helps me a lot is very old.

        这本经常帮助我的书已经很老了

        The house which fell down last year is big.

        去年倒塌的房子很大

        Guilin is a city which has a history of 2000 years.

        桂林时座具有2000年历史的城市

[ which + 系表 ] 做主语

注意：注意先行词的单复数，三单问题

        This is the book which is very popular among young girl.

        这是一本很受年轻女孩的欢迎的书

        Have you seen the TV show which is very popular recently.

        你看过最近很受欢迎的电视节目吗

[ which + 助动词"be" + 及物动词-ed ] which在被动句做主语

注意：注意先行词的单复数，三单问题

        Have you visited the house which was built 200 years ago?

        你参观过200年前建造的房子吗

        Do you know the tree which was planted by Sunzhongshan?

        你知道孙中山种的那棵树吗

        The books which have been bought from Taobao.com are cheap.

        从Taobao.com公司买来的书都很便宜

[ which + 主语 + 及物动词 + 状语 ] 做宾语

        I found the key (which) I lost last night.

        我找到我昨天晚上丢的钥匙了

[ which + 主语 + 谓语 + to + 及物动词原型 + 状语 ] which 做动词不定式的宾语

        I this the book you wanted to buy last year?

        这是你去年想买的那本书吗？

[ which + 主语 + 谓语 + 及物动词-ing + 状语 ] which 做动名词的宾语

        The song I enjoy listening to every day is very populay.

        我每天都喜欢听的那首歌，现在都很流行

[ which + 主语 + 双宾动词 + 直接宾语 + 状语 ] which 做间接宾语

        Have you received the gift I sent to you last week?

        你收到我上周送给你的礼物了了吗?

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[ that ] 关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语

注意：可以修饰表示事物、人的名词或代词，做宾语时可省略，相当于who、whom、which

以上用 who、whom、which 构成的定语从句，基本可以使用 that 替代

[ that + 谓宾 ] 做主语

注意：注意先行词的单复数，三单问题

        The men that makes me angry is her husband.

        让我生气的男人是她的丈夫

        The event that makes me angry is about my student.

        让我生气的事情是关于我的学生

[ that + 系表 ] 做主语

        The car that is very expensive is his father's.

        那辆很贵的车是他父亲的

[ that + 助动词"be" + 及物动词-ed ] that 在被动句做主语

        The book (that) was bought last week is very good.

        上周买的那本书很好

[ that + 主语 + 及物动词 + 状语 ] 做宾语

        Have you found everything (that) you need?

        你找到你需要的东西了吗

[ that + 主语 + 谓语 + to + 及物动词原型 + 状语 ] that 做动词不定式的宾语

        There are some films (that) I'd like to see.

        有几部电影我想去看

[ that + 主语 + 谓语 + 及物动词-ing + 状语 ] that 做动名词的宾语

        The song (that) I enjoy litening to every day is very popular.

        我喜欢听的那首歌很受欢迎

[ that + 主语 + 双宾动词 + 直接宾语 + 状语 ] that 做间接宾语

        The books (that) I gave him just now are very useful.

        我刚才给他的那些书非常有用

[ that 与 which 的区别 ]

① which 可以引导非限定性定语从句，that 不能

② which 前面可以加介词，that 不能

③ 先行词是不定代词，用that，不用which

some 一些        any 任何        both 两者都        none 没有人 / 物        either 两者之一

neither 两者都不        all 全部        one 某人或某物        each 某人或某物        each 每个

every 每个        many 很多        much 很多        another 另一个        other 别的，其他

more 更多        most 大部分        few 极少数        little 极少量        no 没有 

        There is nothing that can stop him.

        没有什么能阻止他的

④ 先行词被序数词修饰的，用that，不用which

        The first place that they visited in Beijing was the Great Wall.

        他们在北京参观的第一个地方是长城

⑤ 先行词被形容词最高级修饰的，用that，不用which

        This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.

        这是我看过的最好的电影

⑥ 先行词被 the very, the only, the just 等修饰，用that，不用which

        This is the only company that I worked for.

        这是我唯一一家工作过的公司

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[ whose ] 关系代词，whose + 名词 在从句中做主语

注意：在从句中做前置定语，修饰一个名词

[ whose + 名词 + 谓语 + (宾语) + (状语) ] whose + 名词 做主语

        The man whose wife bought a big gold ring is very rich.

        他的妻子买了一枚大金戒指的那个男人非常富有

[ whose + 名词 + 系动词 + 表语 + (状语) ] whose + 名词 做主语

        The house whose price is low was bought by him.

        那个价格很低的房子是由他买下的

[ whose + 名词 + 主语 + 及物动词 + (状语) ] whose + 名词 做宾语

        The man whose son every gril loves is very handsome.

        每个女孩都爱的儿子的男人非常英俊

[ whose + 名词 + 助动词"be" + 及物动词-ed + (状语) ] whose + 名词 做被动句主语

        Can you fix the house whose roof was blown off last night?

        你能修理一下昨晚屋顶被吹掉的房子吗

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[ when ] 关系副词

注意：when 没有意义，做时间状语，类似的先行词 time, day, hour, year

[ when + 主语 + 谓语 + (宾语) + (状语) ] when 做状语

        I can't forget the day when I broke up with my girlfriend.

        我不能忘记我和我女朋友分手的那一天

[ when + 被动句 ] when 做状语

        Did she remember the night when she was kissed by her first boyfriend?

        她还记得她被第一个男朋友吻的那个晚上吗

[ when + 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 + (状语) ] when 做状语

        I still remember the days when I was a worker.

        我仍然记得我还是一名工人的日子

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[ where ] 关系副词

注意：where 没有意义，做地点状语，类似的先行词 place, room, house, street, area

[ where + 主语 + 谓语 + (宾语) + (状语) ] where 做状语

        This is the place where we fought together.

        这是我们一起战斗的地方

[ where + 被动句 ] where 做状语

        Do you know the hotel where the boss was killed last year?

        你知道那个老板去年被杀的旅馆吗

[ where + 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 + (状语) ] where 做状语 很少

        This is the place where my grand mother was born.

        这是我的祖母出生的地方

[ where + there be + 主语 ] where 做状语

        Have you been to the street where there are many pubs and foreigners?

        你去过那里有很多酒吧和外国人的街道吗

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[ why ] 关系副词

注意：why 没有意义，做原因状语，先行词 只有一个 reason

[ why + 主语 + 谓语 + (宾语) + (状语) ] why 做状语

        I don't know the reason why she gave up going to the famous university.

        我不知道她为什么放弃去那个著名的大学

[ why + 被动句 ] why 做状语

        Do you know the reason why he is often criticized in the office?

        你知道他为什么经常在办公室里受到批评吗?

[ why + 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 + (状语) ] why 做状语

        Do you know the reason why Nick is busy lately?

        你知道尼克最近这么忙的原因吗？

[ why + there be + 主语 ] why 做状语

     Do you know the reason why there were many police cars around this house last night?

        你知道昨晚这所房子周围有很多警车的原因吗？

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[ 关系代词前带介词的定语从句 ] who, whom, whose, which, that, as

注意：which, whom 可以作介词的宾语

① 作含介词的动词短语的宾语       

dream of 梦见; 梦想; 渴望; 考虑;        think of 考虑; 想起; 有…想法; 对…有意见;        

look for 寻找        speak of 谈到        look after        talk about

        The film which I am speaking of is a famous one.

        我所说的这部电影是很著名的一部

        The girl whom you are looking for is your classmate.

        你要找的那个女孩是你的同学

注意：书面语里面，需要把定语从句中的介词移到连接词前面

        The film of which I am speaking is a famous one.

        The girl for whom you are looking is your classmate.

② 作含有介词的固定句型的介词宾语

be good at        be fond of 喜爱，爱好; 疼; 待见;       be interested in

        The subject which I am interested in is about making money.

        我感兴趣的话题是关于赚钱的

        The man whom she is afraid of is her father.

        她所害怕的那个人是她的父亲

注意：书面语里面，需要把定语从句中的介词移到连接词前面

        The subject in which I am interested is about making money.

        The man of whom she is afraid is her father.

③ 介词 + which / whom 构成的介词短语        作状语

in which        from whom        from which        on which        介词短语作状语

        [ 介词 + which / whom (状语) + 主谓宾 ]

        This is the place in which I live.

        这就是我所住的地方

        [ 介词 + which / whom (状语) + 主系表 ]

        I have been to the country in which the singer is very popular.

        我去过那个歌手很受欢迎的国家

        [ 介词 + which / whom (状语) + 被动句 ]

        The hotel in which he was killed was famous before.

        他被杀的那家旅馆之前很有名

        [ 介词 + which / whom (状语) + there be ]

        Do you know the park in which there are many banana trees?

        你知道那个有很多香蕉树的公园吗？

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[ 限定性定语从句 / 非限定性定语从句 ]

① 限定性定语从句

        限定性定语从句就是上面的定语从句，限定性定语从句对被修饰的名词或代词，即先行词有修饰或限定作用

② 非限定性定语从句

        非限定性定语从句与先行词关系并不密切，起附加说明，不起限定作用，多用于书面语，经常用逗号与主句隔开

        Aunty Li, who called me just now, is an old friend of my mother's

        刚才给我打电话的李阿姨是我母亲的一个老朋友

可以用 which 修饰前面整个句子

        He has to work overtime every night, which he doesn't like.

        他每晚加班，这是他不喜欢的