CPA115 Financial Reporting (1/3)
18JAN
MODULE ONE
https://aying0122.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/cpa115-financial-reporting-13/
刚刚发了CPA115第一周的PPT,是MODULE 1的NOTES,请查收,INBOX 没有看看JUNK,在没有PM我~
周六上了115的第一堂课,内容是module 1 The framework and its application in financial reporting。下面,将结合学校的notes (就是我email给大家的那一份),大概说一下lecturer重点说的内容。
对于Module 1,大家主要注意选择题,因为大部分内容都是有关于概念。
Role of a framework of accounting and its limitations:这 部分比较可能出选择题。Framework的作用是为了:1)facilitate the consistency of accounting standards over time and 2) provide a basis for standard setters to respond to the demands of lobby groups。但是,在实际中,framework却存在不少的缺陷,包括经济社会人力个各方方面(p1.9),并且,在运用framework的时候仍 旧需要professional judgment,因此也就不可避免地与framework的第一个目的相矛盾。
Users and their information needs: General purpose financial statements的target users很多,从投资者到员工,但是由于各个报表使用者的目的不同,所要提供的信息也不同,因此financial report着重考虑investor的要求,因为investors assumed to be the target audience in regard to their information needs, as their needs would meet most of the needs of other users。
Objective of financial reporting: 学过accounting的同学估计对这个话题都不会陌生,to provide informationabout the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.
Who should prepare GPFRs: 这个内容很有可能出选择题,因为Framework silent on who should prepare financial reports。在澳洲,SAC 1对reporting entity进行了定义。
Underlying assumptions and qualitative characteristics: 选择题的可能性很大。framework 最基本的两个assumptions 就是:1)accrual basis and 2)going concern basis;而四个characteristics则分别 是:1)understandability;2)relevance;3)reliability;4)comparability。对于 understandability,要清楚并不能因为某项数据或者披露不容易被理解,不符合understandability,而放弃披露;而 relevance,要关注materiality;最重要的,要了解the trade-off between relevance and reliability。
Elements:这里的elements指的就是我们所熟知的assets, liabilities, equity, income, expense,大家一定要搞明白这五项的定义,尤其是asset和income,liability和expense之间的差别,因为以前的考试,经常 会对某个transaction进行描述,然后让你判断是应该记成asset还是income,据lecturer说,非常容易混乱!
Recognition criteria:如果一事项满足了前面某一element的定义,它还需要满足两个 criteria才能反映在企业的报表中,分别是:1)it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the entity;2)the item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability。否则,不进行确认或者只是作为披露项,即所谓的contingent。
Application of definition and recognition criteria:这部分就 是举了具体的例子,分别是lease (finance and operating),revenue (construction contract — stage of completion),sales of goods vs rendering services,主要也是选择题,大家要详细读书中的例题。
Measurement of elements:选择题
Application of measurements:这部分是module 1中最有可能出short answer的地方,因为包含了计算,而且还不好理解…… employee benefit和superannuation大家一定要完全理解例题,特别是superannuation里面,公司和super fund记录的不同,还有披露的内容。
MODULE TWO
CPA115 MODULE 2 NOTES, ILLUSTRATIVE GUIDANCE TO AASB101 & MODULE 2 IAS 8 POLICY ESTIMATE ERROR SUMMARY发出
这个章节针对财务报表中的几个主表和相关的披露展开的,包括Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Changes in Equity & Cash Flows。Lecturer强调过,需要特别关注的部分(很有可能出考题的地方)有:Accounting Policies, Estimates & Errors (IAS 8)(multiple choices),Events after the reporting period (IAS 10)(short answer),和 Cash flow 的计算。
Presentation of financial statements (IAS 1)
对整个财务报表进行了介绍和描述,在IAS 1里面并没有规定谁应该准备财务报表,而将这个留给了各个国家的法规。IAS 1 制定了七个必须遵循的considerations(可能出multiple choices的地方),分别为:
1)Fair presentation and compliance with IFRS
按照 IFRS 编制财务报表,IAS 1假设(presume)该财务报表 will result in fair presentation。这个并非强制性,如果你可以证明按照IFRS准则编制的财务报表并不能体现公司financial performance的true & fair,那么,IAS 1允许你偏离准则的规定,根据你认为true & fair 的方式披露,但是呢:
– This is an extremely case (which means seldom happening);
– IAS 1 requires detailed additional disclosures are in such circumstances outlining the reasons etc for the departure.
2)Going concern
公司在制定财务报表的时候都需要按照可持续经营为目的的基础进行编制,即公司预计在下一个财年企业将持续经营。如果企业预计在下一年度进行清算,那么,财务报表需要按照清算基础进行编制,即liquidation basis,并进行披露。
3)Accrual basis
除了现金流量表,财务报表里面的所有信息都要基于accrual basis进行编制和披露。
4)Materiality and Aggregation
一个企业的日常交易很多,财务报表只能给予重要性原则的基础上,对会影响使用者决策的信息进行披露。Items of a dissimilar nature or function must be presented separately unless they are immaterial。考虑重要性的时候,不仅要考虑the size,还需要考虑the nature。就像内部交易,不管金额大小,都要进行披露。
5)Offsetting
资产和负债,或者收入和费用,是不可相互抵消的,除非准则允许。
6)Comparative information
就是要有前期的比较数字。当你对当期的数字进行了reclassification,那么,前期的数字也需要进行相应的重新分类。如果对前期数字进行reclassification是不实际的(impractical),那么,企业需要披露原因以及可能造成的影响。
7)Consistency
企业使用的会计政策和方法需要保持一贯性,不可以随意地更改。The presentation and classification of items contained in the financial statements should only be changed when:
– ‘a significant change’ has occured in an entity’s operations or, after reviewing the entity’s financial statements, management is of the opinion that a change in accounting policy is necessary in order to show a more appropriate presentation or classification; or
– a change is required by an IFRS.
Accounting policies
企业必须对其所使用的会计政策进行披露,enable users to make allowance for differences in the financial results of different entities that are due to different accounting policies。
对于某项具体的交易,如果企业无法在 standards or IFRS interpretation里面找到相应的处理方法,那么 management should develop policies in a manner that ensures financial statements provide information that is: relevant & reliable。IAS 8 还提供了可用来参照的进行会计处理的sources的hierarchy,也就是说,你必须先从1找看看有没有相关的规定,没有的话就去看2,2也没有看 3的,以此类推……
1)requirements and guidance in Standards and Interpretations that deal with similar or related issues;
2)definitions, recognitions and measurement criteria in the IASB Framework;
3)recent compatible pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies that use a similar conceptual framework.
对于accounting policies的变更,lecturer要求给予高度的重视!企业只能在以下两种情况的时候才被允许变更其accounting policies:
– required by an IFRS; or
– the change will result in the provision of more relevant or reliable information about the financial position, financial performance or cash flows of the entity.
请看DOCS上面上传的文件:Module 2 IAS 8 Policy Estimate Error Summary.doc
Revision of accounting estimates and correction of errors
变更accounting estimates不需要进行追溯调整,因为变更会计估计是由于环境的变化而产生的,比如说资产的可使用年限。需要进行披露
而对于会计错误,那么retrospective adjustment则是必须的。
Events after the reporting period (IAS 10)
lecturer说这个地方可能出现short answers,给cases,让你分析这些情况下,是可调整的事项,非调整但要披露的事项,还是非调整非披露。
报表日后事项是发生在the end of the reporting period and the date the financials are authorised for issue need to occur。这个嘛,我觉得是会计都应该了解吧,俺就不累述了~~
Statement of comprehensive income
Comprehensive income 包括两个部分:income statement(即关于当期的利润)和 other comprehensive income(变动的收入或者费用,当不计入profit & loss的)。IAS 1 Para 7列出划入other comprehensive income的交易事项,需要了解。
另外,minimum line items 需要了解,可能出现选择题,即企业至少要在statement of comprehensive income里面披露的项。
关于changes in equity,financial position 就不详细讲了,没有什么难点,都是平时应该知道的东西~
Statement of Cash Flow (IAS 7)
IASB有单独的专门的IAS 7来规定cash flow,可见现金流量表的重要性。 最基本的,现金流量表有两种方式:direct method & indirect method。准则鼓励使用direct method,但并不是强制性的。现金流量表分为三种活动,分别为:operating activities,investing activities 和 financing activities。可以refer到notes去,列出比较常见的活动细项。这部分内容主要在于计算,比如说给你几个数据,让你计算当期的利润是多 少。举一个self assessment上面的例子。
The following information relates to the activities of Cashin Ltd. Income tax may be ignored.
Cash flows from operating activities $ 720,000
Decrease in trade payables 23,000
Decrease in inventory 11,500
Increase in trade receivables 24,600
Cash proceeds from sale of plant (book value of $25,000) 14,000
Increase in allowance for doubtful debts 1,000
What is the profit for the period?(这里的解题过程是我自己的思路,给后面给的答案不一样,反正结果对了就行~)
看到这种题目,第一反应就是indirect method,因为indirect method是从净利润开始,逐步提出非现金流入/流出的影响,求出营运现金流量。为了方便自己的思路,我把net profit设成X,然后从net profit开始,考虑每一项对于现金流量带来的影响:
decrease in trade payables 说明付了钱了,现金流减少,从净利润中扣除 – 23,000
decrease in inventory 存货减少,说明卖出商品,现金流增加 + 11,500
increase in trade receivables 一部分收入是赊账来的,没有现金流入 – 24,600
cash proceeds from sale of plant with book value of 25,000 因为账面价值是25,000,卖出金额为14,000,所以在利润表上是计入一个损失 (25,000-14,000) +11,000
卖资产所得的现金属于investing activity,不计算在operating activity里面
increase in allowance for doubtful debts allowance增加减少了净利润,但是没有实际的现金流影响 +1,000
综合:X – 23,000 + 11,500 – 24,600 + 11,000 + 1,000 = 720,000 =>净利润 X = $ 744,100
MODULE THREE
这个章节很容易啃,第一页数少,第二内容简单。最主要的就是搞清楚在什么情况下,要确认liability或者是provision;在什么情况 下,provision要确认在报表当中,或者仅仅只是披露在notes里面(contingent liability & contingent asset)。
在Framework对provision的定义里面,最重要的一个要素,就是 provision is the existence of a present obligation。另外一个要素,就是这个存在是具有不确定性的,the uncertainty of timing or amount。
IAS 37 的范围需要了解,是选择题的一个考点。IAS 37 applies to all provisions (and contingent liabilities and contingent assets) other than those:
1) resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous; and
2) covered by another standard.
Recognition of provisions
这部分主要讨论了如何确认provision,要确认一项provision,必须同时满足一下三个条件:
1)an entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event;
要满足present的要求,则管理层没有办法去选择避免这一项负债,即:the entity must have no realistic alternative to settling the obligation created by the event。这个负债可以是法律层面上的(被合同所约束),也可以是constructive obligation。所谓的constructive obligation,指的是企业基于过往的经验而预计即将产生的负债,比如有:habitually provide staff with bonus payments,or perform environmental remediation to a standard higher than that required by law。
2)probable outflow of economic benefits;
负债发生的可能性高于不会发生的可能性,即:this occurs when the outflow of resources or other event is more likely than not to occur。
3)reliable measurement.
IAS 37 —– Disclosure
没有什么好说的,很重要,但是没有什么技术型的东西,看了熟悉了就是了。
Specific applications
重要性指数用星号表示,越多重要性越强~
Restructuring (*****)
Definition in IAS 37: a programme that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either the scope of a business undertaken by an entity or the manner in which that business is conducted.
这部分最困难的地方,就是如何判断,何时该项provision需要被确认,那些预计的未来支出需要被确认。Restructuring provisions被分成两种类型:
1)provision for restructuring recognised other than as a part of an acquisition of an entity or operation
2)provision for restructuring recognised as a part of an acquisition of an entity or operation. 被合并企业的未来重建计划如果是有条件的、非必须的,那么这并不能被确认为 a present obligation of the acquiree。
Future operating losses (*)
预计的未来可能发生的运营损失是一定不可以继承provision,因为它从本质上与定义不符,不是 a present obligation。
Onerous contracts (***)
这种合同,专门指预计的合同收入少于合同不可避免的成本支出,并且金额重大。
Dividend (**)
只有在报表日之前宣布的、并经过股东大会确定的红利,才能作为provision,反映在财务报表中;在报表日之后的,则在notes中披露。
Decommissioning, restoration & similar liabilities (*****)
这种provision在矿产资源类公司比较常见,就是在矿产开发完之后,公司为了保护当地的环境,则需要花费大量的资金去恢复矿区,达到保护换进的目 的。这种费用由于中间的时间非常长(通常几十年),需要考虑time value。对于这种provision的后续处理,在IFRIC1里面有详细的规定,分为cost model和revaluation model。资料里面提供了两个例子,包括分录,必须要明白!重点重点!!
Contingent Assets & Contingent Liabilities
这两个部分,最重要的就是理解在什么情况下要分别确认成负债,provision,或者是contingent。Table 3.1和Table 3.2 非常清晰地列出了确认的条件,重点。