状态机是状态模式的一种应用,相当于上下文角色的一个升级版。在工作流或游戏等各种系统中有大量使用,如各种工作流引擎,它几乎是状态机的子集和实现,封装状态的变化规则。状态机可以帮助开发者简化状态控制的开发过程,让状态机结构更加层次化。
把状态机的要素分为4个要素,即:现态、条件、动作、次态。
“现态”和“条件”是因,“动作”和“次态”是果。
(1)现态:是指当前所处状态;
(2)条件:又称为“事件”。当条件被满足时,将会触发一个动作,或者执行一次状态的迁移。
(3)动作:条件满足后执行的动作。动作不是必须的,当条件满足后,也可以不执行任何动作,直接迁移到新状态。
(4)次态:条件满足后要迁移往的新状态。“次态”是相对于“现态”而言的,“次态”一旦被激活,就转变成新的“现态”了。
在电商平台中,一个订单会有多种状态,临时单、已下单、待支付、已支付、待发货、待收货、已完成等等。每一种状态都和变化前的状态以及执行的操作有关。
比如,用户将商品加入购物车后,后台会生成一个所谓的“临时单”。因为用户还没有点击下单,所以这个订单实际上还没有生成。只有当用户下单后,这个“临时单”才会转化为一个“待支付的订单”。
以上过程中只有将一个处于“临时单”状态的订单执行下单操作,才能得到一个状态为“待支付”的订单。 即一个前置状态+一个恰当的操作,才能流转订单的状态。在这个过程中如果使用硬编码,我们就需要一系列的 if-else 语句来检查订单的当前状态、可执行操作以及这两个组合得到的下一个应该被流转的状态值。如果订单的状态流转很复杂,代码逻辑就会很复杂,可读性低,后期维护困难。
处理以上问题,我们可以使用状态设计模式来处理。对应到实践,就是状态机。
Spring 提供了一个很好的解决方案,Spring Statemachine(状态机)是应用程序开发人员在 Spring 应用程序中使用状态机概念的框架。
1.添加依赖
org.springframework.statemachine
spring-statemachine-core
2.0.1.RELEASE
2. 创建订单实体类
package net.biancheng.c.entity;
public class Order {
private int id;
private OrderStatus status;
public void setStatus(OrderStatus status) {
this.status = status;
}
public OrderStatus getStatus() {
return status;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "订单号:" + id + ", 订单状态:" + status;
}
}
3.创建订单状态枚举类和状态转换枚举类
package net.biancheng.c.utils;
/**
* 订单状态
*/
public enum OrderStatus {
// 待支付,待发货,待收货,已完成
WAIT_PAYMENT, WAIT_DELIVER, WAIT_RECEIVE, FINISH;
}
package net.biancheng.c.utils;
/**
* 订单状态改变事件
*/
public enum OrderStatusChangeEvent {
// 支付,发货,确认收货
PAYED, DELIVERY, RECEIVED;
}
4.添加状态流配置
package net.biancheng.c.utils;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.statemachine.StateMachineContext;
import org.springframework.statemachine.StateMachinePersist;
import org.springframework.statemachine.config.EnableStateMachine;
import org.springframework.statemachine.config.StateMachineConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.statemachine.config.builders.StateMachineStateConfigurer;
import org.springframework.statemachine.config.builders.StateMachineTransitionConfigurer;
import org.springframework.statemachine.persist.DefaultStateMachinePersister;
import org.springframework.statemachine.support.DefaultStateMachineContext;
import java.util.EnumSet;
/**
* 订单状态机配置
*/
@Configuration
@EnableStateMachine(name = "orderStateMachine")
public class OrderStateMachineConfig extends StateMachineConfigurerAdapter {
/**
* 配置状态
*
* @param states
* @throws Exception
*/
public void configure(StateMachineStateConfigurer states) throws Exception {
states
.withStates()
.initial(OrderStatus.WAIT_PAYMENT)
.states(EnumSet.allOf(OrderStatus.class));
}
/**
* 配置状态转换事件关系
*
* @param transitions
* @throws Exception
*/
public void configure(StateMachineTransitionConfigurer transitions) throws Exception {
transitions
.withExternal().source(OrderStatus.WAIT_PAYMENT).target(OrderStatus.WAIT_DELIVER).event(OrderStatusChangeEvent.PAYED)
.and()
.withExternal().source(OrderStatus.WAIT_DELIVER).target(OrderStatus.WAIT_RECEIVE).event(OrderStatusChangeEvent.DELIVERY)
.and()
.withExternal().source(OrderStatus.WAIT_RECEIVE).target(OrderStatus.FINISH).event(OrderStatusChangeEvent.RECEIVED);
}
/**
* 持久化配置
* 实际使用中,可以配合redis等,进行持久化操作
*
* @return
*/
@Bean
public DefaultStateMachinePersister persister() {
return new DefaultStateMachinePersister<>(new StateMachinePersist
5.添加订单状态监听器
package net.biancheng.c.utils;
import org.springframework.messaging.Message;
import org.springframework.statemachine.annotation.OnTransition;
import org.springframework.statemachine.annotation.WithStateMachine;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component("orderStateListener")
@WithStateMachine(name = "orderStateMachine")
public class OrderStateListenerImpl {
@OnTransition(source = "WAIT_PAYMENT", target = "WAIT_DELIVER")
public boolean payTransition(Message message) {
Order order = (Order) message.getHeaders().get("order");
order.setStatus(OrderStatus.WAIT_DELIVER);
System.out.println("支付,状态机反馈信息:" + message.getHeaders().toString());
return true;
}
@OnTransition(source = "WAIT_DELIVER", target = "WAIT_RECEIVE")
public boolean deliverTransition(Message message) {
Order order = (Order) message.getHeaders().get("order");
order.setStatus(OrderStatus.WAIT_RECEIVE);
System.out.println("发货,状态机反馈信息:" + message.getHeaders().toString());
return true;
}
@OnTransition(source = "WAIT_RECEIVE", target = "FINISH")
public boolean receiveTransition(Message message) {
Order order = (Order) message.getHeaders().get("order");
order.setStatus(OrderStatus.FINISH);
System.out.println("收货,状态机反馈信息:" + message.getHeaders().toString());
return true;
}
}
6.创建 OrderService 接口 (可用可不用,根据现实情况分析)
package net.biancheng.c.service;
import net.biancheng.c.entity.Order;
import java.util.Map;
public interface OrderService {
//创建订单
Order create();
//发起支付
Order pay(int id);
//订单发货
Order deliver(int id);
//订单收货
Order receive(int id);
//获取所有订单信息
Map getOrders();
}
7.在 Service 业务逻辑中应用
package net.biancheng.c.serviceImpl;
import net.biancheng.c.entity.Order;
import net.biancheng.c.service.OrderService;
import net.biancheng.c.utils.OrderStatus;
import net.biancheng.c.utils.OrderStatusChangeEvent;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.messaging.Message;
import org.springframework.messaging.support.MessageBuilder;
import org.springframework.statemachine.StateMachine;
import org.springframework.statemachine.persist.StateMachinePersister;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
@Service("orderService")
public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {
@Autowired
private StateMachine orderStateMachine;
@Autowired
private StateMachinePersister persister;
private int id = 1;
private Map orders = new HashMap<>();
public Order create() {
Order order = new Order();
order.setStatus(OrderStatus.WAIT_PAYMENT);
order.setId(id++);
orders.put(order.getId(), order);
return order;
}
public Order pay(int id) {
Order order = orders.get(id);
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 尝试支付,订单号:" + id);
Message message = MessageBuilder.withPayload(OrderStatusChangeEvent.PAYED).setHeader("order", order).build();
if (!sendEvent(message, order)) {
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 支付失败, 状态异常,订单号:" + id);
}
return orders.get(id);
}
public Order deliver(int id) {
Order order = orders.get(id);
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 尝试发货,订单号:" + id);
if (!sendEvent(MessageBuilder.withPayload(OrderStatusChangeEvent.DELIVERY).setHeader("order", order).build(), orders.get(id))) {
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 发货失败,状态异常,订单号:" + id);
}
return orders.get(id);
}
public Order receive(int id) {
Order order = orders.get(id);
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 尝试收货,订单号:" + id);
if (!sendEvent(MessageBuilder.withPayload(OrderStatusChangeEvent.RECEIVED).setHeader("order", order).build(), orders.get(id))) {
System.out.println("线程名称:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 收货失败,状态异常,订单号:" + id);
}
return orders.get(id);
}
public Map getOrders() {
return orders;
}
/**
* 发送订单状态转换事件
*
* @param message
* @param order
* @return
*/
private synchronized boolean sendEvent(Message message, Order order) {
boolean result = false;
try {
orderStateMachine.start();
//尝试恢复状态机状态
persister.restore(orderStateMachine, order);
//添加延迟用于线程安全测试
Thread.sleep(1000);
result = orderStateMachine.sendEvent(message);
//持久化状态机状态
persister.persist(orderStateMachine, order);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
orderStateMachine.stop();
}
return result;
}
}
8.编写客户端测试代码
import net.biancheng.c.service.OrderService;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
@SpringBootApplication
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread.currentThread().setName("主线程");
ConfigurableApplicationContext context = SpringApplication.run(Test.class, args);
OrderService orderService = (OrderService) context.getBean("orderService");
orderService.create();
orderService.create();
orderService.pay(1);
new Thread("客户线程") {
@Override
public void run() {
orderService.deliver(1);
orderService.receive(1);
}
}.start();
orderService.pay(2);
orderService.deliver(2);
orderService.receive(2);
System.out.println("全部订单状态:" + orderService.getOrders());
}
}
原文:使用JAVA状态机实现订单状态控制功能-云社区-华为云