python操作office_python3.5操作office Excel 表 (二)
#第二篇:
##openpyxl
Write a workbook：
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.compat import range
from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter
wb = Workbook()
dest_filename = 'testexcel.xlsx'
ws1 = wb.active
ws1.title = "range names"
for row in range(1,40):
ws1.append(range(600))
ws2 = wb.create_sheet(title="Pi")
ws2['F5'] = 3.14
ws3 = wb.create_sheet(title="Data")
for row in range(10,20):
for col in range(27,54):
_ = ws3.cell(column=col,row=row,value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))
print(ws3['AA10'].value)
wb.save(filename = dest_filename)
Read an existing workbook:
from openpyxl import load_workbook
wb = load_workbook(filename='testexcel.xlsx')
sheet_ranges = wb['range names']
print(sheet_ranges['D18'].value)
在load_workbook中可使用:
在读取单元格时，guess_types将启用或禁用（默认）类型推断。
data_only控制具有公式的单元格是具有公式（默认）还是上次Excel读取工作表时存储的值。
keep_vba控制是否保留任何Visual Basic元素（默认）。如果他们被保留，他们仍然是不可编辑的。
警告:
openpyxl当前不会读取Excel文件中的所有可能项目，因此如果打开并保存相同名称，图像和图表将从现有文件中丢失。
###使用数字格式(Using number formats):
import datetime
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws['A1'] = datetime.datetime(2018,6,8)
print(ws['A1'].number_format)
wb.guess_types = True
ws['B1'] = '3.14%'
wb.guess_types = False
print(ws['B1'].value)
print(ws['B1'].number_format)
###使用公式(Using formulae):
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1,1)"
wb.save("formula.xlsx")
openpyxl从不评估公式，但可以检查公式的名称：
from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE
print("HEX2DEC" in FORMULAE)
注意:
如果要使用未知的公式，这些公式必须以_xlfn作为前缀。
###合并/取消合并单元格
（Merge / Unmerge cells）
合并单元格时，将从工作表中删除左上角的所有单元格。
格式化合并单元格的信息，参看样式合并单元格。
合并单元格:
from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws.merge_cells('A2:D2')
#A2:D2合并单元格
ws.merge_cells(start_row=2,start_column=1,end_row=4,end_column=4)
wb.save('table\\merge.xlsx')
取消合并单元格:
from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws.merge_cells('A2:D2')
#
ws.unmerge_cells('A2:D2')
ws.merge_cells(start_row=2,start_column=1,end_row=4,end_column=4)
ws.unmerge_cells(start_row=2,start_column=1,end_row=4,end_column=4)
wb.save('table\\merge.xlsx')
###插入图像(Inserting an image)
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.drawing.image import Image
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws['A1'] = 'learning for me happy'
img = Image('images.PNG')
ws.add_image(img,'A1')
wb.save('image.xlsx')
###Fold columns(outline)折叠列(大纲)
import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.Workbook()
ws = wb.create_sheet()
ws.column_dimensions.group('A','D',hidden=True)
wb.save('table\\group.xlsx')
###格式化单元格
使用样式(Working with styles):
介绍(Introduction)
样式用于在屏幕上显示时更改数据的外观。它们也用于确定数字的格式。
样式可以应用于以下几个方面:
from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,Border,Side,Alignment,Protection
font = Font(name='Calibri',
size=11,
bold=False,
italic=False,
vertAlign=None,
underline='none',
strike=False,
color='FF000000',
)
fill = PatternFill(fill_type=None,
start_color='FFFFFFFF',
end_color='FF000000')
border = Border(left=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
right=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
top=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
bottom = Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
diagonal=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
diagonal_direction=0,
outline=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
vertical=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000'),
horizontal=Side(border_style=None,
color='FF000000')
)
alignment = Alignment(horizontal='general',
vertical='bottom',
text_rotation=0,
wrap_text=False,
shrink_to_fit=False,
indent=0)
number_format = 'General'
protection = Protection(locked=True,hidden=False)
###单元格样式和命名样式（Cell Styles and Named Styles):
有两种类型的样式：单元格样式和命名样式，也称为样式模板。
####Cell Styles
单元格样式在对象之间共享，一旦它们被分配，它们就不能被改变。这样可以防止不必要的副作用，例如改变大量单元格的样式，而不是只改变一个样式。
from openpyxl.styles import colors
from openpyxl.styles import Font,Color
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
a1 = ws['A1']
d4 = ws['D4']
ft = Font(color=colors.RED)
a1 = ws['A1']
d4 = ws['D4']
ft = Font(color=colors.RED)
a1.font = ft
d4.font = ft
a1.font.italic = True #is not allowed
a1.font = Font(color=colors.RED,italic=True)
Copying styles(复制样式):
样式也可以被复制.
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from copy import copy
ft1 = Font(name='Arial',size=14)
ft2 = copy(ft1)
ft2.name = "Tahoma"
print(ft1.name)
print(ft2.name)
print(ft2.size)
####Basic Font Colors(基本字体颜色)
颜色通常是RGB或aRGB的十六进制值。颜色模块包含一些方便的常量.
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl.styles.colors import RED
font = Font(color=RED)
font = Font(color="FFBB00")
还支持传统索引颜色以及主题和色彩.
from openpyxl.styles.colors import Color
c = Color(indexed=32)
print(c)
c = Color(theme=6,tint=0.5)
print(c)
####应用样式(Applying Styles):
样式直接应用于单元格.
from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
from openpyxl.styles import Font,Fill
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
c = ws['A1']
c.font = Font(size=12)
wb.save('table\\style.xlsx')
样式还可以应用于列和行，但请注意，这仅适用于文件关闭后创建的单元格（在Excel中）。如果您想将样式应用于整个行和列，那么您必须将样式应用于每个单元格。这是对文件格式的限制：
col = ws.column_dimensions['A']
col.font = Font(bold=True)
row = ws.row_dimensions[1]
row.font = Font(underline="single")
####样式合并单元格(Styling Merged Cells):
有时候你想格式化一系列单元格，就好像它们是单个对象一样。 Excel假装可以通过合并单元格（删除除左上角单元格以外的所有单元格）然后重新创建这些单元格来应用伪类型。代码参考：
https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/2.5/styles.html#styling-merged-cells
from openpyxl.styles import Border,Side,PatternFill,Font,GradientFill,Alignment
from openpyxl import Workbook
def style_range(ws,cell_range,border=Border(),fill=None,font=None,alignment=None):
"""
App styles to a range of cells as if they were a single cell.
:param ws:
:param cell_range:
:param border:
:param fill:
:param font:
:param alignment:
:return:
"""
top = Border(top=border.top)
left = Border(left=border.left)
right = Border(right=border.right)
bottom = Border(bottom=border.bottom)
first_cell = ws[cell_range.split(":")[0]]
if alignment:
ws.merge_cells(cell_range)
first_cell.alignment = alignment
rows = ws[cell_range]
if font:
first_cell.font = font
for cell in rows[0]:
cell.border = cell.border + top
for cell in rows[-1]:
cell.border = cell.border + bottom
for row in rows:
L = row[0]
r = row[-1]
L.border = L.border + left
r.border = r.border + right
if fill:
for c in row:
c.fill = fill
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
my_cell = ws['B2']
my_cell.value = "My Cell"
thin = Side(border_style="thin",color = "000000")
double = Side(border_style="double",color="ff0000")
border = Border(top=double,left=thin,right=thin,bottom=double)
fill = PatternFill("solid",fgColor="DDDDDD")
fill = GradientFill(stop=("000000","FFFFFF"))
font = Font(b=True,color="FF0000")
al = Alignment(horizontal="center",vertical="center")
style_range(ws,'B2:F4',border=border,fill=fill,font=font,alignment=al)
wb.save("table\\styled.xlsx")
####编辑页面设置(Edit Page Setup):
from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws.page_setup.orientation = ws.ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE
ws.page_setup.paperSize = ws.PAPERSIZE_TABLOID
ws.page_setup.fitToHeight = 0
ws.page_setup.fitToWidth = 1
wb.save("table\\styledone.xlsx")
####命名样式(Named Styles):
与单元格样式相比，命名样式是可变的。当您想要将格式一次应用到很多不同的单元格时，它们是有意义的。 NB。一旦您为单元格指定了命名样式，对样式的其他更改将不会影响单元格。
一旦一个已命名的样式被注册到一个工作簿中，它就可以简单地通过名称来引用。
####创建一个命名样式(Creating a Named Style):
from openpyxl.styles import NamedStyle,Font,Border,Side
highlight = NamedStyle(name="highlight")
highlight.font = Font(bold=True,size=20)
bd = Side(style='thick',color="000000")
highlight.border = Border(left=bd,top=bd,right=bd,bottom=bd)
一旦创建了命名样式，它就可以在工作簿中注册.
wb.add_named_style(highlight)
但是，第一次将它们分配给单元格时，命名样式也会自动注册：
ws['A1'].style = highlight
一旦注册，使用名称分配样式：
ws['D5'].style = 'highlight'
例如:
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
wb.add_named_style(highlight)
ws['A1'].style = highlight
ws['D5'].style = 'highlight'
wb.save("table\\styles.xlsx")
####使用内置样式(Using builtin styles):
该规范包括一些内置的样式，也可以使用。不幸的是，这些样式的名称以其本地化形式存储。 openpyxl只会识别英文名称，而且只能写在这里。这些如下：
数字格式(Number formats):
‘Comma’
‘Comma [0]’
‘Currency’
‘Currency [0]’
‘Percent’
信息化(Informative):
‘Calculation’
‘Total’
‘Note’
‘Warning Text’
‘Explanatory Text’
文字样式(Text styles)：
‘Title’
‘Headline 1’
‘Headline 2’
‘Headline 3’
‘Headline 4’
‘Hyperlink’
‘Followed Hyperlink’
‘Linked Cell’
比较(Comparisons)：
‘Input’
‘Output’
‘Check Cell’
‘Good’
‘Bad’
‘Neutral’
强调(Highlights):
‘Accent1’
‘20 % - Accent1’
‘40 % - Accent1’
‘60 % - Accent1’
‘Accent2’
‘20 % - Accent2’
‘40 % - Accent2’
‘60 % - Accent2’
‘Accent3’
‘20 % - Accent3’
‘40 % - Accent3’
‘60 % - Accent3’
‘Accent4’
‘20 % - Accent4’
‘40 % - Accent4’
‘60 % - Accent4’
‘Accent5’
‘20 % - Accent5’
‘40 % - Accent5’
‘60 % - Accent5’
‘Accent6’
‘20 % - Accent6’
‘40 % - Accent6’
‘60 % - Accent6’
‘Pandas’
有关内建样式的更多信息:
openpyxl.styles.builtins
如有错误之处,请指正。