汉译英主干确定
1. 名词
e.g.全球发展不平衡加剧。
Imbalance in global development has widened.
2. 动词不定式结构/-ing分词
e.g求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为各国人民的普遍愿望和国际社会的共同追求。
求，谋，促三个动词概念一致，选择一个短语。
动词是不能做主语的—选动词不定式或/-ing分词
e.g 求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为各国人民的普遍愿望和国际社会的共同追求。
To promote peace, development and cooperation has become the shared aspiration of people across the word and the common pursuit of the international community.
Promoting peace,development and cooperation has become the share aspiration of people across the world and the common pursuit of the international community.
确定主干
1. 注意主谓搭配，警惕“伪主语”（无主句）---处理方式：
增加主语或使用被动语态
1. 唐朝出现了真正意义上的中国传统园林建筑。
Traditional Chinese Garden architecture in the real sense first appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
2. 中国历代都用黄色来装饰皇宫、寺庙，还有皇帝的龙袍。
Over the dynasties,yellow has been used to decorate royal palaces,,temples,and in the dragon robes of the the emperors.
注意：翻译当中要注意名词形式是否正确。
3. 秦始皇墓地发掘出数十万兵马俑军队和马匹。
Hundreds upon thousands of the terra cotta armies and horses were found at the burial site of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty.
tens upon thousands of …数万的hundreds upon thousands of …数十万的
millions of…数百万的 terra cotta armies兵马俑
4. 东亚许多国家都使用筷子。
Chopsticks are commonly used in many East Asian countries.
5. 元宵节一到，街上、房子、商店都挂着红灯笼。
When the Lantern Festival comes,red lanterns can be seen in the streets,in each house,and stores.
主语为时间、地点，不是人，---被动句。
中文里的“伪主语”第二类：主语=话题，话题突出，话题不是动作的施动者。
处理方式：参看L3“无主句”译法—
1. 载入航天、探月工程、超级计算机、高速铁路等实现重大突破。
manned spaceflight 载人航天 lunar exploration 探月工程
supercomputer 超级计算机 high-speed railway
Major breakthroughs have been made in manned spaceflights,the lunar exploration program,supercomputers and high-speed railways.
2. 生态文明建设扎实展开，资源节约和环境保护全面进步。
Solid steps have been taken（已发生，延续） to promote ecological progress,and comprehensive progress has been made in resource conservation and environmental protection.
take solid steps 扎实展开 make comprehensive progress 全面进步
2. 注意主题突出-改变中式翻译
1. 中国古典园林的规模大小不等。-中国古典园林大小不等在规模上。
Chinese classic gradens vary greatly in size.
2. 川菜的辣味很有名。-川菜很有名在辣味。
Sichuan cuisine is famous for its hot/spicy flavor.
3. 中国庭院的布局独具一格。
The Chinese courtyard is unique in its layout.
The Chinese courtyard is laid out in a unique way.
注意：在1中，翻译时若把“规模”处理为主语，就会出现“中式英语”。
解决方法：把句子的主题处理为译文主语，次要信息处理为状语。
例如：欧洲主权债务危机十分严峻，美国就业和房地产市场持续低迷，日本经济增长乏力，新兴经济体和发展中国家通胀压力加大。
主题---欧洲面临着十分严峻的主权债务危机，美国有着持续低迷的就业和房地产市场，日本有着增长乏力的经济，新兴经济体和发展中国家面临着加大的通胀压力。
分析：四个分句主语分散，翻译时最好把主题处理为主语。
Europe is confronted with a severe sovereign debt crisis,the United States continues to face sluggish job and property markets,Japan is plagued by weak economic growth, while emerging markets and developing countries suffer from mounting inflationary pressure.
is plagued by.. 用……来烦扰人,用……来折磨人
plague with doubts and fears充满怀疑和恐惧
is confronted with 面临
suffer from 遭受
3. 注意句子平衡
1. 粮食安全、能源资源安全、网络安全等全球问题更加突出。
定于后置翻译—
Some global issues are becoming moe acute such as (定语后置)food security,energy and resource security and cyber security.
2. 上海品种繁多的小吃、糕点和手工艺品、纺织品、会使您感到满意。
You will be satisfied with (被动语态) a wide variety of snacks,cakes,handicrafts and textiles(of Shanghai).
3. 霸权主义、强权政治有所上升。
There are (存在结构) signs of increasing hegemonism /hɪˈdʒemənɪzəm/ and power politics.
4. 注意主语一致
e.g 《差不多先生传》张培基 英文译文
他从从容容地走到火车站，迟了两分钟，火车已经开走了。
He arrived at railway station unhurriedly,only to find the train already gone,because he was two minutes late.
信息重排-主语一致
3. 苏州和杭州是中国园林艺术的代表，人称“人间天堂”。
参考一：Suzhou and Hangzhou represent China’s gardening architecture and are know as “paradise on Earth ”.(用and 连接)
二、Suzhou and Hangzhou, represent China’s gardening architecture,are know as “paradise on Earth”.(用同位语连接)
三、The cities of Suzhou and Hangzhou represent China’s gardening architecture,(which are) known as “paradise on Earth”.(用人称连接)
2.松树要比其他树活得长，因此人民把松树当作长寿的象征。
一．Since pines live longer other trees,they are seen as the symbol of longevity.
二Pines,living longer than other trees,are seen as the symbol of longevity.
总结：
1. 汉译英中句子主语的形式
2. 汉译英中句子主干的确定
3. 无主句的处理方式
4. 处理无主句的要点，包括主题突出、句子平衡、主语一致。