“运维的未来是,让研发人员能够借助工具、自动化和流程,并且让他们能够在运维干预极少的情况下部署和运营服务,从而实现自助服务。每个角色都应该努力使工作实现自动化。” ——《运维的未来》
- Dev开发环境
- Test测试环境
- Pre预发布环境
- Master生成环境
- 文件传输
- 应用部署
- 配置管理
- 任务流编排
- Ansible:python,Agentless,中小型应用环境
- Saltstack:python,一般需部署agent,执行效率更高
- Puppet:ruby, 功能强大,配置复杂,重型,适合大型环境
- Fabric:python,agentless
- Chef:ruby,国内应用少
Ansible是一个自动化统一配置管理工具,自动化主要体现在Ansible集成了丰富模块以及功能组件,可以通过一个命令完成一系列的操作,进而能减少重复性的工作和维护成本,可以提高工作效率。
官网:https://www.ansible.com/
官方文档:https://docs.ansible.com/
源代码仓库:https://github.com/ansible/ansible
作者:Michael DeHaan( Cobbler 与 Func 作者)
ansible 的名称来自科幻小说《安德的游戏》中跨越时空的即时通信工具,使用它可以在相距数光年的距离,远程实时控制前线的舰队战斗。
2012-03-09,发布0.0.1版,
2015-10-17,Red Hat宣布1.5亿美元收购
- 1.puppet 学习难,安装ruby环境难,没有远程执行功能
- 2.ansible 轻量级,大规模环境下只通过ssh会很慢,串行的
- 3.saltstack 一般选择salt会使用`C/S`结构的模式,`salt-master`和`salt-minion`,并行的,大规模批量操作的情况下,会比Ansible速度快一些,底层使用的是`zero-MQ`消协队列
- 模块化:调用特定的模块完成特定任务,支持自定义模块,可使用任何编程语言写模块
- Paramiko(python对ssh的实现),PyYAML,Jinja2(模板语言)三个关键模块
- 基于Python语言实现
- 部署简单,基于python和SSH(默认已安装),agentless,无需代理不依赖PKI(无需ssl)
- 安全,基于OpenSSH
- 幂等性:一个任务执行1遍和执行n遍效果一样,不因重复执行带来意外情况,此特性非绝对
- 支持playbook编排任务,YAML格式,编排任务,支持丰富的数据结构
- 较强大的多层解决方案 role
上一篇
ansible的安装方法有多种,官方文档:https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/installation_guide/intro_installation.html
Ansible安装有多种方式,常用的方式有yum、源码包编译安装等
[root@localhost ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
[root@localhost ~]# yum install ansible -yCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install python-jinja2 PyYAML python-paramiko python-babel python-crypto
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://releases.ansible.com/ansible/ansible-2.9.18.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf ansible-2.9.18.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# cd ansible-2.9.18
[root@localhost ~]# python setup.py build
[root@localhost ~]# python setup.py install
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /etc/ansible
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r examples/* /etc/ansibleCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@localhost ~]# yum install python-pip
[root@localhost ~]# pip install --upgrade pip
[root@localhost ~]# pip install ansible --upgradeCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@localhost ~]# ansible --version
ansible 2.9.18
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
python version = 2.7.5 (default, Nov 16 2020, 22:23:17) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)]
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
- /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 主配置文件,配置ansible工作特性
- /etc/ansible/hosts 主机清单
- /etc/ansible/roles/ 存放角色的目录
Ansible 的配置文件 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg ,其中大部分的配置内容无需进行修改
[defaults]
#inventory = /etc/ansible/hosts # 主机列表配置文件
#library = /usr/share/my_modules/ # 库文件存放目录
#remote_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmp # 临时py命令文件存放在远程主机目录
#local_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmp # 本机的临时命令执行目录
#forks = 5 # 默认并发数
#sudo_user = root # 默认sudo 用户
#ask_sudo_pass = True # 每次执行ansible命令是否询问ssh密码
#ask_pass = True
#remote_port = 22
#host_key_checking = False # 检查对应服务器的host_key,建议取消注释
#log_path = /var/log/ansible.log # 日志文件,建议启用
#module_name = command # 默认模块,可以修改为shell模块Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
ansible的主要功用在于批量主机操作,为了便捷地使用其中的部分主机,可以在inventory file中将其分组命名,默认的inventory file为 /etc/ansible/hosts,inventory file可以有多个,且也可以通过Dynamic Inventory来动态生成
官方文档:https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/intro_inventory.html
inventory文件遵循INI文件风格,中括号中的字符为组名。可以将同一个主机同时归并到多个不同的组中
此外,当如若目标主机使用了非默认的SSH端口,还可以在主机名称之后使用冒号加端口号来标明,如果主机名称遵循相似的命名模式,还可以使用列表的方式标识各主机。
场景一、基于密码连接
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
#方式一、主机+端口+密码
[webservers]
172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456'
172.16.1.8 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456'
#方式二、主机+端口+密码
[webservers]
web[1:2].oldboy.com ansible_ssh_pass='123456'
#方式三、主机+端口+密码
[webservers]
web[1:2].oldboy.com
[webservers:vars]
ansible_ssh_pass='123456'
[test]
192.168.15.8 ansible_connection=local #指定本地连接,无需ssh配置
#ansible_connection=ssh 需要StrictHostKeyChecking no
192.168.15.7 ansible_connection=ssh ansible_port=2222 ansible_user=chenyang ansible_password=chenyang
192.168.15.6 ansible_connection=ssh ansible_user=root ansible_password=1
场景二、基于密钥连接,需要先创建公钥和私钥,并下发公钥至被控端
[root@m01 ~]# ssh-keygen
[root@m01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
[root@m01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
-----------------------------------------------------------
[root@m01 ~]# cat hosts
#方式一、主机+端口+密钥
[webservers]
172.16.1.7
172.16.1.8
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m ping -i ./hosts
172.16.1.8 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
172.16.1.7 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
-----------------------------------------------------------
[root@m01 ~]# cat hosts
#方式二、别名+主机+端口+密钥
[webservers]
web01 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_port=22
web02 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.8
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m ping -i ./hosts
web02 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
web01 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
场景三、主机组使用方式
#1.定义两个组
[lbservers]
172.16.1.5
172.16.1.6
[webservers]
172.16.1.7
172.16.1.8
#2.servers组包括两个子组[lbservers,webserver]
[servers:children]
lbservers
webserver
#列出当前某个组有多少台主机
[root@m01 ~]# ansible lbservers -m ping -i ./hosts --list-hosts
hosts (1):
web01
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m ping -i ./hosts --list-hosts
hosts (1):
web02
[root@m01 ~]# ansible servers -m ping -i ./hosts --list-hosts
hosts (2):
web01
web02
[root@m01 ~]# ansible all -m ping -i ./hosts --list-hosts
hosts (3):
web03
web02
web01
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
命令 | 解释 |
---|---|
/usr/bin/ansible | 主程序,临时命令执行工具 |
/usr/bin/ansible-doc | 查看配置文档,模块功能查看工具,相当于man |
/usr/bin/ansible-playbook | 定制自动化任务,编排剧本工具,相当于脚本/usr/bin/ansible-pull 远程执行命令的工具 |
/usr/bin/ansible-vault | 文件加密工具 |
/usr/bin/ansible-console | 基于Console界面与用户交互的执行工具 |
/usr/bin/ansible-galaxy | 下载/上传优秀代码或Roles模块的官网平台 |
利用ansible实现管理的主要方式:
- Ad-Hoc即利用ansible命令,主要用于临时命令使用场景
-> Ansible-playbook主要用于长期规划好的,大型项目的场景,需要有前期的规划过程
上一篇
此工具用来显示模块帮助,相当于man
格式:
ansible-doc[options][module...]
-l,--list # 列出可用模块
-s,--snippet # 显示指定模块的playbook片段
范例:
#列出所有模块
[root@localhost ~]# ansible-doc -l
#查看指定模块帮助用法
[root@localhost ~]# ansible-doc ping
[root@localhost ~]# ansible-doc -l | wc -l
3387Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
此工具通过ssh协议,实现对远程主机的配置管理、应用部署、任务执行等功能。
建议:使用此工具前,先配置ansible主控端能基于密钥认证的方式联系各个被管理节点
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
StrictHostKeyChecking no
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hosts.list
172.16.0.4
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# vim push_ssh_key.sh
#!/bin/bash
#********************************************************************#
# WelCome To Login #
# Author:chenyang #
# WX:Alvins0918 #
# Date:2021-05-20 #
# Description:老男孩IT教育Linux学院 #
# Copyright©:2021 All rightsreserved #
#********************************************************************#
rpm -q sshpass &> /dev/null || yum -y install sshpass
[ -f /root/.ssh/id_rsa ] || ssh-keygen -f /root/.ssh/id_rsa -P ''
export SSHPASS=1
while read IP;do
sshpass -e ssh-copy-id -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no $IP
done<hosts.listCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# vim push_ssh_key.sh
#!/bin/bash
#********************************************************************#
# WelCome To Login #
# Author:chenyang #
# WX:Alvins0918 #
# Date:2021-05-20 #
# Description:老男孩IT教育Linux学院 #
# Copyright©:2021 All rightsreserved #
#********************************************************************#
IPLIST="
172.16.0.7
172.16.0.8
172.16.0.9"
rpm -q sshpass &> /dev/null || yum -y install sshpass
[ -f /root/.ssh/id_rsa ] || ssh-keygen -f /root/.ssh/id_rsa -P ''
export SSHPASS=1
for IP in $IPLIST;do
sshpass -e ssh-copy-id -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no $IP
doneCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
ansible <host-pattern> [-m module_name] [-a args]
选项说明:
--version #显示版本
-m module #指定模块,默认为command
-v #详细过程 –vv -vvv更详细
--list-hosts #显示主机列表,可简写 --list
-C, --check #检查,并不执行
-T, --timeout=TIMEOUT #执行命令的超时时间,默认10s
-k, --ask-pass #提示输入ssh连接密码,默认Key验证
-u, --user=REMOTE_USER #执行远程执行的用户
-b, --become #代替旧版的sudo 切换
--become-user=USERNAME #指定sudo的runas用户,默认为root
-K, --ask-become-pass #提示输入sudo时的口令Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
用于匹配被控制的主机的列表。
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
172.16.0.4
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible all -m ping
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[私网]
172.16.0.4
[公网]
106.13.81.75
# 第一种方式
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible "*" -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
# 第二种方式
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible "私网" -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
# 第三种方式
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '172*' -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
# 第四种方式
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '172.16.0.4 106.13.81.75' -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
# 在公网组里面或者在私网组里面
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '公网:私网' -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
# 在公网组并且在私网组
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[私网]
172.16.0.4
106.13.81.75
[公网]
106.13.81.75
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '公网:&私网' -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
# 在公网组不在私网组
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[私网]
172.16.0.4
[公网]
106.13.81.75
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '公网:!私网' -m ping
[WARNING]: Invalid characters were found in group names but not replaced, use -vvvv to see details
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[private]
172.16.0.4
[public]
106.13.81.75
# 以pu开头
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible '~pu' -m ping
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible private --list-hosts
hosts (1):
172.16.0.4Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
1. 加载自己的配置文件,默认/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
2. 加载自己对应的模块文件,如:ping。通过ansible将模块或命令生成对应的临时py文件,并将该文件传输至远程服务器的对应执行用户$HOME/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-数字/XXX.PY文件
3. 给文件+x执行
4. 执行并返回结果
5. 删除临时py文件,退出
[root@instance-gvpb80ao tmp]# grep -A 14 '\[colors\]' /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
[colors]
#highlight = white
#verbose = blue
#warn = bright purple
#error = red
#debug = dark gray
#deprecate = purple
#skip = cyan
#unreachable = red
#ok = green
#changed = yellow
#diff_add = green
#diff_remove = red
#diff_lines = cyanCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
#以shanhe用户执行ping存活检测
[root@instance-gvpb80ao tmp]# ansible all -m ping -u shanhe -k
SSH password:
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
#以wang sudo至root执行ping存活检测
[root@instance-gvpb80ao tmp]# ansible all -m ping -u shanhe -k -b
SSH password:
106.13.81.75 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Invalid/incorrect password: Permission denied, please try again.",
"unreachable": true
}
172.16.0.4 | UNREACHABLE! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "Invalid/incorrect password: Permission denied, please try again.",
"unreachable": true
}
#以shanhe sudo至chenyang用户执行ping存活检测
[root@instance-gvpb80ao tmp]# ansible all -m ping -u shanhe -k -b --become-user=chenyang
SSH password:
172.16.0.4 | FAILED! => {
"msg": "Missing sudo password"
}
106.13.81.75 | FAILED! => {
"msg": "Missing sudo password"
}
#以shanhe sudo至root用户执行ls
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible all -m command -u shanhe -a 'ls /root' -b --become-user=root -k -K
SSH password: # root密码
BECOME password[defaults to SSH password]: # shanhe密码
172.16.0.4 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hosts.list
open-user-crt.sh
push_ssh_key.sh
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hosts.list
open-user-crt.sh
push_ssh_key.shCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
此工具用于执行编写好的 playbook 任务
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hello.yaml
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: hello world
command: echo "Hello Chenyang" > /root/123456
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-playbook hello.yaml
PLAY [public] ***********************************************************************************************
TASK [hello world] ******************************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
PLAY RECAP **************************************************************************************************
106.13.81.75 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 s
此工具可以用于加密解密yml文件。
格式
ansible-vault [create|decrypt|edit|encrypt|rekey|view]Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
范例
ansible-vault encrypt hello.yml #加密
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault encrypt hello.yaml
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:
Encryption successful
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hello.yaml
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
32613137393965313332353065366264303763323230323766366261636430376661373038626432
3732623762313131316565386338633635613530653736640a363462373930396562343565653936
34333035633365343063303966386264343366383839333439643961383438316537616666353931
3234323937363565660a303931313032346134393534653662363266613563386633613537313664
37313434333764656637623761346662656238393631323230326366396364613138623430663063
34396532646266336136333566313164656232366336653932396634643565366266666464623631
65366163343764613166336430613564306633333331343166343236323834343631613438333865
30346430363465356562643932653766636230383137346332323064636236616532333432353432
62373435386162613961376134643237366461653734626664353737363432323761366263336461
36323537633837316664306439303534343536373162333537646462303864323233303436643839
336130356436613230633231623035633536
ansible-vault decrypt hello.yml #解密
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault decrypt hello.yaml
Vault password:
Decryption successful
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hello.yaml
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: hello world
command: echo "Hello Chenyang" > /root/123456
ansible-vault view hello.yml #查看
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault view hello.yaml
Vault password:
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: hello world
command: echo "Hello Chenyang" > /root/123456
ansible-vault edit hello.yml #编辑加密文件
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault edit hello.yaml
Vault password:
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hello.yaml
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
32623539636538376665373330626334643538306161613462393334656633613030663634396334
6266386165643361323137343161313536643038393661650a623861366330343135623365623336
37323064623562316162613034636232333535366637613461396434363938643532616133643836
3766343533616637650a313737316262366233396433353030393262633366333939636537316165
65623861643233353939653430623334323138366435326234353638666635373132616162666332
36643834313263393237323232323537633933313430323530343032313637643332653862326465
66333438303737663463386363383034343135643431316634363737376265336366363764656437
66666333316466313161333061383930376562366631643962386462353535363535333461353035
62376463663630383465666662616139636631626334373564346131363531636439386431623666
3933393266353638346232366666313137653962356130373739
ansible-vault rekey hello.yml #修改口令
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault rekey hello.yaml
Vault password:
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:
Rekey successful
ansible-vault create new.yml #创建新文件
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-vault create abc.yaml
New Vault password:
Confirm New Vault password:
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat abc.yaml
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
32653230653437313566623734666166346632613366373732346533396130396132323433653238
6139333135386637303939306437306637303837663361650a653466663938313032613330653636
66346639613937333939393036336334396234616139633066386330343831333439643039353436
6134313033616235390a353362643562633763303063313264633435306635643965356636303964
6430Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
此工具可交互执行命令,支持tab,ansible 2.0+新增
提示符格式
执行用户@当前操作的主机组 (当前组的主机数量)[f:并发数]$Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
常用子命令
- 设置并发数: forks n 例如: forks 10
- 切换组: cd 主机组 例如: cd web
- 列出当前组主机列表: list
- 列出所有的内置命令: ?或help
范例:
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-console
Welcome to the ansible console.
Type help or ? to list commands.
root@all (2)[f:5]$ ping
172.16.0.4 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
root@all (2)[f:5]$ list
106.13.81.75
172.16.0.4Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
此工具会连接 https://galaxy.ansible.com 下载相应的roles
# 查看列表
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-galaxy list
# /root/.ansible/roles
- geerlingguy.nginx, 3.0.0
# /usr/share/ansible/roles
# /etc/ansible/roles
# 下载nginx roles
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.nginx
- downloading role 'nginx', owned by geerlingguy
- downloading role from https://github.com/geerlingguy/ansible-role-nginx/archive/3.0.0.tar.gz
- extracting geerlingguy.nginx to /root/.ansible/roles/geerlingguy.nginx
- geerlingguy.nginx (3.0.0) was installed successfully
# 删除
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-galaxy remove geerlingguy.nginx
- successfully removed geerlingguy.nginxCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
2015年底270多个模块,2016年达到540个,2018年01月12日有1378个模块,2018年07月15日1852个模块,2019年05月25日(ansible 2.7.10)时2080个模块,2020年03月02日有3387个模块。虽然模块众多,但最常用的模块也就2,30个而已,针对特定业务只用10几个模块。
常用模块帮助文档参考:
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/modules/modules_by_category.html
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/modules/list_of_all_modules.html
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/list_of_all_modules.html
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/modules_by_category.html
Ansible中的默认模块,
功能:在远程主机执行命令,此为默认模块,可忽略-m选项
注意:此命令不支持 $VARNAME < > | ; & 等,用shell模块实现
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible all -a 'hostname'
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
instance-gvpb80ao.novalocal
172.16.0.4 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
instance-gvpb80ao.novalocal
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m command -a 'ls /root'
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
abc.yaml
hello.yaml
hosts.list
open-user-crt.sh
push_ssh_key.sh
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:和command相似,用shell执行命令,支持各种符号,比如:*,$, >
范例:
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "echo $HOSTNAME"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
instance-gvpb80ao.novalocal
172.16.0.4 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
instance-gvpb80ao.novalocalCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
注意:调用bash执行命令 类似 cat /tmp/test.md | awk -F'|' '{print $1,$2}' &> /tmp/example.txt 这些复杂命令,即使使用shell也可能会失败。
解决办法:写到脚本时,copy到远程,执行,再把需要的结果拉回执行命令的机器。
将shell模块代替command,设为默认模块
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
module_name = shellCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:在远程主机上运行ansible服务器上的脚本(无需执行权限)
# /root/test.sh 脚本必须放在ansible执行机器上面
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m script -a /root/test.sh
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 106.13.81.75 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 106.13.81.75 closed."
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat date.txt
Wed May 19 16:05:10 CST 2021Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:从ansible服务器主控端复制文件到远程主机
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
src | 用于指定需要copy的文件或目录。 |
dest | 用于指定文件将被拷贝到远程主机的哪个目录中,dest为必须参数。 |
content | 当不使用src指定拷贝的文件时,可以使用content直接指定文件内容,src与content两个参数必有其一,否则会报错。 |
force | 当远程主机的目标路径中已经存在同名文件,并且与ansible主机中的文件内容不同时,是否强制覆盖,可选值有yes和no,默认值为yes,表示覆盖,如果设置为no,则不会执行覆盖拷贝操作,远程主机中的文件保持不变。 |
backup | 当远程主机的目标路径中已经存在同名文件,并且与ansible主机中的文件内容不同时,是否对远程主机的文件进行备份,可选值有yes和no,当设置为yes时,会先备份远程主机中的文件,然后再将ansible主机中的文件拷贝到远程主机。 |
owner | 指定文件拷贝到远程主机后的属主,但是远程主机上必须有对应的用户,否则会报错。 |
group | 指定文件拷贝到远程主机后的属组,但是远程主机上必须有对应的组,否则会报错。 |
mode | 指定文件拷贝到远程主机后的权限,如果你想将权限设置为”rw-r–r--“,则可以使用mode=0644表示,如果你想要在user对应的权限位上添加执行权限,则可以使用mode=u+x表示。 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m copy -a "src=push_ssh_key.sh dest=/tmp owner=shanhe mode=600"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"checksum": "0b836bbe30e61896040525bee00ffee867f4a08c",
"dest": "/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "410a687367c54811ff9ce34791319e0c",
"mode": "0600",
"owner": "shanhe",
"size": 264,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621494824.72-317-250283194147221/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 1001
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll /tmp/push_ssh_key.sh
-rw------- 1 shanhe root 264 May 20 15:13 /tmp/push_ssh_key.shCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible 172* -m copy -a "src=test.sh dest=/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh backup=yes"
172.16.0.4 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"backup_file": "/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh.2054.2021-05-20@15:18:31~",
"changed": true,
"checksum": "488c35d2c33b1e4cef55ff0d85cab928e68f3330",
"dest": "/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "1adcefd1e3aea3dbd54f0da29e586732",
"mode": "0600",
"owner": "shanhe",
"size": 43,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621495109.9-1879-108678135537148/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 1001
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll /tmp/
total 2844
-rw------- 1 shanhe root 43 May 20 15:18 push_ssh_key.sh
-rw------- 1 shanhe root 264 May 20 15:13 push_ssh_key.sh.2054.2021-05-20@15:18:31~Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:从远程主机提取文件至ansible的主控端,copy相反,目前不支持目录
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
src | (必需)要获取的远程系统上的文件。 |
dest | (必需)要将文件保存到的目录。 |
fail_on_missing | 当设置为 True 或 yes ,如果由于不明因素导致从远程主机中不能读取到该文件,则会显示 fail |
validate_checksum | 当文件fetch之后进行md5检查 |
Flat | 允许覆盖默认行为从hostname/path到/file的,如果dest以/结尾,它将使用源文件的基础名称 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m fetch -a "src=/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh dest=shanhe.sh "
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "488c35d2c33b1e4cef55ff0d85cab928e68f3330",
"dest": "/root/shanhe.sh/106.13.81.75/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh",
"md5sum": "1adcefd1e3aea3dbd54f0da29e586732",
"remote_checksum": "488c35d2c33b1e4cef55ff0d85cab928e68f3330",
"remote_md5sum": null
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# tree shanhe.sh
/root/shanhe.sh/
└── 106.13.81.75
└── tmp
└── push_ssh_key.sh
2 directories, 1 fileCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao /]# ansible public -m fetch -a "src=/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh dest=/opt validate_checksum=yes"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "488c35d2c33b1e4cef55ff0d85cab928e68f3330",
"dest": "/opt/106.13.81.75/tmp/push_ssh_key.sh",
"md5sum": "1adcefd1e3aea3dbd54f0da29e586732",
"remote_checksum": "488c35d2c33b1e4cef55ff0d85cab928e68f3330",
"remote_md5sum": null
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:设置文件属性,创建软链接等。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
path | 必须参数,用于指定要操作的文件或目录,在之前版本的ansible中,使用dest参数或者name参数指定要操作的文件或目录,为了兼容之前的版本,使用dest或name也可以。 |
recurse | 当要操作的文件为目录,将recurse设置为yes,可以递归的修改目录中文件的属性。 |
state | 此参数非常灵活,其对应的值需要根据情况设定。 directory:在远端创建目录 touch:在远端创建文件 link:创建链接文件 absent:表示删除文件或目录 mode:设置文件或目录权限 owner:设置文件或目录属主 group:设置文件或目录属组 |
src | 当state设置为link或者hard时,表示我们想要创建一个软链或者硬链,所以,我们必须指明软链或硬链链接的哪个文件,通过src参数即可指定链接源。 |
force | 当state=link的时候,可配合此参数强制创建链接文件,当force=yes时,表示强制创建链接文件。不过强制创建链接文件分为三种情况。情况一:当要创建的链接文件指向的源文件并不存在时,使用此参数,可以先强制创建出链接文件。情况二:当要创建链接文件的目录中已经存在与链接文件同名的文件时,将force设置为yes,会将同名文件覆盖为链接文件,相当于删除同名文件,创建链接文件。情况三:当要创建链接文件的目录中已经存在与链接文件同名的文件,并且链接文件指向的源文件也不存在,这时会强制替换同名文件为链接文件。 |
owner | 用于指定被操作文件的属主,属主对应的用户必须在远程主机中存在,否则会报错。 |
group | 用于指定被操作文件的属组,属组对应的组必须在远程主机中存在,否则会报错。 |
mode | 用于指定被操作文件的权限,比如,如果想要将文件权限设置为”rw-r-x--- “,则可以使用mode=650进行设置,或者使用mode=0650,效果也是相同的。如果想要设置特殊权限,比如为二进制文件设置suid,则可以使用mode=4700。 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao opt]# ansible public -m file -a "path=/root/1.txt state=touch"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/root/1.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao opt]# ll /root/
total 28
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 20 15:55 1.txt
# 删除文件
ansible public -m file -a "path=/root/1.txt state=absent"Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m file -a "path=/root/txt state=directory owner=shanhe group=chenyang"
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"gid": 1002,
"group": "chenyang",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "shanhe",
"path": "/root/txt",
"size": 4096,
"state": "directory",
"uid": 1001
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll
total 36
drwxr-xr-x 2 shanhe chenyang 4096 May 20 16:08 txtCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m file -a "path=/root/test src=/root/txt state=link owner=shanhe group=chenyang"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/root/test",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"size": 9,
"src": "/root/txt",
"state": "link",
"uid": 0
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll
total 36
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 May 20 16:11 test -> /root/txtCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:解压缩。
实现有两种用法:
1、将ansible主机上的压缩包传到远程主机后解压缩至特定目录,设置copy=yes
2、将远程主机上的某个压缩包解压缩到指定路径下,设置copy=no
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
copy | 默认为yes,当copy=yes,拷贝的文件是从ansible主机复制到远程主机上,如果设置为 |
remote_src | 和copy功能一样且互斥,yes表示在远程主机,不在ansible主机,no表示文件在ansible主机上 |
src | 源路径,可以是ansible主机上的路径,也可以是远程主机(被管理端或者第三方主机)上的路径,如果是远程主机上的路径,则需要设copy=no |
dest | 远程主机上的目标路径 |
mode | 设置解压缩后的文件权限 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible all -m unarchive -a "src=/root/test.tar.gz dest=/opt "
172.16.0.4 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/opt",
"extract_results": {
"cmd": [
"/usr/bin/gtar",
"--extract",
"-C",
"/opt",
"-z",
"-f",
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621499907.17-5491-141851802518117/source"
],
"err": "",
"out": "",
"rc": 0
},
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"handler": "TgzArchive",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"size": 4096,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621499907.17-5491-141851802518117/source",
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
106.13.81.75 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"dest": "/opt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"handler": "TgzArchive",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"size": 4096,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621499906.94-5490-71573166890415/source",
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll /opt/
total 1448
-rw------- 1 root root 808 May 19 15:09 hello.yamlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m unarchive -a "src=https://repo.huaweicloud.com/etcd/v3.2.24/etcd-v3.2.24-linux-arm64.tar.gz dest=/opt copy=no owner=shanhe group=chenyang"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/opt",
"extract_results": {
"cmd": [
"/usr/bin/gtar",
"--extract",
"-C",
"/opt",
"-z",
"--owner=shanhe",
"--group=chenyang",
"-f",
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621500444.96-6522-191985417198936/etcd-v3.2.24-linux-arm64.tarsHzxWS.gz"
],
"err": "",
"out": "",
"rc": 0
},
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"handler": "TgzArchive",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"size": 4096,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621500444.96-6522-191985417198936/etcd-v3.2.24-linux-arm64.tarsHzxWS.gz",
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll /opt/
total 1452
drwxr-xr-x 3 shanhe chenyang 4096 Jul 25 2018 etcd-v3.2.24-linux-arm64Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:打包压缩保存在被管理节点。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
path | 要压缩的文件或目录 |
dest | 压缩后的文件 |
format | 指定打包的类型 |
mode | 权限 |
group | 属组 |
owner | 属主 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m archive -a "path=/root dest=/opt/root.tar.gz format=gz"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"archived": [
"/root/.tcshrc",
"/root/.cshrc",
"/root/.bash_history",
"/root/.bash_profile",
"/root/.mysql_history",
"/root/.viminfo",
"/root/hello.yaml",
"/root/test.tar.gz",
"/root/abc.yaml",
"/root/.ansible-console_history",
"/root/hosts.list",
"/root/open-user-crt.sh",
"/root/date.txt",
"/root/push_ssh_key.sh",
"/root/.bash_logout",
"/root/test.sh",
"/root/.rnd",
"/root/.bashrc",
"/root/.ansible/galaxy_token",
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-local-7657zoXLcU/ansiballz_cache/archive-ZIP_DEFLATED",
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621502833.44-7666-63618490609724/AnsiballZ_archive.py",
"/root/.ansible/cp/4e1832b56d",
"/root/.cache/abrt/lastnotification",
"/root/.ssh/authorized_keys",
"/root/.ssh/id_rsa",
"/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub",
"/root/.ssh/known_hosts"
],
"arcroot": "//",
"changed": true,
"dest": "/opt/root.tar.gz",
"expanded_exclude_paths": [],
"expanded_paths": [
"/root"
],
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"missing": [],
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 188991,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ll /opt/
total 1640
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 188991 May 20 17:27 root.tar.gz
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:管理主机名。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
name | 主机名 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m hostname -a 'name=kubernetes'
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_domain": "",
"ansible_fqdn": "kubernetes",
"ansible_hostname": "kubernetes",
"ansible_nodename": "kubernetes",
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"name": "kubernetes"
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# bash
[root@kubernetes ~]# Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
Ansible常用模块二。
功能:计划任务
支持时间:minute,hour,day,month,weekday
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
minute | 分钟 |
hour | 小时 |
day | 天 |
month | 月 |
weekday | 星期 |
job | 脚本路径 |
name | 定时任务名称 |
disabled | 是否启用 |
state | 状态:absent删除 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m cron -a "minute=* job='echo date >> /root/ttt.log' name=test disabled=yes"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [
"test"
]
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: test
#* * * * * echo date >> /root/ttt.logCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m cron -a "minute=* job='echo date >> /root/ttt.log' name=test disabled=yes state=absent"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": []
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# crontab -lCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
yum 管理软件包,只支持RHEL,CentOS,fedora,不支持Ubuntu其它版本。
apt 模块管理 Debian 相关版本的软件包。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
name | 安装的服务的名字 |
state | 执行命令 present installed removed latest absent 其中installed and present等效 latest标志安装yum中最新版本,absent and removed 等效 表示删除安装包 |
disable_gpg_check | 用于禁用rmp包的公钥gpg验证,默认值no 表示不做验证 |
enablerepo | 用于指定安装软件包是临时启用的yum元 |
disablerepo | 用于指定安装软件包是临时禁止用的yum元 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m yum -a "name=httpd state=present"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"changes": {
"installed": [
"httpd"
]
},
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"Loaded plugins: langpacks, versionlock\nExcluding 1 update due to versionlock (use \"yum versionlock status\" to show it)\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos will be installed\n--> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-97.el7.centos for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64\n--> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64\n--> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64\n--> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7 will be installed\n---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installed\n---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos will be installed\n---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n httpd x86_64 2.4.6-97.el7.centos updates 2.7 M\nInstalling for dependencies:\n apr x86_64 1.4.8-7.el7 base 104 k\n apr-util x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 base 92 k\n httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.6-97.el7.centos updates 93 k\n mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 base 31 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)\n\nTotal download size: 3.0 M\nInstalled size: 10 M\nDownloading packages:\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nTotal 14 MB/s | 3.0 MB 00:00 \nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n Installing : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64 1/5 \n Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 2/5 \n Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64 3/5 \n Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 4/5 \n Installing : httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64 5/5 \n Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64 1/5 \n Verifying : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64 2/5 \n Verifying : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 3/5 \n Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.x86_64 4/5 \n Verifying : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 5/5 \n\nInstalled:\n httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos \n\nDependency Installed:\n apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7 apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 \n httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:管理服务。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
name | 定义要启动服务的名称 |
state | started #启动服务 stopped #停止服务 restarted #重启服务 reloaded #重载服务 |
enabled | 开机自启 |
#1.启动crond服务,并加入开机自启
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=started enabled=yes"
#2.停止crond服务,并删除开机自启
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=stopped enabled=no"
#3.重启crond服务
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=restarted"
#4.重载crond服务
[root@m01 ~]# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=reloaded"Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:管理用户。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
uid | 指定用户的uid |
group | 指定用户组名称 |
groups | 指定附加组名称 |
password | 给用户添加密码(记得单引号) |
shell | 指定用户登录shell |
create_home | 是否创建家目录 |
state | 用户状态:absent(删除) |
home | 家目录路径 |
system | 是否是系统用户 |
remove | 是否删除家目录数据:yes(删除) |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m user -a "name=www uid=1200"
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": true,
"group": 1200,
"home": "/home/www",
"name": "www",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 1200
}
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# id www
uid=1200(www) gid=1200(www) groups=1200(www)Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:管理组。
#创建组
ansible public -m group -a 'name=nginx gid=88 system=yes'
#删除组
ansible public -m group -a 'name=nginx state=absent'Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:下载模块(类似于wget)。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
url | 下载的URL |
mode | 权限 |
dest | 下载的路径 |
checksum | md5值 |
timeout | 下载文件的超时时间 |
url_password | URL密码 |
url_username | URL用户 |
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible public -m get_url -a 'url=https://repo.huaweicloud.com/etcd/v3.4.0-rc.4/etcd-v3.4.0-rc.4-linux-arm64.tar.gz mode=777 dest=/opt'
106.13.81.75 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"checksum_dest": null,
"checksum_src": "c721f9904ff9c47cb34f304ee7d48eb99253e13a",
"dest": "/opt/etcd-v3.4.0-rc.4-linux-arm64.tar.gz",
"elapsed": 6,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "0372460bbdf457166391e5e71c074f1c",
"mode": "0777",
"msg": "OK (15997556 bytes)",
"owner": "root",
"size": 15997556,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1621516877.39-15455-75914400512400/tmpbxzrIQ",
"state": "file",
"status_code": 200,
"uid": 0,
"url": "https://repo.huaweicloud.com/etcd/v3.4.0-rc.4/etcd-v3.4.0-rc.4-linux-arm64.tar.gz"
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能:挂载目录。
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
src | 挂载IP及目录 |
path | 挂载的路径 |
fstype | 挂载的类型 |
opts | |
state | 挂载的状态 |
参数 | 解释 |
---|---|
present | 开机挂载,仅将挂载配置写入/etc/fstab |
mounted | 挂载设备,并将配置写入/etc/fstab |
unmounted | 卸载设备,不会清除/etc/fstab写入的配置 |
absent | 卸载设备,会清理/etc/fstab写入的配置 |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web02 -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.7:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=present"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web02 -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.7:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=mounted"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web02 -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.7:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=unmounted"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web02 -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.7:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=absent"Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
功能: setup 模块来收集主机的系统信息,这些 facts 信息可以直接以变量的形式使用,但是如果主机较多,会影响执行速度,可以使用 gather_facts: no 来禁止 Ansible 收集 facts 信息。
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_nodename"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_hostname"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_domain"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memtotal_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memory_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memfree_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_os_family"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_major_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_processor_vcpus"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_all_ipv4_addresses"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_architecture"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_processor*"Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
playbooks是 一个不同于使用Ansible命令行执行方式的模式,其功能更强大灵活。简单来说,playbook是一个非常简单的配置管理和多主机部署系统,不同于任何已经存在的模式,可作为一个适合部署复杂应用程序的基础。Playbook可以定制配置,可以按照指定的操作步骤有序执行,支持同步和异步方式。值得注意的是playbook是通过YAML格式来进行描述定义的。
playbook使用yml标记语言,这是一种标记语言,这种标记语言在文件的最开始需要使用三个“-”来说明文件开始,然后使用缩进来说明代码块的范围。下面通过一个简易的实例,来说明playbook的语法。
YAML 官方网站:http://www.yaml.org
--- #标记文件的开始
- hosts: webservers #指定该playbook在哪个服务器上执行
vars: #表示下面是定义的变量,
http_port: 80 #变量的形式,key: value,这里http_port是变量名,80是值
max_clients: 200
remote_user: root #指定远程的用户名,这里缩进和vars保持了一致,说明变量的代码块已经结束。
tasks: #下面构成playbook的tasks,每个task都有 - name: 开始,name指定该任务的名称。
- name: ensure apache is at the latest version #指定该任务的名称。
yum: pkg=httpd state=latest #yum说明要是用的模板名称,后面指定对应的参数,这两行结合起来就相当于一个shell命令。
- name: write the apache config file #每个task之间可以使用空行来做区分。
template: src=/srv/httpd.j2 dest=/etc/httpd.conf #需要说明的是缩进的意义和python中缩进的意义是一样,是来区分代码块的。Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
- YAML的可读性好
- YAML和脚本语言的交互性好
- YAML使用实现语言的数据类型
- YAML有一个一致的信息模型
- YAML易于实现
- YAML可以基于流来处理
- YAML表达能力强,扩展性好
### [YAML语法简介](http://192.168.13.73:3000/#/file/Playbook?id=yaml语法简介)
- 在单一文件第一行,用连续三个连字号"-" 开始,还有选择性的连续三个点号( ... )用来表示文件的结尾
- 次行开始正常写Playbook的内容,一般建议写明该Playbook的功能
- 使用#号注释代码
- 缩进必须是统一的,不能空格和tab混用
- 缩进的级别也必须是一致的,同样的缩进代表同样的级别,程序判别配置的级别是通过缩进结合换行来实现的
- YAML文件内容是区别大小写的,key/value的值均需大小写敏感
- 多个key/value可同行写也可换行写,同行使用,分隔
- key后面冒号要加一个空格 比如: key: value
- value可是个字符串,也可是另一个列表
- YAML文件扩展名通常为yml或yaml
YAML 支持以下常用几种数据类型:
- 标量:单个的、不可再分的值
- 对象:键值对的集合,又称为映射(mapping)/ 哈希(hashes) / 字典(dictionary)
- 数组:一组按次序排列的值,又称为序列(sequence) / 列表(list)
不可在分的量。包括字符串,布尔值,整数,浮点数,Null,时间,日期。
key对应value
name: chenyangCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
字典由多个key与value构成,key和value之间用 :分隔, 并且 : 后面有一个空格,所有k/v可以放在一行,或者每个 k/v 分别放在不同行。
account:
name: chenyang
age: 30Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
列表由多个元素组成,每个元素放在不同行,且元素前均使用"-"打头,并且 - 后有一个空格, 或者将所有元素用 [ ] 括起来放在同一行。
course:
- linux: centos
- golang: gin
- python: djangoCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
- XML:Extensible Markup Language,可扩展标记语言,可用于数据交换和配置
- JSON:JavaScript Object Notation, JavaScript 对象表记法,主要用来数据交换或配置,不支持注释
- YAML:YAML Ain’t Markup Language YAML 不是一种标记语言, 主要用来配置,大小写敏感,不支持tab
可以用工具互相转换,参考网站:
https://www.json2yaml.com/
http://www.bejson.com/json/json2yaml/
一个playbook 中由列表组成,其中所用到的常见组件类型如下:
- Hosts 执行的远程主机列表
- Tasks 任务集,由多个task的元素组成的列表实现,每个task是一个字典,一个完整的代码块功能需最少元素需包括 name 和 task,一个name只能包括一个task
- Variables 内置变量或自定义变量在playbook中调用
- Templates 模板,可替换模板文件中的变量并实现一些简单逻辑的文件
- Handlers 和 notify 结合使用,由特定条件触发的操作,满足条件方才执行,否则不执行
- tags 标签 指定某条任务执行,用于选择运行playbook中的部分代码。ansible具有幂等性,因此会自动跳过没有变化的部分,即便如此,有些代码为测试其确实没有发生变化的时间依然会非常地长。此时,如果确信其没有变化,就可以通过tags跳过此些代码片断
Hosts:playbook中的每一个play的目的都是为了让特定主机以某个指定的用户身份执行任务。hosts用于指定要执行指定任务的主机,须事先定义在主机清单中。
one.example.com
one.example.com:two.example.com
192.168.1.50
192.168.1.*
public:private #或者,两个组的并集
public:&private #与,两个组的交集
public:!private #在public组,但不在private组Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
- hosts: public:!privateCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
remote_user: 可用于Host和task中。也可以通过指定其通过sudo的方式在远程主机上执行任务,其可用于play全局或某任务;此外,甚至可以在sudo时使用sudo_user指定sudo时切换的用户。
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no #不收集对应主机的信息,这样运行会快点。
tasks:
- name: test connection
ping:
remote_user: chenyang
sudo: yes #默认sudo为root
sudo_user: shanhe #sudo为shanheCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
playbook的主体部分是task list,task list中有一个或多个task,各个task 按次序逐个在hosts中指定的所有主机上执行,即在所有主机上完成第一个task后,再开始第二个task。
task的目的是使用指定的参数执行模块,而在模块参数中可以使用变量。模块执行是幂等的,这意味着多次执行是安全的,因为其结果均一致。
每个task都应该有其name,用于playbook的执行结果输出,建议其内容能清晰地描述任务执行步骤。
如果未提供name,则action的结果将用于输出
---
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: install httpd
yum: name=httpd
- name: start httpd
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yesCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
格式
ansible-playbook <filename.yml> ... [options]Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
常见选项
--syntax-check #语法检查
-C --check #只检测可能会发生的改变,但不真正执行操作
--list-hosts #列出运行任务的主机
--list-tags #列出tag
--list-tasks #列出task
--tags # 只run 一个tag
--skip-tags # 跳过某个task
--limit 主机列表 #只针对主机列表中的特定主机执行
-v -vv -vvv #显示过程Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat hello.yaml
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: hello world
command: echo "Hello Chenyang"
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-playbook hello.yaml
PLAY [public] ************************************************************************************************
TASK [hello world] *******************************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************
106.13.81.75 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-playbook -v hello.yaml
Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file
PLAY [public] ************************************************************************************************
TASK [hello world] *******************************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75] => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": true, "cmd": ["echo", "Hello Chenyang"], "delta": "0:00:00.022512", "end": "2021-05-21 10:33:43.493102", "rc": 0, "start": "2021-05-21 10:33:43.470590", "stderr": "", "stderr_lines": [], "stdout": "Hello Chenyang", "stdout_lines": ["Hello Chenyang"]}
PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************
106.13.81.75 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# cat mysql.yaml
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Create Group
group: name=mysql system=yes gid=666
- name: Create User
user: name=mysql shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes group=mysql uid=666 home=/home/mysql create_home=no
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-playbook mysql.yaml
PLAY [public] ************************************************************************************************
TASK [Create Group] ******************************************************************************************
ok: [106.13.81.75]
TASK [Create User] *******************************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************
106.13.81.75 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Create Group
group: name=nginx system=yes gid=666
- name: Create User
user: name=nginx shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes group=nginx uid=666 home=/home/nginx create_home=no
- name: Install nginx
yum: name=nginx state=present
- name: Start Nginx
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yesCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
# 安装httpd
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Create Group
group: name=www system=yes gid=777
- name: Create User
user: name=www shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes group=www uid=777 home=/home/www create_home=no
- name: Install nginx
yum: name=httpd state=present
- name: Start Nginx
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
# 卸载httpd
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: remove httpd package
yum: name=httpd state=absent
- name: remove apache user
user: name=www state=absent
- name: remove config file
file: name=/etc/httpd state=absent
- name: remove web html
file: name=/var/html/ state=absent
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
Handlers本质是task list ,类似于MySQL中的触发器触发的行为,其中的task与前述的task并没有本质上的不同,主要用于当关注的资源发生变化时,才会采取一定的操作。而Notify对应的action可用于在每个play的最后被触发,这样可避免多次有改变发生时每次都执行指定的操作,仅在所有的变化发生完成后一次性地执行指定操作。在notify中列出的操作称为handler,也即notify中调用handler中定义的操作。
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Install httpd
yum: name=httpd state=present
- name: Install configure file
copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/
notify: restart httpd
- name: ensure apache is running
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
[root@instance-gvpb80ao ~]# ansible-playbook test.yaml
PLAY [public] ************************************************************************************************
TASK [Install httpd] *****************************************************************************************
ok: [106.13.81.75]
TASK [Install configure file] ********************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
TASK [ensure apache is running] ******************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
RUNNING HANDLER [restart httpd] ******************************************************************************
changed: [106.13.81.75]
PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************
106.13.81.75 : ok=4 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
在playbook文件中,可以利用tags组件,为特定 task 指定标签,当在执行playbook时,可以只执行特定tags的task,而非整个playbook文件。
- hosts: public
remote_user: root
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: Install httpd
yum: name=httpd state=present
tags: install
- name: Install configure file
copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/
notify: restart httpd
- name: ensure apache is running
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
ansible-playbook –t install httpd.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
变量名:仅能由字母、数字和下划线组成,且只能以字母开头。
[root@m01 project1]# cat p2.yml
- hosts: webservers
vars:
- web_package: httpd
- ftp_package: vsftpd
tasks:
- name: Installed Packages
yum:
name:
- "{{ web_package }}"
- "{{ ftp_package }}"
state: presentCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@m01 project1]# cat vars.yml
web_package: httpd
ftp_package: vsftpd
[root@m01 project1]# cat p2.yml
- hosts: webservers
vars_files: ./vars.yml
tasks:
- name: Installed Packages
yum:
name:
- "{{ web_package }}"
- "{{ ftp_package }}"
state: present
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@m01 project1]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
web01 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.7
web02 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.8
[webservers:vars]
filename=group_vars
[root@m01 project1]# cat p3.yml
- hosts: webservers
tasks:
- name: Create File
file: path=/tmp/{{ filename }} state=touchCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
group_vars目录下必须存放和inventory清单文件中定义的组名一致,如下
[root@m01 project1]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
web01 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.7
web02 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.8
[root@m01 project1]# cat group_vars/webservers
web_package: httpd
ftp_package: vsftpd
# 注意:系统提供了特殊的组,all,也就说在group_vars目录下创建一个all文件,定义变量对所有的主机都生效
[root@m01 project1]# cat host_vars/web01
web_package: zlib-static
ftp_package: zmap
[root@m01 project1]# cat group_vars/webservers
web_package: httpd
ftp_package: vsftpd
[root@m01 project1]# cat p4.yml
- hosts: webservers
tasks:
- name: Installed Packages
yum:
name:
- "{{ web_package }}"
- "{{ ftp_package }}"
state: present
[root@m01 project1]# ansible-playbook p4.yml
PLAY [webservers] ********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ***************************************************************************************************
ok: [web02]
ok: [web01]
TASK [Installed Packages] ************************************************************************************************
ok: [web02]
changed: [web01]
PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************************
web01 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web02 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
令行直接指定变量所覆盖。使用--extra-vars或-e设定变量。
[root@m01 project1]# ansible-playbook p4.yml -e "web_package=zarafa-devel" -e "ftp_package=zarafa-utils"Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
命令行变量—>play中的vars_files—>play中的vars变量–>host_vars中定义的变量—>group_vars/组—>group_vars/all
[root@m01 project1]# cat p5.yml
- hosts: webservers
# vars:
# filename: play_vars
# vars_files:
# - ./vars.yml
tasks:
- name: Create
shell: mkdir -pv /tmp/{{ filename }}
register: mk_test
- name: debug
debug: msg={{ mk_test }}
Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
上一篇
模板是一个文本文件,可以做为生成文件的模版,并且模板文件中还可嵌套jinja语法。
官方网站:
http://jinja.pocoo.org/
https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/2.11.x/
jinja2 语言支持多种数据类型和操作:
- 字符串:使用单引号或双引号,
- 数字:整数,浮点数
- 列表:[item1, item2, ...]
- 元组:(item1, item2, ...)
- 字典:{key1:value1, key2:value2, ...}
- 布尔型:true/false
- 算术运算:+, -, *, /, //, %, **
- 比较操作:==, !=, >, >=, <, <=
- 逻辑运算:and,or,not
- 流表达式:For,If,When
### [template](http://192.168.13.73:3000/#/file/Playbook2?id=template)
>template功能:可以根据和参考模块文件,动态生成相类似的配置文件,template文件必须存放于templates目录下,且命名为 .j2 结尾,yaml/yml 文件需和templates目录平级,目录结构如下示例:
```bash
./
├── temnginx.yml
└── templates
└── nginx.conf.j2Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
范例:利用template 同步nginx配置文件
#准备templates/nginx.conf.j2文件
[root@ansible ~]#vim temnginx.yml
---
- hosts: web
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: template config to remote hosts
template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
[root@ansible ~]#ansible-playbook temnginx.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
#修改文件nginx.conf.j2
[root@ansible ~]#mkdir templates
[root@ansible ~]#vim templates/nginx.conf.j2
......
worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus }};
......
[root@ansible ~]#vim temnginx2.yml
---
- hosts: web
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx
yum: name=nginx
- name: template config to remote hosts
template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
- name: start service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
[root@ansible ~]#ansible-playbook temnginx2.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
ansible_all_ipv4_addresses:仅显示ipv4的信息
ansible_devices:仅显示磁盘设备信息
ansible_distribution:显示是什么系统,例:centos,suse等
ansible_distribution_version:仅显示系统版本
ansible_machine:显示系统类型,例:32位,还是64位
ansible_eth0:仅显示eth0的信息
ansible_hostname:仅显示主机名
ansible_kernel:仅显示内核版本
ansible_lvm:显示lvm相关信息
ansible_memtotal_mb:显示系统总内存
ansible_memfree_mb:显示可用系统内存
ansible_memory_mb:详细显示内存情况
ansible_swaptotal_mb:显示总的swap内存
ansible_swapfree_mb:显示swap内存的可用内存
ansible_mounts:显示系统磁盘挂载情况
ansible_processor:显示cpu个数(具体显示每个cpu的型号)
ansible_processor_vcpus:显示cpu个数(只显示总的个数)
ansible_python_version:显示python版本Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@ansible ansible]#vim templates/nginx.conf.j2
worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus**3 }};
[root@ansible ansible]#cat templnginx.yml
---
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx
yum: name=nginx
- name: template config to remote hosts
template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
notify: restart nginx
- name: start service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
service: name=nginx state=restarted
[root@ansible ~]#-playbook templnginx.yml --limit 10.0.0.8Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
template中也可以使用流程控制 for 循环和 if 条件判断,实现动态生成文件功能
#temlnginx2.yml
---
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars:
nginx_vhosts:
- 81
- 82
- 83
tasks:
- name: template config
template: src=nginx.conf2.j2 dest=/data/nginx.conf
#templates/nginx.conf2.j2
{% for vhost in nginx_vhosts %}
server {
listen {{ vhost }}
}
{% endfor %}
ansible-playbook -C templnginx2.yml --limit 192.168.15.8
#生成的结果:
server {
listen 81
}
server {
listen 82
}
server {
listen 83
}
#templnginx4.yml
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars:
nginx_vhosts:
- listen: 8080
server_name: "web1.oldboy.com"
root: "/var/www/nginx/web1/"
- listen: 8081
server_name: "web2.oldboy.com"
root: "/var/www/nginx/web2/"
- {listen: 8082, server_name: "web3.oldboy.com", root:
"/var/www/nginx/web3/"}
tasks:
- name: template config
template: src=nginx.conf4.j2 dest=/data/nginx4.conf
# templates/nginx.conf4.j2
{% for vhost in nginx_vhosts %}
server {
listen {{ vhost.listen }}
server_name {{ vhost.server_name }}
root {{ vhost.root }}
}{% endfor %}
[root@ansible ~]#ansible-playbook templnginx4.yml --limit 10.0.0.8
#生成结果:
server {
listen 8080
server_name web1.oldboy.com
root /var/www/nginx/web1/
}
server {
listen 8081
server_name web2.oldboy.com
root /var/www/nginx/web2/
}
server {
listen 8082
server_name web3.oldboy.com
root /var/www/nginx/web3/
}Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
when语句,可以实现条件测试。如果需要根据变量、facts或此前任务的执行结果来做为某task执行与否的前提时要用到条件测试,通过在task后添加when子句即可使用条件测试,jinja2的语法格式。
tasks:
- name: "shut down CentOS 6 and Debian 7 systems"
command: /sbin/shutdown -t now
when: (ansible_facts['distribution'] == "CentOS" and ansible_facts['distribution_major_version'] == "6") or (ansible_facts['distribution'] == "Debian" and ansible_facts['distribution_major_version'] == "7")Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
迭代:当有需要重复性执行的任务时,可以使用迭代机制对迭代项的引用,固定内置变量名为"item",要在task中使用with_items给定要迭代的元素列表
注意: ansible2.5版本后,可以用loop代替with_items
---
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: add several users
user: name={{ item }} state=present groups=wheel
with_items:
- testuser1
- testuser2
- testuser3
#上面语句的功能等同于下面的语句
- name: add several users
user: name=testuser1 state=present groups=wheel
- name: add several users
user: name=testuser2 state=present groups=wheel
- name: add several users
user: name=testuser3 state=present groups=wheel
---
#remove mariadb server
- hosts: 172.16.1.7
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: stop service
shell: /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
- name: delete files and dir
file: path={{item}} state=absent
with_items:
- /usr/local/mysql
- /usr/local/mariadb-10.2.27-linux-x86_64
- /etc/init.d/mysqld
- /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
- /etc/my.cnf
- /data/mysql
- name: delete user
user: name=mysql state=absent remove=yesCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
**迭代嵌套子变量:**在迭代中,还可以嵌套子变量,关联多个变量在一起使用
---
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: add some groups
group: name={{ item }} state=present
with_items:
- nginx
- mysql
- apache
- name: add some users
user: name={{ item.name }} group={{ item.group }} state=present
with_items:
- { name: 'nginx', group: 'nginx' }
- { name: 'mysql', group: 'mysql' }
- { name: 'apache', group: 'apache' }Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
默认情况下,Ansible将尝试并行管理playbook中所有的机器。对于滚动更新用例,可以使用serial关键字定义Ansible一次应管理多少主机,还可以将serial关键字指定为百分比,表示每次并行执行的主机数占总数的比例
#vim test_serial.yml
---
- hosts: all
serial: 2 #每次只同时处理2个主机,将所有task执行完成后,再选下2个主机再执行所有task,直至所有主机
gather_facts: False
tasks:
- name: task one
comand: hostname
- name: task two
command: hostname
# 案例2:
- name: test serail
hosts: all
serial: "20%" #每次只同时处理20%的主机Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
角色是ansible自1.2版本引入的新特性,用于层次性、结构化地组织playbook。roles能够根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件、tasks以及handlers等。要使用roles只需要在playbook中使用include指令即可。简单来讲,roles就是通过分别将变量、文件、任务、模板及处理器放置于单独的目录中,并可以便捷地include它们的一种机制。角色一般用于基于主机构建服务的场景中,但也可以是用于构建守护进程等场景中
#运维复杂的场景:建议使用 roles,代码复用度高
roles:多个角色的集合目录, 可以将多个的role,分别放至roles目录下的独立子目录中,如下示例
roles/
mysql/
nginx/
tomcat/
redis/Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
/root/.ansible/roles
/usr/share/ansible/roles
/etc/ansible/rolesCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
├── nginx -------------role1名称
│ ├── defaults ---------必须存在的目录,存放默认的变量,模板文件中的变量就是引用自这里。defaults中的变量优先级最低,通常我们可以临时指定变量来进行覆盖
│ │ └── main.yml
│ ├── files -------------ansible中unarchive、copy等模块会自动来这里找文件,从而我们不必写绝对路径,只需写文件名
│ │ ├── mysql.tar.gz
│ │ └── nginx.tar.gz
│ ├── handlers -----------存放tasks中的notify指定的内容
│ │ └── main.yml
│ ├── meta
│ ├── tasks --------------存放playbook的目录,其中main.yml是主入口文件,在main.yml中导入其他yml文件,要采用import_tasks关键字,include要弃用了
│ │ ├── install.yml
│ │ └── main.yml -------主入口文件
│ ├── templates ----------存放模板文件。template模块会将模板文件中的变量替换为实际值,然后覆盖到客户机指定路径上
│ │ └── nginx.conf.j2
│ └── varsCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
- files/ :存放由copy或script模块等调用的文件
- templates/:template模块查找所需要模板文件的目录
- tasks/:定义task,role的基本元素,至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件;其它的文件需要在此文件中通过include进行包含
- handlers/:至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件;此目录下的其它的文件需要在此文件中通过
- include进行包含
- vars/:定义变量,至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件;此目录下的其它的变量文件需要在此文件中通过include进行包含
- meta/:定义当前角色的特殊设定及其依赖关系,至少应该包含一个名为main.yml的文件,其它文件需在此文件中通过include进行包含
- default/:设定默认变量时使用此目录中的main.yml文件,比vars的优先级低
创建role的步骤
1 创建以roles命名的目录
2 在roles目录中分别创建以各角色名称命名的目录,如mysql等
3 在每个角色命名的目录中分别创建files、handlers、tasks、templates和vars等目录;用不到的目录可以创建为空目录,也可以不创建
4 在每个角色相关的子目录中创建相应的文件,如 tasks/main.yml,templates/nginx.conf.j2
5 在playbook文件中,调用需要的角色Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
# 范例
nginx-role.yml
roles/
└── nginx
├── files
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── groupadd.yml
│ ├── install.yml
│ ├── main.yml
│ ├── restart.yml
│ └── useradd.yml
└── vars
└── main.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
---
- hosts: web
remote_user: root
roles:
- mysql
- memcached
- nginx Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
roles:
- mysql
- { role: nginx, username: nginx }Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
roles:
- { role: nginx, username: nginx, when: ansible_distribution_major_version == '7' }Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
---
- hosts: appsrvs
remote_user: root
roles:
- { role: nginx ,tags: [ 'nginx', 'web' ] ,when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6" }
- { role: httpd ,tags: [ 'httpd', 'web' ] }
- { role: mysql ,tags: [ 'mysql', 'db' ] }
- { role: mariadb ,tags: [ 'mariadb', 'db' ] }Copy to clipboardErrorCopied
#创建角色相关的目录
[root@ansible ~]#mkdir -pv /data/ansible/roles/httpd/{tasks,handlers,files}
#创建角色相关的文件
[root@ansible ~]#cd /data/ansible/roles/httpd/
#main.yml 是task的入口文件
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/main.yml
- include: group.yml
- include: user.yml
- include: install.yml
- include: config.yml
- include: index.yml
- include: service.yml
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/group.yml
- name: create apache group
group: name=apache system=yes gid=80
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/user.yml
- name: create apache user
user: name=apache system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin home=/var/www/ uid=80 group=apache
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/install.yml
- name: install httpd package
yum: name=httpd
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/config.yml
- name: config file
copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ backup=yes
notify: restart
[root@ansible ~]# tasks/index.yml
- name: index.html
copy: src=index.html dest=/var/www/html/
[root@ansible ~]#vim tasks/service.yml
- name: start service
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
[root@ansible ~]#vim handlers/main.yml
- name: restart
service: name=httpd state=restarted
#在files目录下准备两个文件
[root@ansible ~]#ls files/
httpd.conf index.html
[root@ansible ~]#tree /data/ansible/roles/httpd/
/data/ansible/roles/httpd/
├── files
│ ├── httpd.conf
│ └── index.html
├── handlers
│ └── main.yml
└── tasks
├── config.yml
├── group.yml
├── index.yml
├── install.yml
├── main.yml
├── service.yml
└── user.yml
3 directories, 10 files
#在playbook中调用角色
[root@ansible ~]#vim /data/ansible/role_httpd.yml
---
# httpd role
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
#运行playbook
[root@ansible ~]#ansible-playbook /data/ansible/role_httpd.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied
[root@ansible ~]#mkdir -pv /data/ansible/roles/nginx/{tasks,handlers,templates,vars}
#创建task文件
[root@ansible ~]#cd /data/ansible/roles/nginx/
[root@ansible nginx]#vim tasks/main.yml
- include: install.yml
- include: config.yml
- include: index.yml
- include: service.yml
[root@ansible nginx]#vim tasks/install.yml
- name: install
yum: name=nginx
[root@ansible nginx]#vim tasks/config.yml
- name: config file for centos7
template: src=nginx7.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
when: ansible_distribution_major_version=="7"
notify: restart
- name: config file for centos8
template: src=nginx8.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
when: ansible_distribution_major_version=="8"
notify: restart
#跨角色调用文件
[root@ansible nginx]#vim tasks/index.yml
- name: index.html
copy: src=roles/httpd/files/index.html dest=/usr/share/nginx/html/
[root@ansible nginx]#vim tasks/service.yml
- name: start service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
#创建handler文件
[root@ansible nginx]#cat handlers/main.yml
- name: restart
service: name=nginx state=restarted
#创建两个template文件
[root@ansible nginx]#cat templates/nginx7.conf.j2
...省略...
user {{user}};
worker_processes {{ansible_processor_vcpus+3}}; #修改此行
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
...省略...
[root@ansible nginx]#cat templates/nginx8.conf.j2
...省略...
user nginx;
worker_processes {{ansible_processor_vcpus**3}}; #修改此行
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
...省略...
#创建变量文件
[root@ansible nginx]#vim vars/main.yml
user: daemon
#目录结构如下
[root@ansible ~]#tree /data/ansible/roles/nginx/
/data/ansible/roles/nginx/
├── handlers
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── config.yml
│ ├── file.yml
│ ├── install.yml
│ ├── main.yml
│ └── service.yml
├── templates
│ ├── nginx7.conf.j2
│ └── nginx8.conf.j2
└── vars
└── main.yml
4 directories, 9 files
#在playbook中调用角色
[root@ansible ~]#vim /data/ansible/role_nginx.yml
---
#nginx role
- hosts: web
roles:
- role: nginx
#运行playbook
[root@ansible ~]#ansible-playbook /data/ansible/role_nginx.ymlCopy to clipboardErrorCopied