浅拷贝与深拷贝:
浅拷贝: 仅仅把对象的引用进行拷贝,但是拷贝对象和源对象还是引用同一份实体。此时,其中一个的成员对象的改变都会影响到另一个的成员对象。
深拷贝:指的是拷贝一个对象时,不仅仅把对象的引用进行拷贝,还把该对象引用的值也一起拷贝。这样进行深拷贝后的副本对象就和源对象互相独立,其中任何一个的成员对象改动都不会对另外一个成员对象造成影响。
C#实现浅拷贝:调用MemberwiseClone方法,创建一个新的对象,然后复制当前对象的非静态字段的新对象创建一个浅表副本。
C#深拷贝的有三种实现:反射、序列化和表达式树。
一、当要拷贝的类没有互相引用时
反射实现:
// 利用反射实现深拷贝
public static T DeepCopyWithReflection(T obj)
{
Type type = obj.GetType();
// 如果是字符串或值类型则直接返回
if (obj is string || type.IsValueType) return obj;
// 如果是数组
if (type.IsArray)
{
Type elementType = Type.GetType(type.FullName.Replace("[]", string.Empty));
var array = obj as Array;
Array copied = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, array.Length);
for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
{
copied.SetValue(DeepCopyWithReflection(array.GetValue(i)), i);
}
return (T)Convert.ChangeType(copied, obj.GetType());
}
object retval = Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());
PropertyInfo[] properties = obj.GetType().GetProperties(
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic
| BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
foreach (var property in properties)
{
var propertyValue = property.GetValue(obj, null);
if (propertyValue == null)
continue;
property.SetValue(retval, DeepCopyWithReflection(propertyValue), null);
}
return (T)retval;
}
序列化实现:分为xml序列化和二进制序列化,json(没有C#内部实现,需要引用外部的包)等
// 利用XML序列化和反序列化实现
public static T DeepCopyWithXmlSerializer(T obj)
{
object retval;
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
{
XmlSerializer xml = new XmlSerializer(typeof(T));
xml.Serialize(ms, obj);
ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
retval = xml.Deserialize(ms);
ms.Close();
}
return (T)retval;
}
// 利用二进制序列化和反序列实现
public static T DeepCopyWithBinarySerialize(T obj)
{
object retval;
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
{
BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter();
// 序列化成流
bf.Serialize(ms, obj);
ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// 反序列化成对象
retval = bf.Deserialize(ms);
ms.Close();
}
return (T)retval;
}
表达式树实现:
表达式可以是一个参数(如参数x),一个常数(如常数5),一个加运算(如x+5)等等,可以把几个小的表达式组装在一起成为大的表达式,例如:(x+5)-(++y)。对于这样一个表达式可以用一棵树来表示,如下:
这就是表达式树,表达式树本身也是一个表达式(大的表达式)。一个表达式也是一棵表达式树,可以说它是一棵小的表达式树。可以把表达式树和表达式认为是一个东西,C#中都用Expression类表示。
表达式树的创建
一、Lambda表达式方法
表达式可以通过Lambda表示创建Expression
Expression
这种方法创建出的表达式根节点类型为ExpressionType.Lambda,Type类型为返回值类型typeof(bool)。
二、组装法
另一种创建表示的方式是通过Expression类的静态函数“组装”表达式如下:
ParameterExpression p1 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int),"x");
ParameterExpression p2 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int),"y");
BinaryExpression expr =Expression.GreaterThan(p1, p2);
我们先创建了两个参数表达式x, y然后用GreaterThan组装在一起,最终的表达式为“x>y”,expr的节点类型为LessThan,Type类型为typeof(bool)
Expression类中有我们所需要所有“组装”表达式的用的静态函数,我们不能直接用new的方法去创建表达式节点,表达式所有的节点需要用Expression类中的静态函数创建。
// 表达式树实现
public class DeepCopyExp
{
private static readonly Func Cache = GetExp();
private static Func GetExp()
{
ParameterExpression expression = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TIn), "p");
List member = new List();
foreach (var item in typeof(TOut).GetProperties())
{
if (!item.CanWrite)
continue;
MemberExpression property = Expression.Property(expression, typeof(TIn).GetProperty(item.Name));
MemberBinding memberBinding = Expression.Bind(item, property);
member.Add(memberBinding);
}
MemberInitExpression memberInitExpression =
Expression.MemberInit(Expression.New(typeof(TOut)), member.ToArray());
Expression> lambda =
Expression.Lambda>(memberInitExpression, new[] { expression });
return lambda.Compile();
}
public static TOut Copy(TIn tIn)
{
return Cache(tIn);
}
}
小结:
调用一百万次的时间排序:表达式树最快,反射次之,序列化最慢。
二、当要拷贝的类有互相引用时
经过测试,只有经过修改的反射实现和二进制序列化,可以保证对象引用的正确性。当要拷贝的类有互相引用时,xml序列化会直接报错。表达式树,处理互相引用的类也会有问题,可能表达式树的代码也需要相应修改才可以。
反射实现:用一个字典来存放每个对象的反射次数来避免反射代码的循环递归
public class DeepCopyHelper
{
// 用一个字典来存放每个对象的反射次数来避免反射代码的循环递归
static Dictionary typereflectionCountDic = new Dictionary();
static object DeepCopyDemoClasstypeRef = null;
// 利用反射实现深拷贝
public static T DeepCopyWithReflection(T obj)
{
Type type = obj.GetType();
// 如果是字符串或值类型则直接返回
if (obj is string || type.IsValueType) return obj;
// 如果是数组
if (type.IsArray)
{
Type elementType = Type.GetType(type.FullName.Replace("[]", string.Empty));
var array = obj as Array;
Array copied = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, array.Length);
for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
{
copied.SetValue(DeepCopyWithReflection(array.GetValue(i)), i);
}
return (T)Convert.ChangeType(copied, obj.GetType());
}
object retval = Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());
PropertyInfo[] properties = obj.GetType().GetProperties(
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic
| BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
foreach (var property in properties)
{
var propertyValue = property.GetValue(obj, null);
if (propertyValue == null)
continue;
property.SetValue(retval, DeepCopyWithReflection(propertyValue), null);
}
return (T)retval;
}
public static T DeepCopyWithReflection_Second(T obj)
{
Type type = obj.GetType();
// 如果是字符串或值类型则直接返回
if (obj is string || type.IsValueType) return obj;
// 如果是数组
if (type.IsArray)
{
Type elementType = Type.GetType(type.FullName.Replace("[]", string.Empty));
var array = obj as Array;
Array copied = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, array.Length);
for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
{
copied.SetValue(DeepCopyWithReflection(array.GetValue(i)), i);
}
return (T)Convert.ChangeType(copied, obj.GetType());
}
int reflectionCount = Add(typereflectionCountDic, obj.GetType());
if (reflectionCount > 1 && obj.GetType() == typeof(DeepCopyDemoClass))
return (T)DeepCopyDemoClasstypeRef; // 返回deepCopyClassB对象
object retval = Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());
if (retval.GetType() == typeof(DeepCopyDemoClass))
DeepCopyDemoClasstypeRef = retval; // 保存一开始创建的DeepCopyDemoClass对象
PropertyInfo[] properties = obj.GetType().GetProperties(
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic
| BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
foreach (var property in properties)
{
var propertyValue = property.GetValue(obj, null);
if (propertyValue == null)
continue;
property.SetValue(retval, DeepCopyWithReflection_Second(propertyValue), null);
}
return (T)retval;
}
private static int Add(Dictionary dict, Type key)
{
if (key.Equals(typeof(String)) || key.IsValueType) return 0;
if (!dict.ContainsKey(key))
{
dict.Add(key, 1);
return dict[key];
}
dict[key] += 1;
return dict[key];
}
}
Main方法:调用代码以及测试的类
using System;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DeepCopyDemoClass deepCopyClassA = new DeepCopyDemoClass();
deepCopyClassA.Name = "DeepCopyClassDemo";
deepCopyClassA.pIntArray = new int[] { 1, 2 };
deepCopyClassA.DemoEnum = DemoEnum.EnumA;
deepCopyClassA.Address = new Address() { City = "Shanghai" };
deepCopyClassA.TestB = new TestB() { Property1 = "TestProperty", DeepCopyClass = deepCopyClassA };
// 使用反射来完成深拷贝
//DeepCopyDemoClass deepCopyClassB = DeepCopyHelper.DeepCopyWithBinarySerialize(deepCopyClassA);
DeepCopyDemoClass deepCopyClassB = DeepCopyHelper.DeepCopyWithReflection_Second(deepCopyClassA);
//DeepCopyDemoClass deepCopyClassB = DeepCopyExp.Copy(deepCopyClassA);
//DeepCopyDemoClass deepCopyClassB = DeepCopyHelper.DeepCopyWithXmlSerializer(deepCopyClassA);
deepCopyClassB.id = 1;
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" id->[A: {0}] [B: {1}]", deepCopyClassA.id, deepCopyClassB.id));
deepCopyClassB.Name = "DeepCopyClassDemoB";
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" Name->[A:{0}] [B:{1}]", deepCopyClassA.Name, deepCopyClassB.Name));
deepCopyClassB.pIntArray[0] = 2;
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" intArray->[A:{0}] [B:{1}]", deepCopyClassA.pIntArray[0], deepCopyClassB.pIntArray[0]));
deepCopyClassB.Address = new Address() { City = "Beijing" };
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" Addressstruct->[A: {0}] [B: {1}]", deepCopyClassA.Address.City, deepCopyClassB.Address.City));
deepCopyClassB.DemoEnum = DemoEnum.EnumB;
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" DemoEnum->[A: {0}] [B: {1}]", deepCopyClassA.DemoEnum, deepCopyClassB.DemoEnum));
deepCopyClassB.TestB.Property1 = "TestPropertyB";
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" Property1->[A:{0}] [B:{1}]", deepCopyClassA.TestB.Property1, deepCopyClassB.TestB.Property1));
Console.WriteLine(string.Format(" TestB.DeepCopyClass.Name->[A:{0}] [B:{1}]", deepCopyClassA.TestB.DeepCopyClass.Name, deepCopyClassB.TestB.DeepCopyClass.Name));
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
[Serializable]
public class DeepCopyDemoClass
{
public int id;
public string Name;
public int[] pIntArray { get; set; }
public Address Address { get; set; }
public DemoEnum DemoEnum { get; set; }
// DeepCopyDemoClass中引用了TestB对象,TestB类又引用了DeepCopyDemoClass对象,从而造成了相互引用
public TestB TestB { get; set; }
}
[Serializable]
public class TestB
{
public string Property1 { get; set; }
public DeepCopyDemoClass DeepCopyClass { get; set; }
}
[Serializable]
public struct Address
{
public string City { get; set; }
}
[Serializable]
public enum DemoEnum
{
EnumA = 0,
EnumB = 1
}
}
浅拷贝:
using System;
namespace ConsoleApp2
{
class Class28
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
DeepCopyClass deepCopyClassA = new DeepCopyClass();
deepCopyClassA.Id = 10;
deepCopyClassA.DemoEnum = DemoEnum.EnumA;
deepCopyClassA.address = new Address() { City = "Shanghai" };
deepCopyClassA.Name = "DeepCopyClassDemo1";
deepCopyClassA.IntArray = new int[] { 1, 2 };
deepCopyClassA.TestB = new TestB() { Property1 = 111};
// 浅拷贝
DeepCopyClass deepCopyClassB = deepCopyClassA.Clone() as DeepCopyClass;
deepCopyClassB.Id = 1;
deepCopyClassB.DemoEnum = DemoEnum.EnumB;
// 对于引用类型,对象和副本对象引用同一个内存地址,
// 当在对象或者副本对象修改引用成员,引用类型的成员都会发生变化。
deepCopyClassB.IntArray[0] = 3;
deepCopyClassB.TestB.Property1 = 222;
Console.Write("A==B ? ");
Console.WriteLine(deepCopyClassA == deepCopyClassB);
//输出A和B对象
Console.WriteLine("----------------A--------------");
deepCopyClassA.Display();
Console.WriteLine("----------------B--------------");
deepCopyClassB.Display();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
public class DeepCopyClass : ICloneable
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int[] IntArray { get; set; }
public Address address { get; set; }
public DemoEnum DemoEnum { get; set; }
public TestB TestB { get; set; }
// 实现ICloneable接口的Clone方法
public object Clone()
{
// 调用Object的MemberwiseClone(),创建当前object的浅表副本
return MemberwiseClone() as DeepCopyClass;
}
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("id = " + Id);
Console.WriteLine("Name = " + Name);
for (int i = 0; i < IntArray.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(string.Format("IntArray[{0}] = {1}", i, IntArray[i]));
}
Console.WriteLine("Address.City = " + address.City);
Console.WriteLine("DemoEnum = " + DemoEnum);
Console.WriteLine("TestB.Property1 = " + TestB.Property1);
}
}
public class TestB
{
public int Property1 { get; set; }
}
// 值类型
public struct Address
{
public string City { get; set; }
}
// 值类型
public enum DemoEnum
{
EnumA = 0,
EnumB = 1
}
}
MSDN关于深拷贝和浅拷贝的介绍:传送门