RabbitMQ之交换机类型

一、交换机类型

在 RabbitMQ 中，交换机主要用来将生产者生产出来的消息，传送到对应的队列中，即交换机是一个消息传送的媒介，其英文被称为 exchange 。交换机在 RabbitMQ 中起着承上启下的作用。

交换机主要有四种类型：

• direct: 直连
• topic: 主题
• fanout：广播
• headers: 请求头

常用的只有前面三种：direct、topic、fanout

二、direct 交换机

所有发送到 direct 交换机的消息都被转发到RouteKey中指定的队列 queue。RouteKey必须完全匹配才会被队列接收。

RabbitMQ自带的Exchange：default Exchange就是一个 direct 类型的交换机。当生产端发送消息没有指定交换机的名称时，使用的就是该交换机。当队列名称和 routingKey 一样时，也可以不用将exchange和queue进行绑定（binding）操作。

如下代码所示：

    // 生产端：发送消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String queueName = "direct_queue";
        // 这里发布消息时，第一个参数为交换机名称，为空，则使用默认交换机 default exchange
        // 这里的第二个参数本应该是 routingKey，这里直接使用了队列名称，则就不需要再执行 exchange和queue通过 routingKey 的绑定操作了
        channel.basicPublish("", queueName, null, "didiok send a direct message".getBytes());
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }

    // 消费端：消费消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String queueName = "direct_queue";
        channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);

        QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);

        while (true) {
            QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
            System.out.println(new String(delivery.getBody()));
        }
    }

三、topic 交换机

所有发送到 topic 交换机 的消息被转发到所有 RouteKey匹配到的Queue上。这里的 routingKey 可以使用通配符进行模糊匹配：

• 符号 # 匹配一个或多个词
• 符号 * 匹配一个词

例如：“didiok.#” 能够匹配到 “didiok.hello”、“didiok.hello.world”、“didiok.hello.world.abc”等。而
“didiok.*”只会匹配到“didiok.hello”这类后面只带有一个词的。

代码如下：

    // 生产端：发送消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String exchangeName = "topic_exchange";
        String routingKey1 = "user.aa.dev";
        String routingKey2 = "user.bb";
        String routingKey3 = "user.cc";

        AMQP.BasicProperties props = new AMQP.BasicProperties().builder()
                .contentEncoding("UTF-8")
                .headers(new HashMap<>())
                .deliveryMode(2)
                .build();

        String message = "didiok send a topic_message~~~";
        channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey1, props, message.getBytes());
        channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey2, props, message.getBytes());
        channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey3, props, message.getBytes());
    }

    // 消费端一：消费消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        /**** 以下对 交换机和队列的声明和绑定 操作，最好不要再代码中执行，建议在 rabbitMQ控制台中进行操作，因为代码可能重复执行，导致出现异常 **/
        String queueName = "topic_queue1";
        String exchangeName = "topic_exchange";
        String exchangeType = "topic";
        String routingKey = "user.#";
        channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
        channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, exchangeType, false, false, null);
        channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);

        QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);

        System.err.println("consumer1 starting...");
        while (true) {
            QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
            System.out.println("消息内容：" + new String(delivery.getBody()) + ",routingKey:" + delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey());
        }
    }

    // 消费端二：消费消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        /**** 以下对 交换机和队列的声明和绑定 操作，最好不要再代码中执行，建议在 rabbitMQ控制台中进行操作，因为代码可能重复执行，导致出现问题 **/
        String queueName = "topic_queue2 ";
        String exchangeName = "topic_exchange";
        String exchangeType = "topic";
        String routingKey = "user.*";
        channel.queueDeclare(queueName,false,false,false,null);
        channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName,exchangeType,false, false,null);
        channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);

        QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
        channel.basicConsume(queueName,true, consumer);
        System.err.println("consumer2 starting...");

        while (true) {
            QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
            System.out.println("消息内容："+new String(delivery.getBody())+", routingKey:"+delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey());
        }
    }
    

消费端一可以收到生产端发的三条消息，消费端二只能收到两条消息。

四、fanout 交换机

fanout 交换机 类似于广播，不走 routingKey，所以可以不设置 routingKey，设置了也没用。只需要简单的将队列绑定在交换机上。发送到交换机上的消息都会被转发到与该交换机绑定的所有队列上。Fanout交换机转发消息是最快的，其次是 direct 交换机，topic 交换机最慢，因为需要根据匹配规则寻找队列（通配符找起来速度慢）。

示例代码如下：

    // 生产端：发送消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);


        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String exchangeName = "fanout_exchange";
        String routingKey = "";
        AMQP.BasicProperties props = new AMQP.BasicProperties().builder()
                 .headers(new HashMap<>())
                 .contentEncoding("UTF-8")
                 .deliveryMode(2)
                 .build();

        for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
            String msg = "发送消息的序号："+i;
            channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey, props, msg.getBytes());
        }
        channel.close();
        connection.close();
    }

    // 消费端一：消费消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String queueName = "fanout_queue";
        String exchangeName = "fanout_exchange";
        String routingKey = "";

        channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
        channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, "fanout", false,false,null);
        channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);

        QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);

        System.err.println("consumer1 starting...");
        while (true) {
            QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
            System.out.println("受到消息："+new String(delivery.getBody())+"，routingKey:"+delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey());
        }
    }

    // 消费端二：消费消息
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {

        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("121.43.153.00");
        factory.setPort(5672);
        factory.setVirtualHost("/");
        factory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
        factory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);

        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        String queueName = "fanout_queue2";
        String exchangeName = "fanout_exchange";
        String routingKey = "";

        channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
        channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, "fanout", false,false,null);
        channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);

        QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
        channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);

        System.err.println("consumer2 starting...");
        while (true) {
            QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
            System.out.println("受到消息："+new String(delivery.getBody())+"，routingKey:"+delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey());
        }
    }

因为交换机和队列进行了绑定，消费端一和消费端二都会收到生产端发送的消息。