四级英语语法笔记分享――虚拟语气

️最近整理了一下自己四级英语考试的笔记,想要和大家分享一下。笔记来源都是语法书,我觉得是官方的哈。欢迎大佬们的吐槽,还有大家多多一起探讨一下呀。距离四级考试只有两个月了,大家共同努力,fighting!!!(最后有的思维导图比较清晰,可以总结回顾时参考一下)




一,if条件句的一般情况

1 ,虚拟条件从句假设的情况与现在事实相反时,从句中用“if+主语+动词过去式(be动词的过去式不论人称都用were)”的结构,主句用“主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形”的结构。

例如:

If he were alive today, he would be able to tell us what to expect in the next fifty years.他要是还活着,他大概会告诉我们下一个50年后会发生什么事情。

2,虚拟条件从句假设的情况与过去事实相反时,从句中用“if+主语+had+过去分词”的结构,主句用“主语+would/should/could/might +have+过去分词”结构。

例如:

If he hadn't taken the train, he would have survived.他要是没坐上那趟火车就能活下来了。

3, 虚拟条件从句假设的情况与将来事实相反(即发生的可能性很小)时,从句中用“if+主语+were to +动词原形”或“if+主语+should+动词原形”的结构,也可以用表示与现在事实相反的条件从句结构“if+主语+动词过去式”,主句用“主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形”的结构。

例如:

If you should meet Jane tomorrow, what would you say?你要是明天见到珍妮会说什么?

注意:真实条件句与虚拟条件句在意义上的区别




️二,if条件句的特殊情况

1 省略与倒装:虚拟条件从句有时可以省略连词if,而把从句的语序倒装。

例如:

Were I in your shoes I would let him know what I thought of him.我要是你,就会让他知道我对他的看法。

2 错综时间条件句:有些虚拟语气条件从句中的谓语和主句中的谓语所表示的动作在时间上并不一致。

例如:

If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.如果当时你听了我的劝告,你现在就不会有这种麻烦。



️三,名词性从句中的虚拟语气

️1.用于宾语从句

(1)虚拟语气用于动词wish后面的宾语从句时,表示无法实现的愿望或留下的遗憾。

例如:

She wished she had married a millionaire.她真希望自己当初嫁的是百万富翁。

️ ️️️wish与if only的比较:️

if only比wish语气更强,还可将主语放在if与only之间。例如:

If you only knew how much trouble you've caused.

️wish+从句(从句用would的注意事项):

A.用于希望改变现在或将来的故意行为,也用于提出批评或表示埋怨。例如:

I wish you'd keep quiet.He is quite angry, you know.

B.当wish的主语就是宾语从句的主语时,宾语从句中应改用 could。例如:

He wish he could be(不用would be)more lively.

(2)虚拟语气用于suggest(表示“建议”), demand, insist(表示“坚决要求”), propose, order, recommend, request, ask(表示“要求”)等动词后面的宾语从句时,谓语形式用“should+动词原形”, should常可省略。

️这类句子用于被动语态时,其后的主语从句也要用虚拟语气。

例如:

It was advised that they(should)begin with the simple thing.

️insist作“坚持(认为)”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当 insist 作“坚持(应该)”解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如:

Mother insisted that she had never treated me rudely.妈妈坚持认为她从未粗暴地对待我。

We insisted that he(should)visit his sick father in hospital.我们坚持他应该去医院探望病重的父亲。

️suggest作“使人想到”或“暗示”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当 suggest 作“建议”解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气

(3)虚拟语气用于would rather, would prefer, would sooner, would just as soon后接的宾语从句时表示一种强烈的愿望(与事实相反),谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。

I would rather you did more naturally next time.但愿你下次表现得更自然一些。

I would rather she hadn't done that.但愿她没干那事。


️2.用于主语从句

(1)在“It is + necessary/important/essential/vital/desirable/advisable/urgent/natural/strange/surprising/impossible等形容词+ that引导的主语从句”句型中,从句谓语动词常用“should+动词原形””(或“should + have+过去分词”)。should一般可省略,但若that前面的形容词为strange, surprising, impossible, odd或名词为a surprise, a strange thing等词时,即从句部分表示惊讶或不可思议的意思时,常译成“竟然”,则should一般不能省略。例如:

It is unthinkable that you should agree to such an absurd proposal.无法想象你竟然会同意如此荒谬的提议。(should不能省略)

(2)在“It is+表建议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词(即suggested, required, requested, decided, ordered, advised, desired等)+that引导的主语从句”句型中,从句谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”(或“should + have+过去分词”)。should一般可省略。

️3.用于表语从句

当suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand等表示“建议、命令、要求”等的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气,用“should +动词原形”, should常可省略。例如:

His suggestion was that the source of all water supplies be examined.他的建议是,所有水源都要经过检测。

️4.用于同位语从句

在suggestion, proposal, demand, request, requirement, resolution, wish等表示“建议、要求或愿望”等名词后面,同位语从句中的谓语动词一般用虚拟语气,其谓语形式用“should+动词原形”, should常可省略。例如:

The resolution that women(should)be allowed to join the society was ratified.允许妇女加入这个协会的决议被正式批准了。



️四、if以外的某些连词引导的状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1)条件状语从句

在下列连词引导的条件状语从句中:

in case(=if), on condition(that), so long as

In case he should wake up, stay in this room.待在这个房间里,以防他醒来。

I lent money to him on condition that he should return it.我借他钱的前提是他还钱。

So long as it be fine, I will have a hiking.只要天气好,我就去远足。

️若表示可能实现或可能会发生的事,上述句子也可不用虚拟语气。由于on condition that, as long as只能用于描述现在或将来,因此不能用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中。

(2)目的状语从句

在下列连词引导的目的状语从句中:

so that, in order that, for fear(that), in case(that)

He dare not make a noise for fear that he should wake up the baby.他不敢发出声响,以免弄醒那个婴儿。

He shut himself indoors all day long so that he could avoid meeting his colleagues.他整天把自己关在家里,以免碰到他的同事。

️so that, in order that 以至于,为了……(常接 may, might, can, could,有时也接 should)。

️ for fear(that)唯恐,怕的是(可根据语气接 might, should,口语中也常用陈述语气)。

️ in case(that)以防(万一)(常接 should,口语中可用陈述语气代替虚拟语气)。

(3)让步状语从句

在下列连词引导的让步状语从句中:

whether, though, whatever

例如:

And I dare to speak up my minds, whether it be in public or in private.我敢说出我的想法,无论是公开地还是私底下地。

Whatever be his excuse, we cannot tolerate his carelessness.无论他的借口是什么,我们都不能容忍他的粗心大意。

Though a goodman may die, his spirit will not.虽然人会死,但是他的精神永存。



️五,其他一些句型中的运用

1.用在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中,表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。例如:

He treats me as if I were a stranger.他对待我的方式如同我是陌生人。

You look as though you had seen a ghost.你看起来好像刚见到鬼似的。


2.if only表示强烈的愿望,即“要是……就好了”,谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。例如:

If only I were a millionaire!要是我是个百万富翁就好了!

If only he had been there!要是他当时在那儿就好了!

3.“It is(high)time(that)...”意为“(现在)该……”,含有建议的意味。表示现在或将来,从句的谓语动词多用过去时或过去进行时态。在I/he/she/it后一般不用were,要用was。有时亦可用“should+动词原形”,但should不能省略。有时也可用could,但不能用would。例如:

It's time he was taught a lesson.到教训他一顿的时候了。

It is high time I did all I can to help make a better life for people around me.我该竭尽所能,帮助周围人创造更美好的生活。

️It's time...后不接否定句。因此“It's high time you didn't stay up.”是个错句。

4.but for或without等介词(短语)常作为暗示含蓄虚拟条件的手段,表示一种假设,相当于虚拟条件句的从句部分。表示对过去的假设时,谓语动词用“would/should/could/might + have +过去分词”;表示对现在或将来的假设时,谓语动词用“would/should/could/might +动词原形”。

例如:

But for those interruptions, the meeting would have finished half an hour ago.(=If there hadn't been those interruptions...)若不是因为几次被打岔,会议在半小时前就该结束了。

Only for your help, I should have failed.要不是你帮忙,我早就失败了。

5.虚拟语气在suppose(that), even if, what if, imagine等引导的表示假设的句子中的应用

例如:

Suppose he forced you to tell lies, what would you do?假设他强迫你说谎,你会怎样做?

Supposing your parents had been alive, how would you have felt?假设那时你父母还在世,你会感觉怎样?

Even if she were rude, you should not insult her.即使她很粗鲁,你也不该侮辱她。


6.虚拟语气在“If it were not for...”中的应用

此结构意为“如果没有……”,表示同现在事实相反的假设,主句用过去将来时。例如:

If it were not for the accident, the plan should/would succeed.

If it had not been for...意为“如果当时没有……”,表示同过去事实相反的假设,主句用过去将来完成时。例如:

If it had not been for his generous act, I would have failed in my career.

7.虚拟语气用于祝愿及某些固定表达形式(常用动词原形)。

例如:

God bless you!上帝保佑你!Heaven forbid!上天不容!

May you succeed!祝你成功!So be it!但愿如此!

【特别提示】虚拟语气用于下列特殊结构中,意为“无论”。

①“be+主语+ever so 形容词”,意为“无论怎样……”。例如:

①“be+主语+ever so 形容词”,意为“无论怎样……”。例如:

Home is home, be it ever so homely.金窝银窝,不如自己的土窝。

The girl is kind-hearted, be she ever so plain.尽管相貌平平,这个女孩却心地善良。

②“be+主语+表语A or 表语B”,意为“无论是A或B”。例如:

I will marry him, be he poor or rich.无论贫穷与富贵,我都会嫁给他。

The design is delicate, be it large or small.无论大小,设计很精美。

8.表示责备与批评

should/ought to/could/may/might+have done表示“过去应该做却未做到”,其否定式表示“过去不该做的事却做了”,是一种婉转的责备,其中should语气最强。

例如:

You are absent again.You should have been present.你又缺席了。你本应该出席。

You needn't have waited in the rain.你本不必在雨中等候的。

You might have refused to work with him.你本可以拒绝和他一起工作的。

9.表示“本打算做却未做成”

(1)hope/want/plan/mean/expect等动词的过去完成时以及这些动词的“过去式+to have done”表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算和意图。

例如:

I had meant to visit you, but I forgot your address.=I meant to have visited you, but I forgot your address.我本打算去看望你,可是把你的地址忘记了。

(2)should/would like to have done, was/were supposed to have done, had better have done, would/had rather have done等结构表示本想或本该做却没做成。例如:

I would like to have attended the lecture, but I lost my way.我本来想去听讲座的,但却迷了路。

最后,一定要区分虚拟与现实的区别!因为在现实中句子的用法不同,会混淆。所有句型使用的前提就是要在虚拟情况下。



简略思维导图版

欢迎大家留言补充!️


你可能感兴趣的:(四级英语语法笔记分享――虚拟语气)