词性(词类)Parts of Speech
英语的十大词类:动词、名词、冠词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词、叹词、连词
谓语动词的“三大本领”:
动作的发生可能在过去、现在或者将来。
动作可能处在已经完成或者正在进行的状态。
动作时间和动作状态,两者合在一起称为**“时态”**
四种时间和四种状态可以随意排列组合,理论上就会有16种时态。
动词除了充当句子的谓语动词以外的其他部分合称为“非谓语动词”,做主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、状语。
动词不定式:to+动词原形,和谓语动词原形一样。
如:
动词不定式作主语:
It is easy to be wise after the event.
It is easy to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition.
It is preferable for journalists to rely on their notions of significance and make their judgments.
动词不定式作宾语:
动词不定式作状语:
动词不定式作定语:
动名词,动词+ing,和谓语动词的进行状态一样。
如:
现在分词,动词+ing,谓语动词的进行状态一样;过去分词和谓语动词的完成状态一样。
如:
The rabbit is eating
. 谓语动词进行状态
Eating
everything, I survived. 现在分词
The rabbit has eaten
. 谓语动词的完成状态
This is a half-eaten
carrot. 过去分词
分词做定语
分词做状语
独立主格结构
独立主格结构的实质:分词的逻辑主语和主句主语 不一致。
名词+分词
介词+名词+分词
副词+分词
英语的谓语动词本身往往是不能够独立完成刚才说的哪些本领,以及另外一些其他的本领。而且谓语动词独自也无法完成比如否定,可能性,必须性等意思。
想让谓语动词充分发挥,我们必须用到另一类经常和动词一起用的词,帮助完成任务——助动词。
词汇在做助动词时,是没有意思的,只是用来帮助构成某种结构(所以也叫结构助词),比如:时态,被动语态,疑问句,否定句等。
can,might,have,be,must,do… …
但是许多的助动词特别喜欢伪装,它们除了做助动词(没有实义,只是帮忙谓语动词而已),还可以做实义动词,甚至其他词性。
例子:
can => 易拉罐,might => 力量,musty => 发霉的,do => 做某事,have => 拥有,be => 存在,… …
所以千万不要把助动词和它其他的身份弄混淆。
举例:eat
名词,表人和物。
rabbit
.⭐Attention:名词一定需要配合冠词使用。
名词的常用语法功能:做主语、宾语、表语、同位语。详见:3.3.2 名词性从句
举例:
a
rabbit.冠词,英语中说明人和事务。
元音音素前用an,辅音音素前用a,不靠元音字母。
a rabbit /ə ˈræbɪt/ an apple /ən ˈæp(ə)l/
a university /ə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ an hour /ən ˈaʊə®/
元音:
单元音:/iː/
/i/
/ɪ/
/uː/
/u/
/ʊ/
/e/
/æ/
/ɒ/(office英式/ɒfis/)
/ɑː/(office美式/ˈɑːfɪs/)
/ɔ/
/ɔː/
/ɜː/
/ə/
/ʌ/
双元音:/eɪ/
/ɔɪ/
/aɪ/
/aʊ/
/əʊ/
/ʊə/
/eə/
/ɪə/
代词,替代人和物。
I
am a rabbit.形容词,形容人和物。
smart
rabbit.名词的常用语法功能:做定语、表语、补语、状语。详见:3.3.2的定语从句
举例:
数词,表示数量。
two
carrots.副词,指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
quickly
.副词可分为:时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、关系副词、连接副词、表顺序、表完成的副词。
副词的常见用法:
时间频率副词
频率副词:主要表示“什么时候”、“经常与否”,形容动作所做的次数或频繁程度。
除了表达某事发生的频率之外,频率副词与一般副词相似。频率副词放在主动词前面,放在be动词后面。
The items on sale in the supermarket are often sold out quickly.
时间副词:能够表达出某事发生的时间。它可以表达出一个具体的时间,例如两天、昨天、三个星期前等。虽然时间副词有时引导一个句子,但它常常放在句末。例如:
We’ll let you know our decision next week.下周我们会通知你我们的决定。
I flew to Dallas three weeks ago.三个星期前我飞去了达拉斯。
now, then, often, always, usually, next, after last day, already(已经), generally(一般地), frequently(频繁 ), seldom/hardly(很少的), ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately(立即), finally, shortly(很快), before, ago, sometimes, yesterday, once, twice, lately, recently, personally, today……yet
地点副词
表示地点与位置关系的副词,用来说明动作发生的地点。
例如:Tom will go anywhere with his dog.汤姆去哪都带着他的狗。
here, there, everywhere, nowhere, anywhere, somewhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, up, down, back, forward(向前的), home, upstairs(楼上的), downstairs, across, along, round, around, near, off, past, up, away, on.……
方式副词
方式副词能够表达出某人完成某事的方式,它最常与行为动词搭配使用。
方式副词可以放在句末,或者直接放在动词后。例如:Jack drives very carefully.杰克开车非常小心。
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly, slowly, badly, hard, bravely……
程度副词
程度副词通常表示某事完成的程度。它们通常位于句末。例如:They like playing golf a lot.他们很喜欢打高尔夫。
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still,quite,perfectly(完美地),enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.……
疑问副词
how, when, where, why……
关系副词
when, where, why……
连接副词
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why……
表顺序的副词
first, then, next, finally, afterward, primarily……
完成时的副词
already, ever, just, never, since, yet, recently……
副词混用成连词
常见的就是连词副词:therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why……他们并不能连接两句。
He made good preparation for the postgraduate entrance examination, therefore he was admitted to Peking University.
上面用therefore连接两句话是错误的,要么分成两句,要么用分号连接两句,要么therefore改成so。
英语前置词/介词(preposition ,adposition的一种,还有后置词postposition),表示名词、代词等与句中其它词的关系,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作其宾语,表示与其他成分的关系。
with
chopsticks.按构成分
前置词表示它后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。前置词通常位于名词或代词之前。
(注意:前置词是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,只能用在一个名词、代词或相当于名词的结构之前,可以与后面的词一起构成介词短语。)
简单前置词:
in, on, with, by, for, at, about, under, of, to等。(to为介词,意为“习惯(做)……”,后接名词,代词或动名词形式)
合成前置词:
由两个单词组成的介词。into, within, throughout, inside, outside, without等。
重叠前置词:
from among 从…当中,from behind 从…后面,until after 直至…之后,at about 在大约…,after about 在大约…之后 等。
短语前置词:
一个或两个简单介词 和 一个或几个其他词类 构成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这就叫做短语介词。这类介词的末尾总是一个简单介词。
如 according to, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of 等。
分词前置词:
有极少数介词的词尾是“-ing”,形似现在分词(其中也有些可做分词)。常用的有:considering, regarding, respecting, including。
混淆to 和 to
介词to:
be key to …是…的关键, contribute to 有助于…, give rise to, lead to, conform to, due to,… …
不定式符号to:
claim to, endeavour to == try to, demand to,… …
介词混淆成连词
介词一般后面只能接名词或名词性质的短语,不能加句子(除介词后面加宾语从句外)。
容易当连词的介词(短语): despite/in spite of/due to/because of/ …despite 尽管
常用介词需牢记
时间介词:
叹词,表示感叹。
Ah
, the carrot is tasty!连词,用于连接词和句。
because
I was hungry.同一句子中,连词不能成对出现;
常见成对出现的连词错误:because…so…,although…but…,…
逗号不能连句,分号可以;
They get married, I’m happy. (I 前需要加上and/so)
He proposed(求婚) to her, and she was very happy. => He proposed to her; she was…(可用分号连句)
句子成分 Clause Elements
注意:句子成分 != 词类
举例:句子成分中最特殊的似乎就是谓语动词这一类,其他成分可能是不同的词类,但是谓语动词显然只可能是动词。
是谓语讲述的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定代词、从句(主语从句)、动名词(v-ing)等来充当,句子叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
What you said is right. 主语从句
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 主语从句
谓语定义就是,说明主语动作或者状态的词语。或者理解为,说明主语做什么、主语是什么、主语怎么样的词语。
- 不及物动词 intransitive verbs
- 及物动词
- 单及物动词 monotransitive verbs
- 双及物动词 ditransitive verbs
- 复杂及物动词 complex-transitive verbs
- 系动词 linking verbs
可以独立完成的动作,没有承受者的动词。Papa Rabbit sleeps
.
如果要加宾语,则要加介词。He disagrees with
her points.
有1个动作的承受者。
likes you
.有2个动作承受者。两个承受者分别是直接宾语(direct object)和间接宾语(indirect object)。
teaches you English
.区分直宾和间宾:如果删除后句意依然通顺,则删除的是直宾(English),反之是间宾(you)。
只有1个动作承受者,但这个动词必须要有个补充承受者的信息,句意才能完整。
you smart
.非“动作”,其描述的动作与我们狭义上说的“动作不同”,以is
为代表的一类词,实际作用就是把这个动词之后的信息(性质、状态)赋予给前面的主语,像这样的赋予主语某种性质状态的“划等号”的动词,叫做“连系动词”or“系动词”(linking verbs)。
is
tall. / Papa Rabbit is
in the room. / Papa Rabbit looks
tall. / Papa Rabbit smells
nice.有哪些系动词:
状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be(am,is,are)一词,例如:
持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如:
表象系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,例如:
感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, see, watch, look,例如:
变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run,例如:
注意:
不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态。
What happened last night? (happen是不及物,没有 What was happend…)
It tastes delicious. (taste是系动词,没有 It is tasted …)
一个实义动词或者一个动词短语都可以构成简单的谓语。
实义动词,就是表示“有实际意义”的动词,用来区别系动词,助动词,情态动词。
动词短语/复合动词:动词和另一个单词或者几个单词构成的词组。
动词短语虽然由几个词语构成,但实际只表示一个动作。如“look after”表示“照顾”且仅仅是一个动作,所以动词短语就相当于一个动词的作用。
常见的简单动词和动词短语:say、talk、speak、type、eat、drink、play、buy、look at、look after、get up等等,以上任何一个实义动词或动词短语都可以作谓语。
复合谓语:简单谓语+其他词语,共同作谓语的情况。
主要有下面三种形式:
情态动词+实义动词或者动词短语的原形
“can”就是一个情态动词, “can speak ”和 “can look after”都是复合谓语。这里涉及到情态动词的情况。
助动词+实义动词或者动词短语的原形
“will buy”和“will get up”都是复合谓语。
助动词+其他的动词形式(be+ doing 或Have/has+ done)
“am working”和“have learned”都是复合谓语
宾语往往表示动作支配的对象,并且总是处在动词的后头。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
- Show me(间接宾语)your tickets(直接宾语), please. 请让我看看你的票。
宾语一般用在(单)及物动词的后面,表示行为动词所涉及的对象。当然还存在双及物动词句型中的双宾语,直接宾语和间接宾语。以及复杂及物动词句型中的宾语和宾补。
- 名词作宾语
- Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。
- 代词作宾语
- She didn’t say anything. 她什么也没说。(此处为不定代词)
- I consider it(形式宾语) important(宾补) to capture her heart(真正的宾语).
- 数词作宾语
- How many do you want? — I want two. 你要几个?- 我要两个。
- How much milk do you want? — A bottle. 你要多少牛奶?— 一瓶。
- 名词化的形容词作宾语
- They sent the injured to the hospital.他们把伤员送到医院。
- 不定式或ing形式作宾语
- I decided to go shopping.我决定去购物。
- I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。
- 从句作宾语
- Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有?
- He takes it(形式宾语) for granted that women are meant to be loved, not to be understood(宾语从句).
宾语补语/宾补 object complement,在**“主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾语补语”的句型中使用到,补充的信息叫做“补足语”or“补语”(complement),更确切说是“宾语补语”**(object complement)。
举例:
- It drives her crazy(宾补).
- I saw him playing basketball(宾补) yesterday.
宾语补语和主语补语都是补语,因使用的对象不同,又有了不同的命名区别,对应指定的使用场景。
主语补语,subject complement;表语,predicative。
主系表结构:传统语法把系词后的成分称为表语,现代语法把系词后的成分称为主语补足语。
- He was asked to come.
- 在传统语法和现代语法中,不定式“to come”都叫做主语补足语。
- He is tall.
- “tall”在传统语法为表语,在现代语法为主语补足语。
因此传统语法是区分主语补语和表语的,而现代语法将其都成为主语补语。我这里就按照传统语法来学。
主语补语或者表语,是补充主语含义而必须加上的部分(可以是词,或者短语,甚至是从句)。
有**“主语+谓语+主语补语…”,“主系表”**两种句型。
举例:
- He was seen playing basketball(主语补语) yesterday.(含有宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态后,原来的宾语成主语,原来的宾语补足语改称为主语补足语)
- You are my sunshine(表语).
定语 Attributive,主要用来修饰主语或者宾语。可由以下词性词汇担任:adj./n./to do./doing/done/介宾短语/定语从句(后置定语)。
举例:
white
rabbit ate a large
carrot.a lot of
homework to do
.young
man standing in the front of the classroom
is No.1.on the table
is mine.who was popular all over China
disappeared for a long time.which are sung by Dao Lang
were popular.状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式、相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句首,但也可放在句末或句中。
状语 Adverbial,主要用来修饰谓语动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
举例:
时间:
- I get up at five(介词短语).
地点:
- We are having breakfast in the dining room(介词短语).
注:地点状语除表位置外,还可以表“出发”“去向”“距离”等。如:
Are you glad to be going back to school? 返回学校你感到高兴吗?
They lived many miles from the town. 他们住的地方离镇子好几英里远。
频率:
- I love you three thousand times.
程度:
The rabbit ate quickly.
To a great extent(在很大程度上), it is not fair.
原因:
- The boy was praised for his bravery(勇气)(介词短语).
目的:
I talk in order to understand; I teach in order to learn.
They went out for a walk.
结果:
He talked his wife into buying a car.
The box is too heavy for me to lift.
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding(洪水泛滥) in that country.
He went to Africa in 1963, never to come back.
条件:
If I were a boy even just for a day, I’d roll out of bed(get up faster) in the morning. (if从句引导条件状语/状语从句)
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow.
让步:
- For all his money(虽然他很富有), he’s a very lonely man.
- With all his efforts, he lost the match.
- Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
方式:
We came on the bus.
You must pay the bill in cash.
I watched the game on television.
We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.
I heard of the job through a newspaper advertisement.
方面:
- She is very weak in physics.
- China is very rich in natural resources.
- This is better in every way than that.
- The bridge is 2500 meters in length and 150 meters in height.
伴随:
- I slept with the window open.
She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.
- He ran up to her breathing heavily.
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
同位语 Appositive,
主要用来再把主语或宾语说一遍。
Papa Rabbit, an English teacher
, eats carrots.
Papa Rabbit 和 English teacher 是同一事务的不同解释,具有相同的地位。
简单句(Simple Sentence)
长句拆解到不能再拆,并且拆了句意会不完整的“基本句子”。
除去感叹句、省略句、(向整句提问)问句,其他的句子都是在说什么怎么样;而什么、怎么样就是句子成分(Clause Elements)。
什么+怎么样 => 主语Subject+谓语Predicate,主语与谓语是最基本的两种句子成分,几乎所有的英语句子结构都是主语+谓语。
主语:一般是人或物,不管抽象还是具体;
谓语:都有一个广义的"动作/发生了什么事儿"
谓语与谓语动词是有区别的,句子主语后面的余下句子部分就是谓语,谓语动词只是谓语的一部分。
五大基本句子结构 对应了 动作(谓语动词)的五大类别:
可以独立完成的动作,没有承受者的动词。
sleeps
.有1个动作的承受者,宾语。
likes you
.有2个动作承受者,直接宾语和间接宾语。
区分直宾和间宾:
直接宾语表示动作的承受者,一般是物;间接宾语表示动作是受影响的事物或人,一般是人。
还有如果删除后句意依然通顺,则删除的是直宾(English),反之是间宾(you)。
teaches you English
.只有1个动作承受者,且需要**“宾语补语”**补充信息,句意才能完整。
you smart
.**区分双及物 与 复杂及物:**如果去掉宾补,复杂及物的句子会不完整;而双及物句子去掉直宾,意思仍然完整。
系动词实际作用就是把这个动词之后的信息(性质、状态)赋予给前面的主语,其后面的补充信息就是“表语”。
is
tall. / Papa Rabbit is
in the room. / Papa Rabbit looks
tall. / Papa Rabbit smells
nice.复合句(Compound Sentence)
复合句就是对句子进行简单地叠加,句子之间通过连接词连接起来,分句间的关系是平等的。
复杂句(Complex Sentence)
复杂句对句子是进行相互嵌套,句子之间是从属关系。
名词性从句类别:
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,具有名词的性质,合称为名词性从句。
特殊疑问句第二类引导词(连接词):连接从句为非完整句,引导词在从句中做主语或宾语;其余引导词连接完整的从句。
主语从句位置:句首,句末(含有形式it)。
why, that, how 连接的都是完整句。
普通主语从句变为形式主语:
It is + adj. + that引导的主语从句
It is + done + that引导的主语从句
He has made clear the facts(宾语).
He has made clear what they did yesterday. (变为宾语从句, what连接非完整的从句,充当宾语)
表语从句:
同位语:在名词旁对其进行解释。
注意:
- 同位语一般由名词(结构)来充当(名词、动词不定式、动名词、同位语从句);
- 同位语的功能:解释;
- 同位语删去后,不影响句子结构的完整性。
We found out the murderer, Tom(同位语).
We found out the fact that he was killed.
The news is true.
The news that she made is true.
⭐一般为that(90%),不做成分且不能省略;也可用whether/why/…,但不常用。
He loves the girl who is beautiful.
the girl:先行词,被修饰的名词(结构),先于定语从句;who:关系词/引导词
从修饰的语义紧密与否的角度可分为:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
表象区别:限定性定语从句(设逗号),非限定性定语从句(没逗号);本质区别:先行词的(具体or广泛)范围是否明确。
举例:
定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种。
关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、than。
关系代词在从句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语;同时做宾语时,关系代词可省。
关系代词可分为 必要成分关系词:who whom which that;非必要成分关系词:whose when where why
必要成分(主语 宾语 表语),从句缺少关系代词会句意不完整;非必要成分(定语 状语),从句缺少不影响句意,仅是修饰作用。
关系代词who,whom,whose的区别
who、whom只用于指人;who在定语从句中做主语,whom在定语从句中做宾语。
who可代替whom作宾语,但介词后面必须用whom。
She said she huffed(蔑视) the persons who flattered(讨好) her. (who指人,做主语)
The man who / whom you met just now is called Jim. (who/whom指人,做宾语,所以who whom皆可)
She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. (whom指人,做宾语,虽做宾语,但有介词所以用whom)
whose既可指人,也可指事或物,在定语从句中主要用做定语。
关系副词:when、where、why、whereby(表方式;凭此,借以);关系副词不在从句中充当成分。
介词+which / whom:从句中的介词提前,当涉及修饰对象时。
举例:
如所修饰的名词前有such, the same, as出现,后面的从句将有as引导。
He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.
They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.
Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
两句并列的定语从句用and相连,都是修饰"country"。
as引导非限定性定语从句和which相似,往往指代一整句话。不过位置相对比较灵活,可以位于先行词之前、之后或者中间,而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能位于先行词之后。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlines all social relationships.
与任何发达社会一样,在美国,所有的社会关系都受到一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和习俗的影响。
画图写作作文常用句型:(如上图所示,…)
than引导的定语从句有如下用法特点:
例句:
习题:There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ______ in the public mind today.
A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed【答案】A;根据以上分析我们知道,这个句子是than引导的定语从句;上文说过的than的用法特点“比较级所修饰的名词即为先行项”,所以可以判断出定语从句的先行项是名词anxiety;又因为先行项是单数形式,所以谓语动词应为exists这一单三形式,故正确答案为A
P.S. 传统语法认为,该语法现象是than引导的比较状语从句省略了主语或宾语it,如:
- His help is more valuable than(it)was supposed.
同位语从句:解释
引导词在从句中不做成分,不能省略。
The news that she has a crush on him is true.
“she has a crush on him”,是个完整的句子
定语从句:修饰
在从句中做成分,作宾语时that可省略。
The news that he told me is true.
状语类别:时间⭐、地点、原因⭐、结果⭐、目的、条件⭐、让步⭐、比较、方式。
主从句顺从关系:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式;主从句转折关系:让步;比较状语不一定,可多可少也可以一样。
重点学引导词
- 引导词:
- 连词:
- When I first saw her, I fell in love with her.
- As time goes by,…
- I have made up my mind to study hard since I came here.
- 特殊连词:副词的多义
- (一…就…)immediately, directly, instantly
- I came immediately I had heard the news.
- 多义的as:
- 时间:随着
- 原因:由于
- 让步:虽然,尽管,即使
- 方式:似乎,好像,正如
- 比较:和…一样(as…as)
常用引导词:when, while(当…时), as(随着), before, after, since(自从), till, until; the moment, the minute, the day, every time;(一…就…)as soon as, no sooner…then…, hardly…when, scarcely…when(scarcely=hardly)。
A until B: A在B之前 = A before B
Note A until B: 在B之前没有A = 直到B之后才有A = A after B
常见引导词:though, although, even though/even if(即使)。
主句前不可用but,但可以用yet/still。
常用引导词:while(虽然,尽管)
Many others, while (they are) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, whereas(然而,但是)/while(虽然) others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
我把他排除在外是因为,虽然他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题,但他所承担的任务只是处理这些问题的事实方面。
引导词:no matter what/who/which/when/how
as系列=>倒装写法
引导词:only if:只有; if only:只要,要是…多好。
He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus(资产盈余).
If only I had another chance!
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournaments, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.
如果你要检查2006年世界杯比赛中每一位足球运动员的出生证明,你很可能会发现一个值得注意的怪事。
常用引导词:suppose/supposing(that)(假设,如果), assuming(that)(假设,如果), provided/providing(that)(倘若,假使,如果), as(so) long as(只要…), in the event that(如果…), on condition that(在…条件下)等等。
引导词:because, since(因为), as(由于), for(因为,接句子)
引导词:now(that)(既然,由于), seeing(that)(鉴于,由于,因为), considering(that)(考虑到,鉴于), given(that)(假定,考虑到,只要是), in that等。
常用引导词:so…that(如此…以致于); such…that(同左); so that/such that(所以,因此); 从句位于主句之后。
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
家用电器也将变得如此智能,以至于控制和操作它们将导致一种新的心理障碍的爆发——厨房狂怒。
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation(声誉) in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.
The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well-studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
这些最近被描述的语言与已经被充分研究过的欧洲和东南亚语言往往存在显著差异,以至于一些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨皮尔捏造了他们的数据。
常用引导词:so that(以便,为了), in order that(为了),从句中常含有may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could等等。
so that引导从句,区分结果状从和目的状从:有无情态动词
- 结果状从没有情态动词,目的状从有情态动词。
常用引导词:where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere。
常用引导词:as(似乎,好像,正如), like, as if(似乎,好像), as though(正如), the way等等。
Love like you’ve never been hurt, and dance like nobody’s watching. (修饰love)
Prepare for the NETEM like you’ve got only one chance in a lifetime. (修饰准备的行动)
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if the order were an imperative of human existence. (修饰趋势)
贝多芬的音乐倾向于从混乱走向有序,似乎秩序是人类生存的必要条件。
Do as the Romans do when in Rome. (修饰do)
Do it the way you like. (修饰do)
He acted as if/as though he had known everything. (修饰act)
常用引导词:as
当状从与主句的主语一致且状从有be的谓语,则状从可省略主语和be动词。
Many others, while (they are) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.
还有许多人,虽然(他们)没有上瘾或精神疾病,但只是缺乏扭转生活所需的日常生存技能。
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
地球上散布着100多个孤立的火山活动小区域,地质学家称之为热点
举例:待整理!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
强调方式:
举例:待整理!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
当状从与主句的主语一致且状从有be的谓语,则状从可省略主语和be动词。
as…as…, not so…as:
The “failed” experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately “works”. (as much … as)
“失败”的实验和最终“成功”的实验一样,都是这个过程的一部分。
There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians. (as many … as)
历史学家对历史的定义几乎和对历史的定义一样多。
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius(天才) as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
他们说,科学的发展与其说来自天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说是来自改进的技术和工具等更普通的东西。(not so much … as …;与其说…不如说…,不是…而是…)
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as(原因状语) a result of improvements in medical care.
比较级+than:
more…than; less…than; no more…than…; no less…than…
Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
因此,人类学中的“文化”概念,就像数学中的“集合”概念一样,是一个抽象的概念,它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。
His function is analogous(类似的) to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation(义务) of revealing in as obvious a manner(方式) as possible the course(进展,过程) of reasoning(推理) which led him to his decision.
他的作用类似于法官,必须接受以尽可能明显的方式揭示导致他做出决定的推理过程的义务。
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in the Socratic way about moral problems.
我将他定义为这样一个人,他把以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为自己生活的主要职责和乐趣。
分割结构是指这种??????分隔式同位语从句——特殊的同位语从句 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- He got a piece of news from Mary that Bob had gotten rid of single life. [一般同位语是贴着的,这里就分开了]
并列标志
标点:分号
并列词/词组:
并列内容形式
词/词组/短语结构
句子
并列内容特征
结构形式相似
性质相同
语义相关
举例:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!待分析类别
As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
正如你将会看到的,知道心理健康总是可用的,并知道要相信它,让我们放慢脚步,享受当下,快乐地生活。
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species has 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
然而,这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来的,还是起源于3500万年前物种的共同祖先,至今仍是一个悬而未决的问题。
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-bulit personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and the digital age will have arrived.
孩子们将和装有个性芯片的玩偶玩耍,内置个性的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在嗅觉电视前放松,数字时代将到来。
Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
在现代条件下,这需要各种集中控制措施,因此需要经济学家和运筹学专家等专业科学家的帮助。
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般来说,当要测量的品质能够最精确地定义时,测试最有效,而当要测量或预测的东西不能很好地定义时,测试最无效。
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
这似乎是忽视需要帮助的人的正当理由,是剥削的合理化,是上层人的优越和底层人的劣等的合理化。
举例:待整理!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
should和shall的区别
作时态助动词时使用上的不同
should是shall的过去式。shall引导一般将来时用在第一人称(英国英语);should用来过去将来时用在第一人称(英国英语,已经不常见)。
作情态动词时使用上的不同
词性不同
should是一个情态动词,表示“应该怎样” 。
shall用于第一人称,表征求对方意见或向对方请示,用于第二,第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令,警告,允诺或威胁 。
[待整理]
句子结构分析:
长难句剖析:简单句的宏观扩展及围观扩展的结果。
长难句拆分原则:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
拆分信号:
例:The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.