MySQL 无约而来

MySQL

  • MySQL 安装:
    • 软件安装:
    • 修改初始密码:
      • 1. bin 包安装
      • 2. rpm 包安装
      • 严格的密码策略:
    • mysql 启动和关闭:
      • 1. bin 包启动以及设置开机启动的方法
      • 2. rpm 包启动以及设置开机启动的方法
    • mysql 连接:
      • 数据库的管理操作:
      • 数据库的字符集文件:
    • 表的操作:
      • 1. 创建
      • 2. 删除
      • 3. 查看
    • 列的数据类型:
    • mysql DML 语句
      • 数据的插入 insert
      • 数据的修改 update
      • 数据的删除 delete
    • DQL 数据查询语句
      • 开始查询:
    • MySQL 的索引
      • 创建索引:
      • 表的关联查询
        • 1.内部联结
        • 2. 外部联结
      • 子查询:
      • 事务的提交和回滚:
      • 锁:
      • 读锁和写锁:★★★★★
      • 用户和权限管理:
      • 创建用户:
      • 删除用户:记住
      • 授予权限:可以创建用户
          • 破解root@localhost密码?
    • MySQL 的备份和恢复
    • 使用mysqldump进行备份:
      • 1. 全库备份
      • 2. 单库备份
      • 3. 单表备份
      • 4. 多库备份
      • 5. 多表备份
      • 备份的选项:
    • mysql的复制技术:
      • mysql 基于位置点的AB复制:
        • 全库备份(A库)
        • 全库恢复(B库):
      • GTID模式
    • MySQL 的日志:
      • 1. 错误日志
      • 2. 通用查询日志
      • 3. 慢查询日志
      • 4. 二进制日志
      • 5. 中继日志
      • 故障排除
    • 中间件--mycat
      • Mycat 设置hosts
      • 1. 安装java环境
      • 2. 部署mycat
        • 设置环境变量
        • mysql A B 授权用户:
        • 启动:
        • 测试:
      • 启动 Mycat
      • 在A,B主机授权
    • 字符集:★★★★★
      • 错误参考

MySQL 安装:

端口及协议:
TCP 3306

软件安装:

yum:下载rpm包,解决依赖关系
	卸载:rpm -e    单独卸载(防止用yum erase 删除时将依赖包删除掉)
编译安装:
	./configure
	make
	make install
bin包安装:绿色版

[root@mysql-bin ~]# lftp 172.16.0.99
lftp 172.16.0.99:~> cd scripts/
lftp 172.16.0.99:/scripts> get mysql-5.7.18-bin.sh

[root@mysql-rpm ~]# lftp 172.16.0.99
lftp 172.16.0.99:~> cd scripts/
lftp 172.16.0.99:/scripts> get mysql-5.7.18.sh


修改初始密码:

1. bin 包安装

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p	# bin包安装之后mysql命令需要设置变量才能使用
-bash: mysql: command not found

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/profile
PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH

[root@mysql-bin ~]# . /etc/profile    # 重新加载环境变量 使命令生效

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p  # 登录mysql
Enter password: 初始密码
mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by '12345';  # 将初始密码做修改
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> quit

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 新密码

如果遗失初始化时的密码:
在 /data/mysql/log/mysql-error.log 日志中查找 localhost 后边的就是密码

sql语句结束,要有 ; !!! ( ; 分号)

2. rpm 包安装

查找初始密码
[root@mysql-rpm ~]# grep "root@localhost" /var/log/mysqld.log 
	得到初始密码
[root@mysql-rpm ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 初始密码

mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'mysql';
ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
	密码太简单,修改失败
	要求:大小写字母 数字 符号 >=8位

mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'ABC123qwe@#';
mysql> flush privileges;
	刷新权限列表,让密码修改生效。
mysql> quit

[root@mysql-rpm ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 新密码

线上生产环境:密码要尽量复杂。
线下测试环境:密码可以简单一点。

严格的密码策略:

 mysql> show variables like '%password%';
 +---------------------------------------+--------+ 
|Variable_name                         | Value  |
+---------------------------------------+--------+ 
|default_password_lifetime             | 0      |
|disconnect_on_expired_password        | ON     | 
|log_builtin_as_identified_by_password | OFF    | 
|mysql_native_password_proxy_users     | OFF    |
|old_passwords     					   | 0      | 
|report_password                       |        | 
|sha256_password_proxy_users           | OFF    | 
|validate_password_check_user_name     | OFF    |
|validate_password_dictionary_file     |        |
|validate_password_length              | 8      |	长度 
|validate_password_mixed_case_count    | 1      |	最少有1位大写、小写字母 
|validate_password_number_count        | 1      |	最少有1位数字 |validate_password_policy              | MEDIUM |	密码的安全策略级别 
|validate_password_special_char_count  | 1      |	最少有1位符号
 +---------------------------------------+--------+
 
 密码的安全策略: validate_password_policy   
 0 LOW:最低级,只检查密码长度 
 1 MEDIUM:中级的,长度,复杂度 2
 STRONG:最高级,长度,复杂度,数据字典

修改密码策略:
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;

修改密码的最大长度:
mysql> set global validate_password_length=4;

mysql> alter user root@‘localhost’ identified by ‘12345’;
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> quit


mysql 启动和关闭:

1. bin 包启动以及设置开机启动的方法

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p	# bin包安装之后mysql命令需要设置变量才能使用
-bash: mysql: command not found

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/profile
PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH

[root@mysql-bin ~]# . /etc/profile    # 重新加载环境变量 使命令生效

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p  # 登录mysql
Enter password: 初始密码
mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by '12345';  # 将初始密码做修改
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> quit

直接启动:
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

设置默认开机启动:

  1. 将配置信息写入 /etc/rc.loacl
    echo "/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql & " >> /etc/rc.local
  2. 给rc.local执行权限
    chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

结束进程命令
kill killall

2. rpm 包启动以及设置开机启动的方法

systemctl start mysqld
systemctl enable mysqld

查看默认端口 3306/tcp

[root@localhost ~]#  netstat -antp | grep mysqld

mysql 连接:

centos7 默认的mariadb 没有初始密码
yum install -y mariadb-server
systemctl start mariadb 之后可以使用mysql命令

  1. bin
  2. rpm
    DBA 通过使用mysql(客户端工具) --> 管理mysql-server
    mysql-进程 mysqld-进程
    进程间通信 mysql.sock 套接字文件
[root@mysql-bin ~]# ll /tmp/mysql.sock   
进程间通信 mysql.sock 套接字文件
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Nov 12 10:02 /tmp/mysql.sock
禁止明文密码的操作登陆数据库
								-p 后边直接写密码也可以登录,mysql系统会提示警告信息,禁止这种明文密码的登录操作
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -uroot -pmysql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
	禁止此操作

查看数据库

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
	查看有哪些数据库
	映射到文件系统,是目录

查看用户:

mysql> select user();
+----------------+
| user()         |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |	管理员用户
+----------------+
	查看当前的用户身份

查看当前在哪个数据库里边

mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| db2        |
+------------+
	查看当前在哪个数据库里面

数据库的管理操作:

1. 创建
mysql> create database db1;
mysql> create database db2;

2. 删除
mysql> drop database db2;

3. 查看
mysql> show databases;

数据库的字符集文件:

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data/db1]# cat db.opt 
default-character-set=latin1
default-collation=latin1_swedish_ci
汉字在latin1语言里,是乱码。

mysql> create database db2 default character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;
在建库时,指定字符集和字符编码规则。


mysql> show create database db2;
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                              |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| db2      | CREATE DATABASE `db2` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data]# cat db2/db.opt 
default-character-set=utf8
default-collation=utf8_general_ci


[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf		# 添加字符集必须结束mysql进程在启动才能生效
[mysqld]
	添加字符集设置
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci

	重启mysqld

[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306    :::*     LISTEN      1685/mysqld         
[root@mysql-bin ~]# kill 1685    

[root@mysql-bin ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

mysql> create database db3;

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data]# cat db3/db.opt 
default-character-set=utf8
default-collation=utf8_general_ci

表的操作:

1. 创建

建表,必须在库里。
mysql> use db1  #进入db1库

mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| db1        |
+------------+

mysql> create table t1 (id int,name char(10));
建t2表,属性为id和名字

2. 删除

mysql> drop table t1;  #删除表t1

3. 查看

查看所有表
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| t1            |
+---------------+
查看某个表的属性
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

Field 列名
Type 列的数据类型
Null 是否允许是空值
Key 键值 PRI主键 MUL外键
Default 默认值是什么,没有设置的情况下,是空值
Extra 其他的参数

        查看t1表的配置属性
mysql> show create table t1;   
| t1    | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |

	ENGINE=InnoDB	表的默认的存储引擎
	CHARSET=latin1	表的默认的字符集

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data/db1]# ls
t1.frm  t1.ibd

	innodb	这种存储引擎
		.frm	表的框架
		.ibd	表的表空间文件,保存表的数据

列的数据类型:

1. 数值型

(1)整型

  • tinyint 很小整数 127 (人的年龄 )
  • smallint 小整数 32767 (游戏的等级 )
  • mediumint 中型整数 838607
  • int 整数 2147483647
  • bigint 大整数 2^63 (游戏的经验)
mysql> create table t2 (id1 tinyint,id2 smallint,id3 mediumint,id4 int,id5 bigint);

mysql> desc t2;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | smallint(6)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id3   | mediumint(9) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id4   | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id5   | bigint(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

mysql> insert into t2(id1) values(1234);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'id1' at row 1
mysql> insert into t2(id1) values(123);

(2)浮点型

  • float(M,D) 单精度浮点型 4byte
  • double(M,D) 双精度浮点型 8byte
  • M 整个列的数值的位数
  • D 小数点后面保留几位
  • M=D .是0
  • M>D M-D=几 .前面的整数是几位
正数值必须大于后值:
mysql> create table t3 (f1 float(2,3));		
ERROR 1427 (42000): For float(M,D), double(M,D) or decimal(M,D), M must be >= D (column 'f1').

建表,属性为浮点数类型:(其中3-2=1,表示浮点数,小数点前边一位,2表示取小数点后保留两位)
mysql> create table t3 (f1 float(3,2)); 	

mysql> insert into t3 values(1.23456);	向表里存入数值
mysql> insert into t3 values(1.5678);

mysql> select * from t3;
+------+
| f1   |
+------+
| 1.23 |
| 1.57 |	四舍五入
+------+

2. 字符型
(1)
char() 等长字符串
身份证号 电话号码 …
char(18) char(12)
varchar(255) 可变长字符串
名字 地址 邮箱

mysql> create table t4(name char(10),name2 varchar(10));

mysql> insert into t4 values("niua","niub");

mysql> select * from t4;
+------+-------+
| name | name2 |
+------+-------+
| niua | niub  |
+------+-------+

(2)

  • enum( ) 单选可能的枚举类型
  • 格式 enum(“元素1”,“元素2”,…) 人的性别 游戏的职业
  • set( ) 多选可能的枚举类型
  • 格式 set(“元素1”,“元素2”,…)
建表,设置性别属性为M,W
mysql> create table t5 (sex enum("M","W"));
mysql> insert into t5 values("M");	存入值成功
mysql> insert into t5 values("W");

mysql> insert into t5 values("R");	当存入其它值时报错!
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'sex' at row 1		

set( ) 多选可能的枚举类型
set(“元素1”,“元素2”,…)

mysql> create table t6(test set("yuwen","shuxue","yingyu","wudao"));
mysql> insert into t6 values("yuwen,shuxue");    # 只能输入已有选项,选项大于等于1个
mysql> insert into t6 values("yingyu,shuxue,wudao");

mysql> select *  from t6;
+---------------------+
| test                |
+---------------------+
| yuwen,shuxue        |
| shuxue,yingyu,wudao |
+---------------------+

(3)
text 保存文本资料

3. 时间和日期型
(1) date 日期
1000-01-01 ~ 9999-12-31
账号的注册时间,员工的入职时间,社保的缴纳时间 …

mysql> create table t7 (birthday date);
mysql> insert into t7 values("1990-01-01");
mysql> insert into t7 values("19910101");

(2) time 时间

-838:00:00 ~ 838:59:59

mysql> create table t8 (t1 time);
mysql> insert into t8 values(“16:11:30”);

(3)datetime 日期时间 (使用很少)

(4) year

两位数: 0~69	  2000~2069
		70~99	   1970~1999
四位数:1901~2155
mysql> create table t9 (y1 year);

mysql> insert into t9 values('00');
mysql> insert into t9 values('69');
mysql> insert into t9 values('70');
mysql> insert into t9 values('99');

mysql> insert into t9 values('1901');

(5) timestamp 时间戳

1000-01-01 00:00:00 ~ 2038-01-19 11:14:07

mysql DML 语句

建表 建库 DDL 数据定义语言
create 创建
drop 删除

数据类型

数据的插入 insert

mysql> create table t10 (id int,name varchar(30));
mysql> insert into t10 values(1,"niua");
mysql> insert into t10(id) values(2);
mysql> select * from t10;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | niua |
|    2 | NULL |
+------+------+

数据的修改 update

mysql> update t10 set name="niub" where id=2;
		修改name为niub,对应的条件为id=2
mysql> select * from t10;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | niua |
|    2 | niub |
+------+------+

mysql> update t10 set name="niuc";
	如果不指定修改条件,name列就都被修改了
mysql> select * from t10;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | niuc |
|    2 | niuc |
+------+------+

数据的删除 delete

(delete 是删除数据,不是删除表,如果删除表用drop)

mysql> delete from t10 where id=1;
mysql> select * from t10;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | niuc |
+------+------+

mysql> delete from t10;
mysql> select * from t10;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

DQL 数据查询语句

准备工作 (文件内可能有空格或其它符号)
[root@mysql-bin ~]# cat shop id name price city street date
1001 .1niu1 5.99 shenyang wuaijie 2013/11/12
1002 .2niu2 6.99 shenyang wuaijie 2013/11/13
1003 .3niu3 9.99 shenyang wuaijie 2013/11/15
1004 4niu4 5.39 beijing zhongguancun 2015/1/5
1005 5niu5 10.9 beijing zhongguancun 2015/1/10
1006 6niu6 20 beijing zhongguancun 2015/1/25
1007 wangqi 10.5 shanghai pudong 2017/10/11
1008 maba 100 shanghai pudong 2017/10/16
1009 zhaojiu 130 shanghai pudong 2018/3/12
1010 zhoushi 200 shenyang sanhaojie 2018/3/15

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mv shop /tmp/

进去 库2
mysql> use db2

创建表shop(表中各个列的属性)
mysql> create table shop (id int,name varchar(30),proce float(5,2),city varchar(255),street varchar(255),date date);

将文件的内容导入表:
mysql> load data local infile "/tmp/shop" into table shop;

mysql> delete from shop where id=0;

用passwd文件操作倒入数据表

mysql> create table passwd (username varchar(30),pass char(1),uid int,gid int,common varchar(255),homedir varchar(255),shell varchar(255));

mysql> load data local infile "/tmp/passwd" into table passwd fields terminated by ':';
	导入数据,指定原文件的分隔符

开始查询:

1. 全表查询
mysql> select * from shop;
尽量少用

2. 单列查询

mysql> select id,name from shop;

3. 指定条件查询 where

mysql> select * from shop where id=1001;

mysql> select name,city,street from shop where id=1001;

(1)使用比较运算符

>       <     >=         <=        !=       <>        between       and
mysql> select * from shop where id between 1003 and 1006;

(2)使用逻辑运算符
and or !

mysql> select * from shop where id>=1003 and id <=1006;

mysql> select * from shop where !(id>=1003 and id <=1006);

mysql> select *  from shop where city="shenyang";
	字符串条件 用 ""

(3)使用算数运算符
+ - * / %

mysql> select id,proce+1 as new_proce from shop;
	price+1 价格列所有数值加1		as 输出列的别名    

(4)多值匹配
or
in
not in

mysql> select * from shop where id=1001 or id=1003 or id=1005;
	||
mysql> select * from shop where id in (1001,1003,1005);

mysql> select * from shop where id not in (1001,1003,1005);

(5)空值匹配
NULL not NULL

查看名字是空值的hang:
mysql> select * from shop where name is NULL;
查看名字,不要空值的行:
mysql> select * from shop where name is not NULL;

(6) 模糊查询
like
通配符:
_ :表示任意的单个字符
% :表示任意的字符 (可以代表0;最好不要在查询大表的时候放在开头)

mysql> select * from shop where name like "____";
mysql> select * from shop where name like "_____";

mysql> select * from shop where name like ".%";
mysql> select * from shop where name like "%i";
mysql> select * from shop where name like "%i%";

说明:
like比较消耗时间。
不要过度使用;
不要把通配符%放在开始的位置,%i

(7) 正则表达式
. * ^ $ + ? { }
\< ==[[:<:]]
\>==[[:>:]]
转义符号 \\

regexp 正则命令 (可以使用正则)

mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "^\\.";

mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "^[0-9][a-z]{3}[0-9]"; # ^[0-9]表示数字开头 [a-z]{3} 表示中间字母三位; [0-9]表示数字
mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "[a-z]+";  # 表示包含字母的
mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "^[a-z]+";	# 表示开头为字母的
mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "^[0-9][a-z]+";	# 表示数字开头,包含字母的
mysql> select * from shop where name regexp "^[0-9][a-z]+[0-9]$";	#表示数字开头,[a-z]+包含字母,结尾数字的[0-9]$,

4. 对输出结果进行排序

order by 排序

	order by 排序
mysql> select * from shop order by proce;	升序
mysql> select * from shop order by proce desc;	降序

mysql> select * from shop where proce is not null order by proce desc;
	过滤空值

5. 限制输出结果

limit 

mysql> select * from shop limit 0,3;
显示前3行 head -3

需求:输出价格最贵的信息?

按照 价格 降序(desc)从高到低,limit 0,1 取最高的价格。
mysql> select * from shop where proce is not null order by proce desc limit 0,1;
+------+---------+--------+----------+-----------+------------+
| id   | name    | proce  | city     | street    | date       |
+------+---------+--------+----------+-----------+------------+
| 1010 | zhoushi | 200.00 | shenyang | sanhaojie | 2018-03-15 |

按照 价格 升序从低到高,limit 0,1 取最低的价格。
mysql> select * from shop where price is not null order by price limit 0,1;
+------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+------------+
| id   | name  | price | city    | street       | date       |
+------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+------------+
| 1004 | 4niu4 |  5.39 | beijing | zhongguancun | 2015-01-05 |
+------+-------+-------+---------+--------------+------------+

  1. 去掉重复输出
    distinct (词义:不同的)
去掉重复的值(空值会保留)
mysql> select distinct city from shop ;
+----------+
| city     |
+----------+
| shenyang |
| beijing  |
| shanghai |
| NULL     |
+----------+
添加了 不显示空值
mysql> select distinct city from shop where city is not null ;

7. 分组查询
group by

mysql> create table t1 (id int,name varchar(30),sex enum("M","W"));
mysql> insert into t1 values(101,"niua","W"); 
mysql> insert into t1 values(102,"niub","M"); 
mysql> insert into t1 values(103,"niuc","M");
mysql> insert into t1 values(104,"niud","W"); 
mysql> insert into t1 values(105,"niue","W");
按照性别分组:(看都男的都有谁,学号是多少,女的都有谁,学号是多少):
mysql> select sex,group_concat(id),group_concat(name) from t1 group by sex;
+------+------------------+--------------------+
| sex  | group_concat(id) | group_concat(name) |
+------+------------------+--------------------+
| M    | 102,103          | niub,niuc          |
| W    | 101,104,105      | niua,niud,niue     |
+------+------------------+--------------------+
按照学号大于102的显示:(注:W列虽然104,105大于102,但是104,105跟101是一组,101小于102所以那组就没了)
mysql> select sex,group_concat(id),group_concat(name) from t1 group by sex having group_concat(id)>102;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select sex,group_concat(id),group_concat(name) from t1 group by sex having group_concat(id)>101;
+------+------------------+--------------------+
| sex  | group_concat(id) | group_concat(name) |
+------+------------------+--------------------+
| M    | 102,103          | niub,niuc          |
+------+------------------+--------------------+

需求:输出每个城市商品价格最贵的信息?

mysql> select city,max(proce) from shop where proce is not null group by city;
+----------+------------+
| city     | max(proce) |
+----------+------------+
| beijing  |      20.00 |
| shanghai |     130.00 |
| shenyang |     200.00 |
+----------+------------+

8. mysql的函数

(1)字符串函数

concat( ) 字符串连接

	查看  id, concat(city,"市",street)将城市和街道连接   as address 设置个别名   
mysql> select id,concat(city,"市",street) as address from shop;
+------+----------------------+
| id   | address              |
+------+----------------------+
| 1001 | shenyang市wuaijie     |
| 1002 | shenyang市wuaijie     |
| 1003 | shenyang市wuaijie     |
| 1004 | beijing市zhongguancun |
| 1005 | beijing市zhongguancun |
| 1006 | beijing市zhongguancun |
| 1007 | shanghai市pudong      |
| 1008 | shanghai市pudong      |
| 1009 | shanghai市pudong      |
| 1010 | shenyang市sanhaojie   |
| 1011 | NULL                 |
+------+----------------------+

lower( ) 大写转小写
upper( ) 小写转大写

mysql> select upper(name) from shop;

length() 字符串的长度

mysql> select length(name) from shop;

(2)数据汇总函数
count( ) 统计

用 * 查询的结果是11
mysql> select count(*) from shop
    -> ;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|       11 |
+----------+
用name查询到的结果是10    因为name列里有空值,空值不计算数
mysql> select count(name) from shop;
+-------------+
| count(name) |
+-------------+
|          10 |
+-------------+

sum( ) 求和,要求是数值型数据

mysql> select sum(proce) from shop;
+------------+
| sum(proce) |
+------------+
|     499.76 |
+------------+

avg( ) 求平均数,要求是数值型数据

mysql> select avg(proce) from shop;
+------------+
| avg(proce) |
+------------+
|  49.976000 |
+------------+

max( ) 求最大值
min( ) 求最小值

mysql> select max(proce) from shop;
+------------+
| max(proce) |
+------------+
|     200.00 |
+------------+

mysql> select min(proce) from shop;
+------------+
| min(proce) |
+------------+
|       5.39 |
+------------+
	忽略空值

(3)时间和日期函数
date( ) 返回日期
time( ) 返回时间
year( ) 返回年
month( ) 返回月
day( ) 返回日

mysql> select year(date) from shop;

(4)其他函数

查看当前时间:
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now()               |
+---------------------+
| 2019-11-13 14:00:30 |
+---------------------+
查看当前MySQL版本:
mysql> select version();
+------------+
| version()  |
+------------+
| 5.7.18-log |
+------------+

查看用户:

mysql> select user();
+----------------+
| user()         |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |	管理员用户
+----------------+
	查看当前的用户身份

查看当前在哪个数据库里边

mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| db2        |
+------------+
	查看当前在哪个数据库里面

=======================================

MySQL 的索引

什么是索引?
索引是创建在表上的特殊的文件,对表中的列进行排序的一种数据结构。

索引的功能?
为了加快查询的速度。
尤其是在大表查询。

什么时候使用索引?
表中的数据比较多,列中的数据比较整齐
大表 int或char(10)

什么时候索引无效?
where条件有 <> != (不等于)
where条件有 汇总函数
模糊查询 %xxx
列中数据有很多重复的

索引的“副作用”?
保存索引需要一定的存储空间
查询索引也需要花费时间
如果表中的数据频繁发生变化,索引也得跟着变化,数据更新会变慢

使用索引的注意事项:
如果一个表中的数据,频繁发生变化,不要建索引;
小表没有必要;
尽量选择经常被查询的列创建索引;

索引的类型:
innodb B树索引 (常用)
memory hash索引 (用的比较少)

创建索引:

1. 普通索引

(1) 在创建表的时候,创建索引
(基本没用,因为生产过程中可能不确定这个表要做什么用)

index 和 key 作用一样
将 id 列创建索引:
mysql> create table t1(id int,name char(10),index(id));
mysql> create table t1(id int,name char(10),key(id));

查看

mysql> show create table t1;
  KEY `id` (`id`)

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)  | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

创建表 t2 索引是id
mysql> create table t2 (id int,name char(10),index id_index(id));
mysql> show create table t2;
  KEY `id_index` (`id`)
  

(2)在建表之后,再创建索引

表shop,表passwd已经创建

给表shop添加索引
mysql> create index id_index on shop(id);

mysql> desc shop;
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)      | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |

给pass
mysql> alter table passwd add index uid_index(uid);

mysql> desc passwd;
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| uid      | int(11)      | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |

删除普通索引:

mysql> drop index id on t1;

mysql> alter table t2 drop index id_index;

(2)唯一性索引

unique

约束:列里面的值是唯一的,但是空值无效。
mysql> create table t3 (id int unique,name char(11));
mysql> insert into t3 values(1,"niua");
mysql> insert into t3 values(1,"niub");
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'id'

mysql> insert into t3(name) values("niub");
mysql> insert into t3(name) values("niuc");
mysql> select * from t3;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | niua |
| NULL | niub |
| NULL | niuc |
+------+------+

(3) 约束:非空,列里面的值,不允许是空值。

not null   不为空
建表t4 设置id为整数 不能为空
mysql> create table t4 (id int not null,name char(10));
mysql> insert into t4(name) values("niua");
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value

唯一性约束+非空约束=主键 primary key
mysql> create table t5 (id int unique not null,name char(10));

mysql> desc t5;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

mysql> create table t6 (id int primary key,name char(10));

主键:列的数据的唯一标识。
在主键列上的数据,是唯一的并且非空的。
ID号 身份证号

外键:外键列里面的数据,必须是主键列里面的。
构建外键:
要求:
表的存储引擎是innodb
表的主键列的数据类型和外键列的数据类型是一致的。

  • 构建2个表:
  • 主键表: 公司的部门信息表 部门ID(主键) 部门名称(非空)
  • 外键表: 公司的员工信息表 员工ID(主键) 名字 入职时间 所在部门(部门ID,外键)
mysql> create table dept(dept_id int primary key,dept_name varchar(30) not null);

mysql> create table employees(id int primary key,name varchar(30) not null,date date,dept int,foreign key(dept) references dept(dept_id))engine=innodb;

mysql> insert into dept values(101,"admin");
mysql> insert into dept values(102,"hr");
mysql> insert into dept values(103,"edu");

mysql> insert into employees values(1001,"niua","2018-01-10",101);
mysql> insert into employees values(1002,"niub","2018-01-11",101);
mysql> insert into employees values(1003,"niuc","2018-02-11",102);

删除外键:

mysql> show create table employees;
  CONSTRAINT `employees_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept`) REFERENCES `dept` (`dept_id`)

mysql> alter table employees drop foreign key employees_ibfk_1;

mysql> insert into employees values(1004,"niud","2018-03-11",104);

mysql> select * from employees;
+------+------+------------+------+
| id   | name | date       | dept |
+------+------+------------+------+
| 1001 | niua | 2018-01-10 |  101 |
| 1002 | niub | 2018-01-11 |  101 |
| 1003 | niuc | 2018-02-11 |  102 |
| 1004 | niud | 2018-03-11 |  104 |
+------+------+------------+------+

再添加外键:

mysql> alter table employees add foreign key(dept) references dept(dept_id);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db2`.`#sql-5a3_3`, CONSTRAINT `#sql-5a3_3_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept`) REFERENCES `dept` (`dept_id`))
之前的104 是在删除外键后添加进员工表的,如果不删除的话就没办法操作添加外键,因为主键中没有104,必须主键先有,外键才能有.

这里将104这个部门id删除
mysql> delete from employees where dept=104;

再次添加员工的外键		关联dept 部门id的主键
mysql> alter table employees add foreign key(dept) references dept(dept_id);

级联删除 级联修改:

mysql> alter table employees drop foreign key employees_ibfk_1;

mysql> alter table employees add foreign key(dept) references dept(dept_id) on delete cascade on update cascade;

mysql> update dept set dept_id=112 where dept_name="hr";

mysql> select * from dept;
+---------+-----------+
| dept_id | dept_name |
+---------+-----------+
|     101 | admin     |
|     103 | edu       |
|     112 | hr        |	<--
+---------+-----------+

mysql> select * from employees;
+------+------+------------+------+
| id   | name | date       | dept |
+------+------+------------+------+
| 1001 | niua | 2018-01-10 |  101 |
| 1002 | niub | 2018-01-11 |  101 |
| 1003 | niuc | 2018-02-11 |  112 |	<--
+------+------+------------+------+

mysql> delete from dept where dept_id=112;

mysql> select * from dept;
+---------+-----------+
| dept_id | dept_name |
+---------+-----------+
|     101 | admin     |
|     103 | edu       |
+---------+-----------+
mysql> select * from employees;
+------+------+------------+------+
| id   | name | date       | dept |
+------+------+------------+------+
| 1001 | niua | 2018-01-10 |  101 |
| 1002 | niub | 2018-01-11 |  101 |
+------+------+------------+------+

======================================
测试索引是不是会加快查询速度?

mysql> desc shop;
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)      | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |

mysql> set profiling=1;
	开启sql查询的时间统计。

mysql> select * from shop;
mysql> select id from shop;

mysql> select * from shop where id=1003;
mysql> select id from shop where id=1003;

mysql> show profiles;
+----------+------------+-----------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                             |
+----------+------------+-----------------------------------+
|        1 | 0.00077800 | select * from shop                |
|        2 | 0.00066150 | select id from shop               |
|        3 | 0.00175275 | select * from shop where id=1003  |
|        4 | 0.00049225 | select id from shop where id=1003 |
+----------+------------+-----------------------------------+

使用优化器 explain

mysql> explain select * from shop \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: shop
   partitions: NULL
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 11
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: NULL

mysql> explain select * from shop where id=1003\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: shop
   partitions: NULL
         type: ref
possible_keys: id_index
          key: id_index
      key_len: 5
          ref: const
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: NULL

	如果再type位置,看到了ALL,说明你写的这条SQL语句已经是最烂的了。

自增:

auto_increment

列上设置自增:
	数值型数据,最好是整型
	列上有唯一性约束或主键
员工ID	实现自动增加
mysql> create table t7 (id int unique auto_increment,name char(10));

mysql> desc t7;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niu1");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niu2");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niu3");
mysql> select * from t7;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | niu1 |
|  2 | niu2 |
|  3 | niu3 |
+----+------+
	默认,自增从1开始

mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niua");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niub");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niuc");
mysql> select * from t7;
+----+-------+
| id | name  |
+----+-------+
|  1 | niu1  |
|  2 | niu2  |
|  3 | niu3  |
| 10 | niu10 |
| 11 | niua  |
| 12 | niub  |
| 13 | niuc  |
+----+-------+
	出现断档,从最大值开始自增

mysql> delete from t7;
	表数据被delete以后,自增仍然从最大值开始
	
mysql> truncate t7;
	清空表数据

mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niua");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niub");
mysql> insert into t7(name) values("niuc");
mysql> select * from t7;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | niua |
|  2 | niub |
|  3 | niuc |
+----+------+

===============================
默认值:

default

当信息写入,没有具体输入内容,给定一个默认值。
设置名字为默认值 "unknown",设置年龄为默认"30"
mysql> create table t8 (id int,name char(10) default "unknown",age int default 30);
mysql> desc t8;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | unknown |       |
| age   | int(11)  | YES  |     | 30      |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

写入数据时,只写入id,其它自动按照默认值填写
mysql> insert into t8(id) values(1);

mysql> select * from t8;
+------+---------+------+
| id   | name    | age  |
+------+---------+------+
|    1 | unknown |   30 |
+------+---------+------+

多表查询:

表1:学员信息
	id		主键
	name	非空
	tel		非空
	性别	
	年龄
表2:学员成绩
	id		外键
	ule		非空
	ula		非空
	oracle	非空
表3:学员就业
	id		外键
	work	enum("Y","N")
	money	
stu1 学生信息			id 为主键		名字不为空  电话不为空  性别不为空  年龄不为空
mysql> create table stu1 (id int primary key,name varchar(30) not null,tel char(11)not null,sex enum("M","W"),age int);

stu2 学生分数				id 		各科分数 不为空   	id 设为外键关联stu1的主键
mysql> create table stu2 (id int,ule tinyint not null,ula tinyint not null,oracle tinyint not null,foreign key(id) references stu1(id) on delete cascade on update cascade);

stu3 学生工作			id 		是否工作			工资       id 设为外键关联stu1的主键
mysql> create table stu3 (id int,work enum("Y","N"),money int,foreign key(id) references stu1(id) on delete cascade on update cascade);

为stu1插入数据信息
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092801,"zhangyi",13112345678,"M",21);
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092802,"wanger",13122345678,"M",22);
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092803,"lisan",13132345678,"M",23);
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092804,"liusi",13132345678,"W",25);
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092805,"zhouwu",13152345678,"W",29);
mysql> insert into stu1 values(2019092806,"maliu",13162345678,"M",31);

为stu2插入数据信息
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092801,66,78,90);
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092802,75,68,81);
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092803,71,76,79);
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092804,80,81,75);
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092805,88,85,89);
mysql> insert into stu2 values(2019092806,79,77,80);

为stu2插入数据信息
mysql> insert into stu3 values(2019092801,"Y","5000");
mysql> insert into stu3 values(2019092802,"Y","6000");
mysql> insert into stu3 values(2019092803,"Y","6500");
mysql> insert into stu3 values(2019092804,"N","0");
mysql> insert into stu3 values(2019092805,"Y","7000");

表的关联查询

2个表的关联查询:

1.内部联结
mysql> select id,name,ule from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id=stu2.id;
ERROR 1052 (23000): Column 'id' in field list is ambiguous

mysql> select stu1.id,name,ule from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id=stu2.id;
	||
mysql> select stu1.id,name,ule from stu1 inner join stu2 on stu1.id=stu2.id;
+------------+---------+-----+
| id         | name    | ule |
+------------+---------+-----+
| 2019092801 | zhangyi |  66 |
| 2019092802 | wanger  |  75 |
| 2019092803 | lisan   |  71 |
| 2019092804 | liusi   |  80 |
| 2019092805 | zhouwu  |  88 |
| 2019092806 | maliu   |  79 |
+------------+---------+-----+
mysql> select stu1.id,name,ule from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id=stu2.id and ule >=80;
	||
mysql> select stu1.id,name,ule from stu1 inner join stu2 on stu1.id=stu2.id where ule >=80;
+------------+--------+-----+
| id         | name   | ule |
+------------+--------+-----+
| 2019092804 | liusi  |  80 |
| 2019092805 | zhouwu |  88 |
+------------+--------+-----+
2. 外部联结

(1)左联结

	以左表为基准
mysql> select stu2.id,work from stu3 left outer join stu2 on stu3.id=stu2.id;
+------------+------+
| id         | work |
+------------+------+
| 2019092801 | Y    |
| 2019092802 | Y    |
| 2019092803 | Y    |
| 2019092804 | N    |
| 2019092805 | Y    |
+------------+------+

mysql> select stu2.id,work from stu2 left outer join stu3 on stu3.id=stu2.id;
+------------+------+
| id         | work |
+------------+------+
| 2019092801 | Y    |
| 2019092802 | Y    |
| 2019092803 | Y    |
| 2019092804 | N    |
| 2019092805 | Y    |
| 2019092806 | NULL |
+------------+------+

(2)右联结

	以右表为基准
mysql> select stu2.id,work from stu3 right outer join stu2 on stu3.id=stu2.id;
mysql> select stu2.id,work from stu2 right outer join stu3 on stu3.id=stu2.id;

三个表联结:

mysql> select stu1.id,name,ula,work,money
    -> from 
    -> (
    ->   (stu1 inner join stu2 on stu1.id=stu2.id)
    ->   inner join stu3 on stu1.id=stu3.id
    -> )
    -> ;
+------------+---------+-----+------+-------+
| id         | name    | ula | work | money |
+------------+---------+-----+------+-------+
| 2019092801 | zhangyi |  78 | Y    |  5000 |
| 2019092802 | wanger  |  68 | Y    |  6000 |
| 2019092803 | lisan   |  76 | Y    |  6500 |
| 2019092804 | liusi   |  81 | N    |     0 |
| 2019092805 | zhouwu  |  85 | Y    |  7000 |
+------------+---------+-----+------+-------+

坑:笛卡尔积
没有指定联结条件的查询。
mysql> select stu1.id,ule from stu1,stu2;


子查询:

里层的查询结果,是外层的查询条件。

需求:shop表,输出商品价格最贵的人名?

(1)使用比较运算符
> < = …
条件限制:里层的查询结果输出是1个值。

查询消费最高的人名
mysql> select name from shop where proce=(select max(proce) from shop);
+---------+
| name    |
+---------+
| zhoushi |
+---------+
mysql> select name from shop where proce=(select proce from shop where proce>=20);
ERROR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1 row

(2)使用 IN , not IN 关联子查询的多个值

查询消费20元以上的人名
mysql> select name from shop where proce in (select proce from shop where proce>=20);
+---------+
| name    |
+---------+
| 6niu6   |
| maba    |
| zhaojiu |
| zhoushi |
+---------+
查询人名,不要消费20元以上的
mysql> select name from shop where proce not in (select proce from shop where proce>=20);

体系结构:

应用接口

  • mysql连接池: 默认开150个连接
  • sql接口:接收客户端输入的sql语句
  • 解析器:解释(翻译)接收到的sql语句
  • 优化器:让sql以最快的方式执行
  • 缓存:加快执行速度
  • 存储引擎:完成sql的具体操作
  • 文件系统:存储数据

存储引擎:
调用在文件系统上的数据,然后用sql进行操作。

看到所有的存储引擎
mysql> show engines;
看到所有的存储引擎

DEFAULT	当前mysql默认使用的存储引擎
YES		当前mysql可以使用这种存储引擎
NO		当前mysql无法使用

mysql
5.5.08 以前,默认的存储引擎是 MyISAM
以后,默认的存储引擎是 InnoDB

MyISAM:
适用于读频率远远大于写频率的应用场景。
查询的效率相当高,而且占用内存很小。

表的保存方式:
	.frm 表的框架
	.MYD 表的数据
	.MYI 表的索引

缺点:
	不支持事务操作
	也不支持外键

InnoDB:
为了处理巨大的数据量,如果表的数据量很大,选择使用innodb。

提供了良好的事务处理,针对数据崩溃有很好的修复机制

缺点:读写的效率差。

支持事务:
多个更新命令组合到一起,就是一个事务。

特性:
	A atomic:原子性;对数据的修改,要么执行,要么不执行
	C consistency:一致性;事务在开始和结束时,数据必须保证是一致的状态
	I isolation:隔离性;事务的操作不允许外界干扰
	D duration:持久性;事务要一直执行到最后
	
表的存储方式:
	innodb存储引擎使用表空间存储数据。

	独立表空间:每个表都有自己的表空间文件
		.frm 表的框架结构
		.ibd 表的独立表空间文件
	共享表空间:所有的表共享使用同一个表空间文件
		.frm 表的框架结构
		ibdata1 所有表的共享表空间文件

数据库:保存有组织的数据的容器;
表:保存数据的结构化文件;
行:
列:
数据类型:

表空间:是数据库里最大的逻辑单位,保存表数据
一个表空间可以包含一个或多个数据文件
一个数据文件只能属于一个表空间

例子:
数据库 仓库
表 箱子
数据 保存在箱子里面的“东西”


切换独立表空间和共享表空间
innodb_file_per_table  根据values的状态
ON 表示独立表空间
OFF 表示共享表空间

mysql> show variables like "%per_table%";
+-----------------------+-------+
| Variable_name         | Value |
+-----------------------+-------+
| innodb_file_per_table | ON    |	<--	独立表空间
+-----------------------+-------+

mysql> set global innodb_file_per_table=0;

mysql> show variables like "%per_table%";
+-----------------------+-------+
| Variable_name         | Value |
+-----------------------+-------+
| innodb_file_per_table | OFF   |	<-- 共享表空间
+-----------------------+-------+

mysql> use db3
mysql> create table t1(id int);

独立表空间的文件是这样显示的:
[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data/db3]# ls
db.opt  t1.frm

修改表空间状态,在mysql主配置文件中修改:

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
innodb-file-per-table=[01]
	0	共享
	1	独立,默认的
重启服务生效

事务的提交和回滚:

默认情况下,是自动提交。
commit 是提交
rollback 是回滚
DDL语句,不受事务操作约束:
	create  创建
	drop	删除
	alter	更改
	truncate  清除

**关闭自动提交**
mysql> set autocommit=off;
	关闭自动提交
	
mysql> insert into t1 values(1);
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

另一个终端:
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;	提交

另一个终端:
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

mysql> update t1 set id=2 where id=1;
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    2 |
+------+

另一个终端:
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

mysql> rollback;	回滚

mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

3. memory
内存存储引擎
速度快。
缺点:
服务一重启,或虚拟机重启。
数据全部丢失。

mysql> create table t1 (id int,name char(10))engine=memory;

mysql> show create table t1;
) ENGINE=MEMORY DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |

mysql> insert into t1 values(1,"niua");

[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      2098/mysqld         
[root@mysql-bin ~]# kill 2098
[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld

[root@mysql-bin ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
mysql> use db3
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

锁:

数据库为了保证数据一致性,让访问接口有序的进行数据库操作的一种机制。	

分类:
表级锁:直接锁定整个表,在上锁以后,其他用户操作该表会受限。
锁定的粒度大,发生冲突的概率比较高,并发性差。
行级锁:只锁定操作的那行,表中的其他行不受影响。
锁定的粒度小,几乎不会产生冲突,并发性高。
有可能出现死锁。
mysql5.7以后,会自动解开死锁。


mysql> create table t2(a int,b char(11));
mysql> create index a_index on t2(a);
mysql> create index b_index on t2(b);

mysql> desc t2;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| a     | int(11)  | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| b     | char(11) | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

终端1: 关闭自动提交
mysql> set autocommit=0;

mysql> insert into t2 values(1,"niua");
mysql> insert into t2 values(2,"niub");
mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+
| a    | b    |
+------+------+
|    1 | niua |
|    2 | niub |
+------+------+
提交
mysql> commit;

终端2:关闭自动提交
mysql> set autocommit=0;

提交
mysql> commit;


mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+
| a    | b    |
+------+------+
|    1 | niua |
|    2 | niub |
+------+------+

终端1:更改b 名字   对应a1   没提交
mysql> update t2 set b="niu11" where a=1;

终端2:更改b 名字    对应a1   跟终端1操作一样,被锁住   没提交
mysql> update t2 set b="niu22" where a=1;
	被锁住

终端1:提交
	commit;
终端2:
	自动解锁,报错

	提交后
	commit;
	看到终端1的修改
	

演示死锁

终端1:
mysql> update t2 set b="niu111" where a=1;

终端2:
mysql> update t2 set b="niu22" where a=2;

终端1:
mysql> update t2 set b="niu222" where a=2;

终端2:
mysql> update t2 set b="niu123" where a=1;
ERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction
	自动解开死锁

读锁和写锁:★★★★★

读锁又称为共享锁,简称S锁,顾名思义,共享锁就是多个事务对于同一数据可以共享一把锁,都能访问到数据,但是只能读不能修改。
读锁:当给表加读锁后,所有人对该表只有读权限,不可写。
备份时加读锁。

写锁又称为排他锁,简称X锁,顾名思义,排他锁就是不能与其他所并存,如一个事务获取了一个数据行的排他锁,其他事务就不能再获取该行的其他锁,包括共享锁和排他锁,但是获取排他锁的事务是可以对数据就行读取和修改
写锁:当给表加写锁后,只有自己可以对表进行读写,其他用户没有任何权限。

读锁: 所有人对该表都是只有读的权限,包括管理员

mysql> create table t3(id int);
mysql> insert into t3 values(1);
mysql> select * from t3;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

mysql> lock table t3 read;
	给表加读锁

mysql> insert into t3 values(2);
ERROR 1099 (HY000): Table 't3' was locked with a READ lock and can't be updated
mysql> select * from t3;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+

mysql> unlock tables;
	解锁

写锁: 只有自己可以查看和修改,其它用户不可以

mysql> lock table t3 write;
	给表加写锁

mysql> insert into t3 values(3);
mysql> select * from t3;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
+------+

其他用户:
mysql> select * from t3;
mysql> insert into t3 values(4);
	被阻塞


mysql> unlock tables;

mysql> show open tables where in_use>0;
+----------+-------+--------+-------------+
| Database | Table | In_use | Name_locked |
+----------+-------+--------+-------------+
| db3      | t3    |      1 |           0 |
+----------+-------+--------+-------------+
	查看哪个表被加了锁

================================================

用户和权限管理:

mysql> select user();
+----------------+
| user()         |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+

mysql> use mysql
mysql> show tables;
	user				用户权限
	db					库权限
	tables_priv			表权限
	columns_priv		列权限
(1)user
mysql> desc user;
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-----------------------+-------+
| Field                  | Type                              | Null | Key | Default               | Extra |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-----------------------+-------+
| Host                   | char(60)                          | NO   | PRI |                       |       |
| User                   | char(32)                          | NO   | PRI |                       |       |
| Select_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Insert_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Update_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Delete_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Drop_priv              | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Reload_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Shutdown_priv          | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Process_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| File_priv              | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Grant_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| References_priv        | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Index_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Alter_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Show_db_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Super_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_tmp_table_priv  | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Lock_tables_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Execute_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Repl_slave_priv        | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Repl_client_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_view_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Show_view_priv         | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_routine_priv    | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Alter_routine_priv     | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_user_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Event_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Trigger_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| ssl_type               | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO   |     |                       |       |
| ssl_cipher             | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL                  |       |
| x509_issuer            | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL                  |       |
| x509_subject           | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL                  |       |
| max_questions          | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0                     |       |
| max_updates            | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0                     |       |
| max_connections        | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0                     |       |
| max_user_connections   | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0                     |       |
| plugin                 | char(64)                          | NO   |     | mysql_native_password |       |
| authentication_string  | text                              | YES  |     | NULL                  |       |
| password_expired       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
| password_last_changed  | timestamp                         | YES  |     | NULL                  |       |
| password_lifetime      | smallint(5) unsigned              | YES  |     | NULL                  |       |
| account_locked         | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N                     |       |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-

表示一个用户:用户名@主机名(ip)
	user1@xxx
	[email protected]

权限信息:互斥 Y N
	Y 该用户拥有全局权限,操控所有的库.所有的表

(2)db
mysql> desc db;
单库权限:用户可以操控库.所有的表

(3)tables_priv
mysql> desc tables_priv;
单表权限:对 库.表 拥有所有的权限

(4)columns_priv
mysql> desc columns_priv;
单列权限:对 库.表 上的某些列拥有权限

创建用户:

mysql> create user user1@‘localhost’ identified by ‘12345’;
mysql> flush privileges;

删除用户:记住

mysql> drop user user1@‘localhost’;

授予权限:可以创建用户

grant 权限列表 on 库.表 to 用户名@'主机名' identified by '密码';
权限列表:
	all	所有权限
	权限,权限,...
库.表:
	*.*	所有的库.所有的表
	库名.*	单库.所有的表
	库名.表名	单库.单表
用户名@'主机名(IP)'

1. 授予user1全局权限

mysql> grant all on *.* to user1@'localhost' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> show grants for user1@'localhost' ;
+----------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for user1@localhost                         |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'user1'@'localhost' |
+----------------------------------------------------+

mysql> use mysql
mysql> select * from user where user="user1"\G;

	user1只没有授权用户的权限。

给user1添加授权的权限  with grant option
user=root
mysql> grant all on *.* to user@'localhost' identified by '12345' with grant option;
mysql> flush privileges;

2. 单库权限

单库权限
mysql> grant all on db2.* to user2@'localhost' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

3. 单表权限

单表权限*
mysql> grant all on db2.shop to user3@'localhost' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

4. 单列权限

单列权限
mysql> grant select(id,name),update(proce) on db2.shop to user4@'localhost' identified by '12345'; 
mysql> flush privileges;

5. 远程用户访问的权限

mysql> grant all on db2.* to 自定义用户名@'伙计的IP' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

mysql-server:
mysql> grant all on db2.* to user6@'172.16.0.9' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

mysql-client:
mysql -h IP -u -p
[root@centos7-bj ~]# mysql -h 172.16.0.51 -u user6 -p
Enter password: 
MySQL [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db2                |
+--------------------+

yum install -y mariadb 安装mysql命令(新安装的虚拟机,如果没有mysql命令时)

收回权限: 删除

revoke    (如果为了安全考虑,回收权限不如直接删除这个用户).因为即使回收权限这个用户还是可以登录到mysql的
mysql> show grants for user2@'localhost';
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for user2@localhost                             |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'localhost'              |	用户的登录权限
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `db2`.* TO 'user2'@'localhost' |	用户拥有的操作数据库的权限
+--------------------------------------------------------+

mysql> revoke all on db2.* from user2@'localhost';
	收回权限

mysql> show grants for user2@'localhost';
+-------------------------------------------+
| Grants for user2@localhost                |
+-------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------+

会:
	授权的同时,创建用户
	删除用户

破解root@localhost密码?
操作的时间:
   需要和业务确认,具体是时间段。
[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
skip_grant_tables
	#跳过授权表
	#可以不用输入用户密码,就可以连接数据库

[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306    :::*    LISTEN      2738/mysqld
[root@mysql-bin ~]# kill 2738

[root@mysql-bin ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql
mysql> use mysql
mysql> update user set authentication_string=password('12345') where user='root' and host='localhost';

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
	删掉skip_grant_tables

重启
netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306  :::*   LISTEN      3583/mysqld
[root@mysql-bin ~]# kill 3583

[root@mysql-bin ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 输入新密码

操作的时间:
需要和业务确认,具体是时间段。


MySQL 的备份和恢复

重点 ************

备份的目的?
防止数据损坏、丢失。

造成损坏的:
1. 误操作
2. 硬件故障 raid 硬盘
3. 黑客攻击


raid0 (速度快)
日志 squid的缓存
不怕损失的数据

raid1 (镜像模式,存储安全数据)
镜像
安装操作系统
mysql数据

raid5 (备盘模式 设备到过保修之后 设备需要割接 (重新换新设备) )
性能 <0 >1
备盘

raid10 (跟raid01性能一样,但是比如同时坏一块盘的话,10没有影响,01就不行)


备份的时间?
在用户量 少 的时候。

备份的内容?
全库
单库

备份策略?
完全备份: 将原数据原封不动,备份一份。

好处:恢复方便
缺点:备份时间长,浪费存储空间
适用于数据量小的场景。

差异备份: 以完全备份为基准,只备份不一样的数据

增量备份: 以上一次备份为基准,只备份不一样的数据

  数据量大,可以考虑使用增量或差异备份。

mysql的备份:

自带的备份工具-mysqldump
只支持完全备份

第三方备份工具-xtrbackup
支持完全备份和增量备份


使用mysqldump进行备份:

“<” 恢复时 注意 箭头的方向 !!!

1. 全库备份

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /tmp/all.sql
Enter password:

测试恢复:
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p < /tmp/all.sql

2. 单库备份

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p db2 > /tmp/db2.sql
Enter password: 

恢复:(恢复时需要先建库)
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
mysql> create database db2;

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p db2 < /tmp/db2.sql 
Enter password: 

3. 单表备份

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p db2 dept > /tmp/db2_dept.sql
Enter password:

恢复:
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p db2 < /tmp/db2_dept.sql 
Enter password: 

4. 多库备份

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p -B db2 mysql > /tmp/mysql_db2.sql
Enter password: 

恢复:
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p < /tmp/mysql_db2.sql
Enter password:

5. 多表备份

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p db2 dept employees > /tmp/db2_dept-employees.sql
Enter password: 

恢复:
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p db2 < /tmp/db2_dept-employees.sql
Enter password: 

备份的选项:

--lock-all-tables	备份的同时,给表加锁   (防止备份的时候写入数据)
--default-character-set=utf8	指定字符集  (防止乱码)

两个选项可以同时使用
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases --lock-all-tables --default-character-set=utf8 > /tmp/all.sql 
Enter password: 

mysql的复制技术:

重点

功能:
实时备份
同步架构

工作原理:AB复制 主从复制
master 主
slave 从

============================
lamp 单点架构
l linux
a apache 静态web协议
m mysql
p php 动态web协议

apache+php 172.16.14.8
mysql 172.16.14.2

Master(A) 有数据库
Slave (B) 空库

Master准备

安装apache及需要的动态网站需要的工具
> apache+php	172.16.14.8
[root@apache ~]# yum install -y httpd php php-mysql
[root@apache ~]# yum install -y php-gd php-ldap php-odbc php-pear php-xml php-xmlrpc php-mbstring php-snmp php-soap php-bcmath curl curl-devel

[root@apache ~]# vim /etc/hosts
172.16.0.29	apache.up.com	apache	# 添加修改

[root@apache ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
164   DirectoryIndex index.php index.html	# 修改,添加index.php

[root@apache ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@apache ~]# systemctl enable httpd

编辑php的配置文件:

[root@apache ~]# vim /etc/php.ini
 211 short_open_tag = On		# 修改 On

[root@apache ~]# systemctl restart httpd

写php的测试页:

[root@apache ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@apache /var/www/html]# ls
[root@apache /var/www/html]# vim index.php
<?php
    phpinfo()
?>

浏览器访问:http://172.16.14.8/
看到测试页,OK!

Master (A)部署应用:

[root@apache /var/www/html]# lftp 172.16.0.99   # 远程的ftp拷贝资源
lftp 172.16.0.99:~> cd tar          
cd ok, cwd=/tar                     
lftp 172.16.0.99:/tar> get qqfarm.zip 

[root@apache /var/www/html]# ls
index.php  qqfarm.zip
[root@apache /var/www/html]# yum install -y unzip

[root@apache /var/www/html]# unzip qqfarm.zip

[root@apache /var/www/html]# mv upload/ qqfarm

配置数据库 (mysql 172.16.14.2 ):

> mysql	172.16.14.2
[root@apache /var/www/html/qqfarm]# scp qqfarm.sql 172.16.0.51:/tmp/

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> create database qqfarm;
mysql> grant all on qqfarm.* to qquser@'172.16.%' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p qqfarm < /tmp/qqfarm.sql 
Enter password: 

[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysql -u root -p qqfarm
Enter password: 
mysql> show tables;
看到导入的表,OK

浏览器访问:http://172.16.14.8/qqfarm/

解决访问页面配置时产生的"黄x"

[root@apache /var/www/html]# chmod -R 777 qqfarm

mysql 基于位置点的AB复制:

两个新库 master 将自己的初始位置告诉 slave
salve 带着初始位置找到master 的二进制日志 ,通过日志找变化的数据,写入到自己的中继日志,然后开启sal线程转换到自己的数据库

环境:A库已经运行一段时间,有若干数据 (qqfarm的mysql服务器)
B库是空库

172.16.14.2 带qqfarm的mysql服务器---> 有数据
[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
relay-log       = /data/mysql/relay-log/slave_relay_bin
	中继日志的位置
	保存读取过来的sql
relay-log-index = slave_relay_bin.index
	索引
log-slave-updates
binlog_format   = row
	二进制日志的格式,行
log-bin         = /data/mysql/binlog/binlog
	路径
log-bin-index   = binlog.index
	索引
innodb_log_buffer_size  = 16M
	缓存
server-id       =  2 # 用ip号命名

172.16.14.9 mysql服务器---> 空库
[root@mysql-bin2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 
server-id       =  9
重启mysql---> 两个服务器配置完都需要重启
[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      1465/mysqld         
[root@mysql-bin ~]# kill 1465
[root@mysql-bin ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

B同上


坑:

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/data]# cat auto.cnf 
[auto]
server-uuid=8a13f7ef-04f0-11ea-acb7-000c29c1d40e
	server的唯一标识

解决:
删掉这个文件,重启mysql就可以了。


全库备份(A库)

A库,全库备份,备份文件scp给B,B全库恢复

172.16.14.2
mysql> flush tables with read lock;		# 加读锁 这个执行完后不能关闭shell窗口,否则加锁失败
	给所有的表加读锁
	不可以退出
172.16.14.2
[root@mysql-bin ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /tmp/all.sql
Enter password:

[root@mysql-bin ~]# scp /tmp/all.sql 172.16.0.52:/tmp/
全库恢复(B库):
172.16.14.9  空库
[root@mysql-bin2 ~]# mysql -u root -p < /tmp/all.sql 
Enter password: 

A的数据 == B的数据

测试:

A库的操作:

mysql> unlock tables;

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.0.52' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> show master status;
+---------------+----------+
| File          | Position |
+---------------+----------+
| binlog.000013 |     1891 |
+---------------+----------+

B库操作:

mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='172.16.0.51',
    -> master_port=3306,
    -> master_user='slave',
    -> master_password='12345',
    -> master_log_file='binlog.000013',
    -> master_log_pos=1891;

mysql> start slave;
	启动

mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 172.16.0.51
                  Master_User: slave
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: binlog.000013
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1891
               Relay_Log_File: slave_relay_bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 317
        Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000013
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes	<--
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes	<--
	两个yes,表示成功
	

测试:
A库 创建,插入数据
B库 可以看到,OK. 其它操作都不能做,做了就坏了,后果很严重!!!

权限的网址
https://blog.csdn.net/zmx729618/article/details/78026497/
https://www.jb51.net/article/87979.htm


GTID模式

mysql基于GTID模式的AB复制:

什么是GTID?
1、全局唯一,一个事务对应一个GTID
2、替代传统的binlog+pos复制;使用master_auto_position=1自动匹配GTID断点进行复制
3、MySQL5.6开始支持
4、在传统的主从复制中,slave端不用开启binlog;但是在GTID主从复制中,必须开启binlog
5、slave端在接受master的binlog时,会校验GTID值 6、为了保证主从数据的一致性,多线程同时执行一个GTID

工作原理:
1、master更新数据时,会在事务前产生GTID,一同记录到binlog日志中。 2、slave端的i/o
线程将变更的binlog,写入到本地的relay log中。
3、sql线程从relay
log中获取GTID,然后对比slave端的binlog是否有记录。
4、如果有记录,说明该GTID的事务已经执行,slave会忽略。
5、如果没有记录,slave就会从relay log中执行该GTID的事务,并记录到binlog。
6、在解析过程中会判断是否有主键,如果没有就用二级索引,如果没有就用全部扫描

准备两个空库
172.16.14.10—> A库
172.16.14.11—> B库

172.16.14.10  空库A    
[root@mysqlA ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
server-id       = 71
gtid_mode       = on					# 双A模式也需要分别设置这两项
	开启使用gtid
enforce_gtid_consistency    = 1			# 双A模式也需要分别设置这两项
	强制使用

172.16.14.11 空库B
[root@mysqlB ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
server-id       = 72
gtid_mode       = on					# 双A模式也需要分别设置这两项
enforce_gtid_consistency    = 1			# 双A模式也需要分别设置这两项

重启mysqld

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=mysql &

A库操作:

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.0.72' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

B库操作:

mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='172.16.0.71',
    -> master_port=3306,
    -> master_user='slave',
    -> master_password='12345',
    -> master_auto_position=1;

mysql> start slave;

mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 172.16.0.71
                  Master_User: slave
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: binlog.000011
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 655
               Relay_Log_File: slave_relay_bin.000004
                Relay_Log_Pos: 862
        Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000011
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

坑:

  1. 使用gtid模式,mysql的AB两端,必须是空库
    架构部署初期。
  2. 一个事务只有1个ID,约束不允许一条sql写入多个值
gtid模式当A库写入多个值(values)数据之后,备份时会报错,(可以备份但是恢复是有问题的)
[root@mysqlA ~]# mysqldump -u root -p db1 > /tmp/db1.sql
Enter password: 
Warning: A partial dump from a server that has GTIDs will by default include the GTIDs of all transactions, even those that changed suppressed parts of the database. 
If you don't want to restore GTIDs, pass --set-gtid-purged=OFF. 
To make a complete dump, pass --all-databases --triggers --routines --events. 

上述情况添加选项--set-gtid-purged=OFF 再次执行就可以了.
--set-gtid-purged=OFF 临时关闭gtid模式进行备份
[root@mysqlA ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --set-gtid-purged=OFF db1 > /tmp/db1.sql 
Enter password: 
  1. 如果你使用gtid模式,失败,更改回位置点方式,需要将B库全部清空,重新连接。

位置点
gtid


健壮性!!! —> 多重启两遍 (投入生产环境使用前要做!!!)
A
B
关闭 A B哪个先关闭都可以。
启动 先启动A

[root@mysql-bin ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      1472/mysqld
tcp6       0      0 172.16.0.51:3306        172.16.0.52:46384       ESTABLISHED 1472/mysqld

[root@mysqlA ~]# netstat -antp | grep mysqld
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      1447/mysqld      
tcp6       0      0 172.16.0.71:3306        172.16.0.72:53950       ESTABLISHED 1447/mysqld  

	LISTEN		监听
	ESTABLISHED	连接完成

字符集

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci

双A模式:
2 <-> 9
10 <-> 11

单向:
2 --> 9
10–> 11
单向的AB,B是不能有任何写操作!!!

  1. 基于位置点
    9 --> 2

172.16.14.9: (就是按照那个边单项的,反向操作)

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.14.2' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> show master status;
+---------------+----------+
| File          | Position |
+---------------+----------+
| binlog.000014 |      615 |
+---------------+----------+

2:
172.16.14.2 操作

mysql> change master to 
    -> master_host='172.16.14.9',
    -> master_port=3306,
    -> master_user='slave',
    -> master_password='12345',
    -> master_log_file='binlog.000014',
    -> master_log_pos=615;

mysql> start slave;

mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 172.16.0.52
                  Master_User: slave
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: binlog.000014
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 615
               Relay_Log_File: slave_relay_bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 317
        Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000014
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

基于gtid的:
172.16.14.11:

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.14.10' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;

172.16.14.10:

mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='172.16.14.11',
    -> master_port=3306,
    -> master_user='slave',
    -> master_password='12345',
    -> master_auto_position=1;

mysql> start slave;

这样基于gtid的两台设备就实现AA了.


AB的常见模式:
AB
AA ***
ABB…
AABB
ABBAB 跨机房的AB复制


MySQL 的日志:

1. 错误日志

**error-log:记录mysql-server在运行的过程中,出现了哪些问题。**
[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# ls
mysql-error.log

mysql> show variables like '%log_error%';
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name       | Value                           |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| log_error           | /data/mysql/log/mysql-error.log |	日志路径
| log_error_verbosity | 3                               |	日志级别
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
	1 错误信息
	2 错误和警告信息
	3 错误、警告、通知信息

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
log-error       = /data/mysql/log/mysql-error.log

2. 通用查询日志

记录客户端连接服务器,以及执行的sql。
默认是没有开启的,因为量太大。

mysql> show variables like '%general%';
+------------------+----------------------------------+
| Variable_name    | Value                            |
+------------------+----------------------------------+
| general_log      | OFF                              |	默认是关闭的
| general_log_file | /data/mysql/log/mysql-access.log |	路径
+------------------+----------------------------------+

mysql> set global general_log=1;
	临时开启

mysql> show variables like '%general%';
+------------------+----------------------------------+
| Variable_name    | Value                            |
+------------------+----------------------------------+
| general_log      | ON                               |
| general_log_file | /data/mysql/log/mysql-access.log |
+------------------+----------------------------------+

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# ls
mysql-access.log 

mysql> set global general_log=0;
	关闭

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
general_log=1

3. 慢查询日志

默认关闭
用于优化sql语句。
给定一个基准值,查询时间。

mysql> show variables like '%quer%';
+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                          | Value                               |
+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| long_query_time                        | 10.000000                           |	默认的基准值
| slow_query_log                         | OFF                                 |	默认没有开启
| slow_query_log_file                    | /data/mysql/data/mysql-bin-slow.log |	路径
+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

mysql> show global status like '%slow%';
+---------------------+-------+
| Variable_name       | Value |
+---------------------+-------+
| Slow_launch_threads | 0     |
| Slow_queries        | 0     |
+---------------------+-------+
	你有几条sql达到慢查询的要求

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
slow_query_log=1

4. 二进制日志

记录数据更新的信息

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# vim /etc/my.cnf
log-bin         = /data/mysql/binlog/binlog
log-bin-index   = binlog.index
expire_logs_days = 7	保留的天数
max-binlog-size = 10M	单个日志文件的大小


重启一次mysqld,就会生成一个新的二进制日志

轮滚机制,保留 7 个。

5. 中继日志

保存来自master的日志信息

故障排除

问题
Slave_IO_Running:Connecting
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

1.网络不通
2.账户密码错误
3.防火墙
4.mysql配置文件问题
5.连接服务器时语法
6.主服务器mysql权限
7.MASTER_LOG_POS= 配置错误

中间件–mycat

功能:实现读写分离

mysqlA 172.16.0.51
mysqlB 172.16.0.52
mycat 172.16.0.59

Mycat 设置hosts

[root@mycat ~]# vim /etc/hosts
172.16.0.51 mysqlA.up.com   mysqlA
172.16.0.52 mysqlB.up.com   mysqlB
172.16.0.59 mycat.up.com    mycat

mycat 部署:
[root@mycat ~]# lftp 172.16.0.99
lftp 172.16.0.99:~> cd tar
cd ok, cwd=/tar
lftp 172.16.0.99:/tar> get Jdk-8u131-linux-x64.tar.gz Mycat-server-1.6.tar.gz

1. 安装java环境

[root@mycat ~]# tar zxf Jdk-8u131-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/

[root@mycat /usr/local]# ln -s jdk1.8.0_131/ java

[root@mycat /usr/local]# vim /etc/profile
	结尾添加
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java
export CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

[root@mycat /usr/local]# . /etc/profile

校验:

[root@mycat /usr/local]# java -version
java version "1.8.0_131"

[root@mycat /usr/local]# ls $JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
/usr/local/java/lib/tools.jar
[root@mycat /usr/local]# ls $JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
/usr/local/java/lib/dt.jar

2. 部署mycat

设置环境变量
[root@mycat ~]# tar zxf Mycat-server-1.6.tar.gz -C /usr/local/

[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat]# vim /etc/profile
export PATH=/usr/local/mycat/bin:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat]# . /etc/profile

[root@mycat ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mycat/bin:/usr/local/java/bin:/usr/local/java/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat]# vim conf/server.xml
 80     <user name="root">
	在mysql A B 授权的用户名
 81         <property name="password">12345</property>
	root的密码
 82         <property name="schemas">qqfarm</property>
	数据库的名字
 94 <!--
 95     <user name="user">
 96         <property name="password">user</property>
 97         <property name="schemas">TESTDB</property>
 98         <property name="readOnly">true</property>
 99     </user>
100 -->

[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat/conf]# vim schema.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="qqfarm" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1">
写入数据库的名字,是模式名
    </schema>
        <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database="qqfarm" />
读写分离的数据库名
        <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="3" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
        <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>        
检测心跳
			<writeHost host="mysqlA" url="172.16.0.51:3306" user="root"  password="12345">
执行写操作的mysql
            <readHost host="mysqlB" url="172.16.0.52:3306" user="root" password="12345" />
执行读操作的mysql
        </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
mysql A B 授权用户:
mysql> grant all on qqfarm.* to root@'172.16.%' identified by '12345';
mysql> flush privileges;
启动:
[root@mycat ~]# mycat start
Starting Mycat-server...

[root@mycat ~]# mycat status
Mycat-server is running (1252).

[root@mycat ~]# netstat -antp | grep java
测试:
[root@centos7-bj ~]# mysql -h 172.16.0.59 -P 8066 -u root -p
Enter password:密码是root@'172.16.%'的密码

在mysql A B 开启通用查询日志:
mysql> set global general_log=1;

[root@mysql-bin /data/mysql/log]# tail -0f mysql-access.log 
2019-11-20T08:33:23.600805Z	   17 Query	create table t1 (id int)
2019-11-20T08:33:34.672733Z	    8 Query	insert into t1 values (1)

[root@mysql-bin2 /data/mysql/log]# tail -0f mysql-access.log 
2019-11-20T08:33:23.572137Z	    2 Query	create table t1 (id int)
2019-11-20T08:33:38.967989Z	    9 Query	select * from t1

进行读写操作:
MySQL [qqfarm]> create table t1 (id int);
MySQL [qqfarm]> insert into t1 values (1);
MySQL [qqfarm]> select * from t1;

结果:
写操作在 A B上都执行,因为写A的同时,也会写B
读操作只在B上执行


[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat]# vim conf/server.xml
    <user name="root">
        <property name="password">12345</property>
        <property name="schemas">qqfarm,db2</property>
[root@mycat /usr/local/mycat]# vim conf/schema.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="qqfarm" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1">
    </schema>
    <schema name="db2" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn2">
    </schema>
      <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database="qqfarm" />
      <dataNode name="dn2" dataHost="localhost1" database="db2" />
        <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="3" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
        <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <writeHost host="mysqlA" url="172.16.0.51:3306" user="root"  password="12345">
            <readHost host="mysqlB" url="172.16.0.52:3306" user="root" password="12345" />
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="mysqlA" url="172.16.0.51:3306" user="root"  password="12345">
            <readHost host="mysqlB" url="172.16.0.52:3306" user="root" password="12345" />
        </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
</mycat:schema>

启动 Mycat

[root@mycat ~]# mycat stop
[root@mycat ~]# mycat start

[root@mycat ~]# netstat -antp | grep java

在A,B主机授权

mysql AB 授权:
mysql> grant all on db2.* to root@'172.16.%';
mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> grant all on db2.* to root@'172.16.%';
mysql> flush privileges;

字符集:★★★★★

防止数据库中,数据是 汉字,导致乱码。
mysql> show character set;
	查看支持的字符集
	
设置utf8:
mysql> show character set like "%utf8%";
+---------+---------------+--------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description   | Default collation  | Maxlen |
+---------+---------------+--------------------+--------+
| utf8    | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci    |      3 |	<--
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci |      4 |
+---------+---------------+--------------------+--------+

mysql> show variables like "%coll%";
+----------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name        | Value           |
+----------------------+-----------------+
| collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_database   | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_server     | utf8_general_ci |
+----------------------+-----------------+

mysql> show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------+
| Variable_name            | Value    |
+--------------------------+----------+
| character_set_client     | utf8     |
| character_set_connection | utf8     |
| character_set_database   | utf8     |
| character_set_filesystem | binary   |
| character_set_results    | utf8     |
| character_set_server     | utf8     |
| character_set_system     | utf8     |
+--------------------------+----------+

[root@mysql-bin ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci

重启mysql

运维:
安装
部署架构 AB AA …
用户和权限
备份和恢复
日志


错误参考

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘;’ at line 1
语法错误,结尾的;打错了

ERROR 1046 (3D000): No database selected
建表的时候没有选择库(没在库里是不能建表的)

mysql> create tables t1 (name varchar(30));
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘tables t1 (name varchar(30))’ at line 1

低级错误,table,不应该写s

mysql> insert into t1 values(‘明天会更好’);
ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: ‘\xE6\x98\x8E\xE5\xA4\xA9…’ for column ‘name’ at row 1

插入值得时候提示错误,是因为所在库没有添加中文字符集(具体操作参照上文)

mysql命令无法使用
提示:mysql: command not found
解决方法:alias mysql=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
配置别名之后OK了

mysql提示stop slave
哪边提示就停哪边。

双A模式主从不同步,提示:Slave_IO_Running: No

mysql> stop slave;
mysql> change master to Master_Log_File='binlog.000001',Master_Log_Pos=98;
mysql> start slave;
mysql> show slave status\G
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

做AB库的时候,设置SLAVE权限密码时,提示错误

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.1.52' identified by  '12345';
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.

答:

mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave,reload,super on *.* to slave@'172.16.1.52' identified by '12345';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

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