计算机毕业设计选题推荐-来访管理系统-Python项目实战

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一、前言

在当今社会，无论是企业还是机构，来访接待都是其日常运营中的重要环节。来访管理系统不仅能提高接待效率，也能提升访客的满意度，进而影响来访者对机构的印象和评价。然而，目前很多机构仍采用传统的手工方式进行访客预约和管理，这种方式不仅效率低下，而且容易出错，已经不能满足现代接待工作的需求。因此，开发一套完善的来访管理系统变得至关重要。

尽管市面上已经存在一些来访管理系统，但它们往往存在一些问题。一方面，这些系统的操作复杂，使用起来不够便捷，导致使用效率低下。另一方面，这些系统通常缺乏数据分析功能，无法为管理者提供决策支持。此外，很多系统缺乏对访客体验的关注，无法满足访客的个性化需求。

本课题旨在开发一套完善、便捷、易用的来访管理系统。该系统将基于流程管理理论，实现访客预约、来访管理、数据分析等功能。同时，该系统将关注访客体验，通过提供个性化的服务来满足访客的需求，提升访客满意度。通过本课题的研究，我们将解决现有来访管理系统的不足之处，为机构提供一种全新的、便捷、个性化的来访接待管理方案。

本课题的意义在于提高接待效率，提升访客满意度，优化机构形象。同时，通过本课题的研究，我们可以提供一种具有普遍适用性的来访管理系统，该系统可以为各类机构提供接待管理方案，从而推动各行业的发展。此外，本课题的研究成果还可以为其他类似系统的开发提供理论和实践指导，推动相关领域的技术进步。

二、开发环境

• 开发语言：Python
• 数据库：MySQL
• 系统架构：B/S
• 后端：Django
• 前端：Vue

三、系统功能模块

• 角色：访客、管理员
• 功能：
  访客：
  访客预约管理、访客来访管理；
  管理员：
  访客管理、访客预约管理、访客来访管理、访客统计图。

四、系统界面展示

• 来访管理系统-界面展示：
  
  
  
  
  
  

五、代码参考

• Python项目实战-代码参考：

    def __init__(self, app_name, app_module):
        # Full Python path to the application e.g. 'django.contrib.admin'.
        self.name = app_name

        # Root module for the application e.g. .
        self.module = app_module

        # Reference to the Apps registry that holds this AppConfig. Set by the
        # registry when it registers the AppConfig instance.
        self.apps = None

        # The following attributes could be defined at the class level in a
        # subclass, hence the test-and-set pattern.

        # Last component of the Python path to the application e.g. 'admin'.
        # This value must be unique across a Django project.
        if not hasattr(self, 'label'):
            self.label = app_name.rpartition(".")[2]

        # Human-readable name for the application e.g. "Admin".
        if not hasattr(self, 'verbose_name'):
            self.verbose_name = self.label.title()

        # Filesystem path to the application directory e.g.
        # '/path/to/django/contrib/admin'.
        if not hasattr(self, 'path'):
            self.path = self._path_from_module(app_module)

        # Module containing models e.g. . Set by import_models().
        # None if the application doesn't have a models module.
        self.models_module = None

        # Mapping of lowercase model names to model classes. Initially set to
        # None to prevent accidental access before import_models() runs.
        self.models = None

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.label)

    def _path_from_module(self, module):
        """Attempt to determine app's filesystem path from its module."""
        # See #21874 for extended discussion of the behavior of this method in
        # various cases.
        # Convert paths to list because Python's _NamespacePath doesn't support
        # indexing.
        paths = list(getattr(module, '__path__', []))
        if len(paths) != 1:
            filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
            if filename is not None:
                paths = [os.path.dirname(filename)]
            else:
                # For unknown reasons, sometimes the list returned by __path__
                # contains duplicates that must be removed (#25246).
                paths = list(set(paths))
        if len(paths) > 1:
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "The app module %r has multiple filesystem locations (%r); "
                "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass "
                "with a 'path' class attribute." % (module, paths))
        elif not paths:
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "The app module %r has no filesystem location, "
                "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass "
                "with a 'path' class attribute." % module)
        return paths[0]

    @classmethod
    def create(cls, entry):
        """
        Factory that creates an app config from an entry in INSTALLED_APPS.
        """
        try:
            # If import_module succeeds, entry is a path to an app module,
            # which may specify an app config class with default_app_config.
            # Otherwise, entry is a path to an app config class or an error.
            module = import_module(entry)

        except ImportError:
            # Track that importing as an app module failed. If importing as an
            # app config class fails too, we'll trigger the ImportError again.
            module = None

            mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition('.')

            # Raise the original exception when entry cannot be a path to an
            # app config class.
            if not mod_path:
                raise

        else:
            try:
                # If this works, the app module specifies an app config class.
                entry = module.default_app_config
            except AttributeError:
                # Otherwise, it simply uses the default app config class.
                return cls(entry, module)
            else:
                mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition('.')

        # If we're reaching this point, we must attempt to load the app config
        # class located at .
        mod = import_module(mod_path)
        try:
            cls = getattr(mod, cls_name)
        except AttributeError:
            if module is None:
                # If importing as an app module failed, check if the module
                # contains any valid AppConfigs and show them as choices.
                # Otherwise, that error probably contains the most informative
                # traceback, so trigger it again.
                candidates = sorted(
                    repr(name) for name, candidate in mod.__dict__.items()
                    if isinstance(candidate, type) and
                    issubclass(candidate, AppConfig) and
                    candidate is not AppConfig
                )
                if candidates:
                    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                        "'%s' does not contain a class '%s'. Choices are: %s."
                        % (mod_path, cls_name, ', '.join(candidates))
                    )
                import_module(entry)
            else:
                raise

        # Check for obvious errors. (This check prevents duck typing, but
        # it could be removed if it became a problem in practice.)
        if not issubclass(cls, AppConfig):
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "'%s' isn't a subclass of AppConfig." % entry)

        # Obtain app name here rather than in AppClass.__init__ to keep
        # all error checking for entries in INSTALLED_APPS in one place.
        try:
            app_name = cls.name
        except AttributeError:
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "'%s' must supply a name attribute." % entry)

        # Ensure app_name points to a valid module.
        try:
            app_module = import_module(app_name)
        except ImportError:
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "Cannot import '%s'. Check that '%s.%s.name' is correct." % (
                    app_name, mod_path, cls_name,
                )
            )

        # Entry is a path to an app config class.
        return cls(app_name, app_module)

    def get_model(self, model_name, require_ready=True):
        """
        Return the model with the given case-insensitive model_name.

        Raise LookupError if no model exists with this name.
        """
        if require_ready:
            self.apps.check_models_ready()
        else:
            self.apps.check_apps_ready()
        try:
            return self.models[model_name.lower()]
        except KeyError:
            raise LookupError(
                "App '%s' doesn't have a '%s' model." % (self.label, model_name))

    def get_models(self, include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False):
        """
        Return an iterable of models.

        By default, the following models aren't included:

        - auto-created models for many-to-many relations without
          an explicit intermediate table,
        - models that have been swapped out.

        Set the corresponding keyword argument to True to include such models.
        Keyword arguments aren't documented; they're a private API.
        """
        self.apps.check_models_ready()
        for model in self.models.values():
            if model._meta.auto_created and not include_auto_created:
                continue
            if model._meta.swapped and not include_swapped:
                continue
            yield model

    def import_models(self):
        # Dictionary of models for this app, primarily maintained in the
        # 'all_models' attribute of the Apps this AppConfig is attached to.
        self.models = self.apps.all_models[self.label]

        if module_has_submodule(self.module, MODELS_MODULE_NAME):
            models_module_name = '%s.%s' % (self.name, MODELS_MODULE_NAME)
            self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)

    def ready(self):
        """
        Override this method in subclasses to run code when Django starts.
        """

    def __init__(self, installed_apps=()):
        # installed_apps is set to None when creating the master registry
        # because it cannot be populated at that point. Other registries must
        # provide a list of installed apps and are populated immediately.
        if installed_apps is None and hasattr(sys.modules[__name__], 'apps'):
            raise RuntimeError("You must supply an installed_apps argument.")

        # Mapping of app labels => model names => model classes. Every time a
        # model is imported, ModelBase.__new__ calls apps.register_model which
        # creates an entry in all_models. All imported models are registered,
        # regardless of whether they're defined in an installed application
        # and whether the registry has been populated. Since it isn't possible
        # to reimport a module safely (it could reexecute initialization code)
        # all_models is never overridden or reset.
        self.all_models = defaultdict(dict)

        # Mapping of labels to AppConfig instances for installed apps.
        self.app_configs = {}

        # Stack of app_configs. Used to store the current state in
        # set_available_apps and set_installed_apps.
        self.stored_app_configs = []

        # Whether the registry is populated.
        self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.ready = False
        # For the autoreloader.
        self.ready_event = threading.Event()

        # Lock for thread-safe population.
        self._lock = threading.RLock()
        self.loading = False

        # Maps ("app_label", "modelname") tuples to lists of functions to be
        # called when the corresponding model is ready. Used by this class's
        # `lazy_model_operation()` and `do_pending_operations()` methods.
        self._pending_operations = defaultdict(list)

        # Populate apps and models, unless it's the master registry.
        if installed_apps is not None:
            self.populate(installed_apps)

    def populate(self, installed_apps=None):
        """
        Load application configurations and models.

        Import each application module and then each model module.

        It is thread-safe and idempotent, but not reentrant.
        """
        if self.ready:
            return

        # populate() might be called by two threads in parallel on servers
        # that create threads before initializing the WSGI callable.
        with self._lock:
            if self.ready:
                return

            # An RLock prevents other threads from entering this section. The
            # compare and set operation below is atomic.
            if self.loading:
                # Prevent reentrant calls to avoid running AppConfig.ready()
                # methods twice.
                raise RuntimeError("populate() isn't reentrant")
            self.loading = True

            # Phase 1: initialize app configs and import app modules.
            for entry in installed_apps:
                if isinstance(entry, AppConfig):
                    app_config = entry
                else:
                    app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)
                if app_config.label in self.app_configs:
                    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                        "Application labels aren't unique, "
                        "duplicates: %s" % app_config.label)

                self.app_configs[app_config.label] = app_config
                app_config.apps = self

            # Check for duplicate app names.
            counts = Counter(
                app_config.name for app_config in self.app_configs.values())
            duplicates = [
                name for name, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]
            if duplicates:
                raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                    "Application names aren't unique, "
                    "duplicates: %s" % ", ".join(duplicates))

            self.apps_ready = True

            # Phase 2: import models modules.
            for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
                app_config.import_models()

            self.clear_cache()

            self.models_ready = True

            # Phase 3: run ready() methods of app configs.
            for app_config in self.get_app_configs():
                app_config.ready()

            self.ready = True
            self.ready_event.set()

    def check_apps_ready(self):
        """Raise an exception if all apps haven't been imported yet."""
        if not self.apps_ready:
            from django.conf import settings
            # If "not ready" is due to unconfigured settings, accessing
            # INSTALLED_APPS raises a more helpful ImproperlyConfigured
            # exception.
            settings.INSTALLED_APPS
            raise AppRegistryNotReady("Apps aren't loaded yet.")

    def check_models_ready(self):
        """Raise an exception if all models haven't been imported yet."""
        if not self.models_ready:
            raise AppRegistryNotReady("Models aren't loaded yet.")

    def get_app_configs(self):
        """Import applications and return an iterable of app configs."""
        self.check_apps_ready()
        return self.app_configs.values()

    def get_app_config(self, app_label):
        """
        Import applications and returns an app config for the given label.

        Raise LookupError if no application exists with this label.
        """
        self.check_apps_ready()
        try:
            return self.app_configs[app_label]
        except KeyError:
            message = "No installed app with label '%s'." % app_label
            for app_config in self.get_app_configs():
                if app_config.name == app_label:
                    message += " Did you mean '%s'?" % app_config.label
                    break
            raise LookupError(message)

    # This method is performance-critical at least for Django's test suite.
    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
    def get_models(self, include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False):
        """
        Return a list of all installed models.

        By default, the following models aren't included:

        - auto-created models for many-to-many relations without
          an explicit intermediate table,
        - models that have been swapped out.

        Set the corresponding keyword argument to True to include such models.
        """
        self.check_models_ready()

        result = []
        for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
            result.extend(app_config.get_models(include_auto_created, include_swapped))
        return result

    def get_model(self, app_label, model_name=None, require_ready=True):
        """
        Return the model matching the given app_label and model_name.

        As a shortcut, app_label may be in the form ..

        model_name is case-insensitive.

        Raise LookupError if no application exists with this label, or no
        model exists with this name in the application. Raise ValueError if
        called with a single argument that doesn't contain exactly one dot.
        """
        if require_ready:
            self.check_models_ready()
        else:
            self.check_apps_ready()

        if model_name is None:
            app_label, model_name = app_label.split('.')

        app_config = self.get_app_config(app_label)

        if not require_ready and app_config.models is None:
            app_config.import_models()

        return app_config.get_model(model_name, require_ready=require_ready)

    def register_model(self, app_label, model):
        # Since this method is called when models are imported, it cannot
        # perform imports because of the risk of import loops. It mustn't
        # call get_app_config().
        model_name = model._meta.model_name
        app_models = self.all_models[app_label]
        if model_name in app_models:
            if (model.__name__ == app_models[model_name].__name__ and
                    model.__module__ == app_models[model_name].__module__):
                warnings.warn(
                    "Model '%s.%s' was already registered. "
                    "Reloading models is not advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, "
                    "most notably with related models." % (app_label, model_name),
                    RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
            else:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "Conflicting '%s' models in application '%s': %s and %s." %
                    (model_name, app_label, app_models[model_name], model))
        app_models[model_name] = model
        self.do_pending_operations(model)
        self.clear_cache()

    def is_installed(self, app_name):
        """
        Check whether an application with this name exists in the registry.

        app_name is the full name of the app e.g. 'django.contrib.admin'.
        """
        self.check_apps_ready()
        return any(ac.name == app_name for ac in self.app_configs.values())

    def get_containing_app_config(self, object_name):
        """
        Look for an app config containing a given object.

        object_name is the dotted Python path to the object.

        Return the app config for the inner application in case of nesting.
        Return None if the object isn't in any registered app config.
        """
        self.check_apps_ready()
        candidates = []
        for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
            if object_name.startswith(app_config.name):
                subpath = object_name[len(app_config.name):]
                if subpath == '' or subpath[0] == '.':
                    candidates.append(app_config)
        if candidates:
            return sorted(candidates, key=lambda ac: -len(ac.name))[0]

    def get_registered_model(self, app_label, model_name):
        """
        Similar to get_model(), but doesn't require that an app exists with
        the given app_label.

        It's safe to call this method at import time, even while the registry
        is being populated.
        """
        model = self.all_models[app_label].get(model_name.lower())
        if model is None:
            raise LookupError(
                "Model '%s.%s' not registered." % (app_label, model_name))
        return model

    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
    def get_swappable_settings_name(self, to_string):
        """
        For a given model string (e.g. "auth.User"), return the name of the
        corresponding settings name if it refers to a swappable model. If the
        referred model is not swappable, return None.

        This method is decorated with lru_cache because it's performance
        critical when it comes to migrations. Since the swappable settings don't
        change after Django has loaded the settings, there is no reason to get
        the respective settings attribute over and over again.
        """
        for model in self.get_models(include_swapped=True):
            swapped = model._meta.swapped
            # Is this model swapped out for the model given by to_string?
            if swapped and swapped == to_string:
                return model._meta.swappable
            # Is this model swappable and the one given by to_string?
            if model._meta.swappable and model._meta.label == to_string:
                return model._meta.swappable
        return None

    def set_available_apps(self, available):
        """
        Restrict the set of installed apps used by get_app_config[s].

        available must be an iterable of application names.

        set_available_apps() must be balanced with unset_available_apps().

        Primarily used for performance optimization in TransactionTestCase.

        This method is safe in the sense that it doesn't trigger any imports.
        """
        available = set(available)
        installed = {app_config.name for app_config in self.get_app_configs()}
        if not available.issubset(installed):
            raise ValueError(
                "Available apps isn't a subset of installed apps, extra apps: %s"
                % ", ".join(available - installed)
            )

        self.stored_app_configs.append(self.app_configs)
        self.app_configs = {
            label: app_config
            for label, app_config in self.app_configs.items()
            if app_config.name in available
        }
        self.clear_cache()

    def unset_available_apps(self):
        """Cancel a previous call to set_available_apps()."""
        self.app_configs = self.stored_app_configs.pop()
        self.clear_cache()

    def set_installed_apps(self, installed):
        """
        Enable a different set of installed apps for get_app_config[s].

        installed must be an iterable in the same format as INSTALLED_APPS.

        set_installed_apps() must be balanced with unset_installed_apps(),
        even if it exits with an exception.

        Primarily used as a receiver of the setting_changed signal in tests.

        This method may trigger new imports, which may add new models to the
        registry of all imported models. They will stay in the registry even
        after unset_installed_apps(). Since it isn't possible to replay
        imports safely (e.g. that could lead to registering listeners twice),
        models are registered when they're imported and never removed.
        """
        if not self.ready:
            raise AppRegistryNotReady("App registry isn't ready yet.")
        self.stored_app_configs.append(self.app_configs)
        self.app_configs = {}
        self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.loading = self.ready = False
        self.clear_cache()
        self.populate(installed)

    def unset_installed_apps(self):
        """Cancel a previous call to set_installed_apps()."""
        self.app_configs = self.stored_app_configs.pop()
        self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.ready = True
        self.clear_cache()

    def clear_cache(self):
        """
        Clear all internal caches, for methods that alter the app registry.

        This is mostly used in tests.
        """
        # Call expire cache on each model. This will purge
        # the relation tree and the fields cache.
        self.get_models.cache_clear()
        if self.ready:
            # Circumvent self.get_models() to prevent that the cache is refilled.
            # This particularly prevents that an empty value is cached while cloning.
            for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
                for model in app_config.get_models(include_auto_created=True):
                    model._meta._expire_cache()

    def lazy_model_operation(self, function, *model_keys):
        """
        Take a function and a number of ("app_label", "modelname") tuples, and
        when all the corresponding models have been imported and registered,
        call the function with the model classes as its arguments.

        The function passed to this method must accept exactly n models as
        arguments, where n=len(model_keys).
        """
        # Base case: no arguments, just execute the function.
        if not model_keys:
            function()
        # Recursive case: take the head of model_keys, wait for the
        # corresponding model class to be imported and registered, then apply
        # that argument to the supplied function. Pass the resulting partial
        # to lazy_model_operation() along with the remaining model args and
        # repeat until all models are loaded and all arguments are applied.
        else:
            next_model, *more_models = model_keys

            # This will be executed after the class corresponding to next_model
            # has been imported and registered. The `func` attribute provides
            # duck-type compatibility with partials.
            def apply_next_model(model):
                next_function = partial(apply_next_model.func, model)
                self.lazy_model_operation(next_function, *more_models)
            apply_next_model.func = function

            # If the model has already been imported and registered, partially
            # apply it to the function now. If not, add it to the list of
            # pending operations for the model, where it will be executed with
            # the model class as its sole argument once the model is ready.
            try:
                model_class = self.get_registered_model(*next_model)
            except LookupError:
                self._pending_operations[next_model].append(apply_next_model)
            else:
                apply_next_model(model_class)

    def do_pending_operations(self, model):
        """
        Take a newly-prepared model and pass it to each function waiting for
        it. This is called at the very end of Apps.register_model().
        """
        key = model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name
        for function in self._pending_operations.pop(key, []):
            function(model)

六、论文参考

• 计算机毕业设计选题推荐-来访管理系统-论文参考：
  

七、系统视频

来访管理系统-项目视频：

基于Python的来访管理系统

结语

计算机毕业设计选题推荐-来访管理系统-Python项目实战
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