RabbitMQ 死信队列详解

一、死信的概念

死信，顾名思义就是无法被消费的消息。一般来说，Producer 将消息投递到 Broker 或者直接到 Queue 里了，Consumer 从 Queue 取出消息进行消费，但某些时候由于特定的原因导致 Queue 中的某些消息无法被消费，这样的消息如果没有后续的处理，就变成了死信，有死信自然就有了死信队列。

应用场景：为了保证订单业务的消息数据不丢失，需要使用到 RabbitMQ 的死信队列机制，档消息消费发生异常时，将消息投入到死信队列中。还有比如说：用户在商城下单成功并点击支付后再指定时间未支付时自动失效。

二、死信的来源

• 消息 TTL 过期
• 队列达到最大长度（队列满了，无法再添加数据到 mq 中）
• 消息被拒绝（basic.reject 或 basic.nack）并且 requeue=false（不再重新入队）

三、死信实战

3.1 代码架构图

3.2 消息 TTL 过期

生产者

public class DeadLetterProducer {
    private static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        // 声明一个交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 设置消息 TTL 过期时间
        AMQP.BasicProperties properties = new AMQP.BasicProperties().builder().expiration("10000").build();
        String message = "info";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "zhangsan", properties, message.getBytes());
        System.out.println("消息发送完成：" + message);
    }
}

消费者1

public class DeadLetterConsumer1 {
    private static String NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";
    private static String NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME = "normal-queue";
    private static String DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME = "dead_exchange";
    private static String DEAD_QUEUE_NAME = "dead-queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        // 声明一个死信队列
        channel.queueDeclare(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 声明一个死信交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 死信队列与死信交换机绑定
        channel.queueBind(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, "lisi");

        // 正常队列与死信交换机的绑定关系
        Map<String, Object> deadLetterParams = new HashMap<>(2);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key","lisi");

        // 声明一个正常队列
        channel.queueDeclare(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, deadLetterParams);
        // 声明一个正常交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 把队列和交换机进行绑定
        channel.queueBind(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, "zhangsan");
        System.out.println("C1消费者启动等待消费消息：");
        channel.basicConsume(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, true, (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String receivedMessage = new String(delivery.getBody());
            System.out.println("消费者接收到消息：" + receivedMessage);
        },(consumerTag) -> {
            System.out.println(consumerTag + "消费者取消消费消息");
        });
    }
}

消费者2

public class DeadLetterConsumer2 {
    private static String NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";
    private static String DEAD_QUEUE_NAME = "dead-queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        System.out.println("C2消费者启动等待消费消息：");
        channel.basicConsume(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, true, (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String receivedMessage = new String(delivery.getBody());
            System.out.println("消费者接收到死信：" + receivedMessage);
        },(consumerTag) -> {
            System.out.println(consumerTag + "消费者取消消费消息");
        });
    }
}

先启动消费者1，将正常交换机、死信交换机、正常队列、死信队列创建出来，否则会报错。接着启动消费者2，然后在启动生产者，观察控制台。
消费者1启动后进入RabbitMQ系统后台，可以看到队列 normal-queue 的 features 一列多了两个信息。其中 DLX 表示死信交换机，DLK 表示死信交换机的路由键（RoutingKey）。

此时由于消费者1可以正常消费消息，所以在消费者2中，死信队列是接收不到消息的。控制台情况如下:



将消费者1和消费者2的服务停止，重新运行生产者，10s 后消息会被进入到死信队列


再来看下后台系统：
生产者未发送消息

生产者发送了 1 条消息，此时正常队列中有 1 条未消费消息

时间过去 10 秒，正常队列里面的消息由于没有被消费，消息进入死信队列。

3.3 队列达到最大长度

生产者

public class DeadLetterLengthProducer {
    private static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        // 声明一个交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 设置消息 TTL 过期时间
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            String message = "info" + i;
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "zhangsan", null, message.getBytes());
        }

        System.out.println("消息发送完成");
    }
}

消费者1

public class DeadLetterLengthConsumer1 {
    private static String NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";
    private static String NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME = "normal-queue";
    private static String DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME = "dead_exchange";
    private static String DEAD_QUEUE_NAME = "dead-queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        // 声明一个死信队列
        channel.queueDeclare(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 声明一个死信交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 死信队列与死信交换机绑定
        channel.queueBind(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, "lisi");

        // 正常队列与死信交换机的绑定关系
        Map<String, Object> deadLetterParams = new HashMap<>(2);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key","lisi");
        deadLetterParams.put("x-max-length", 6);

        // 声明一个正常队列
        channel.queueDeclare(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, deadLetterParams);
        // 声明一个正常交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 把队列和交换机进行绑定
        channel.queueBind(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, "zhangsan");
        System.out.println("C1消费者启动等待消费消息：");
        channel.basicConsume(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, true, (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String receivedMessage = new String(delivery.getBody());
            System.out.println("消费者接收到消息：" + receivedMessage);
        },(consumerTag) -> {
            System.out.println(consumerTag + "消费者取消消费消息");
        });
    }
}

消费者2

public class DeadLetterLengthConsumer2 {
    private static String NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";
    private static String DEAD_QUEUE_NAME = "dead-queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        System.out.println("C2消费者启动等待消费消息：");
        channel.basicConsume(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, true, (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String receivedMessage = new String(delivery.getBody());
            System.out.println("消费者接收到死信：" + receivedMessage);
        },(consumerTag) -> {
            System.out.println(consumerTag + "消费者取消消费消息");
        });
    }
}

由于消费者1中修改了队列参数，所以启动前需要先将原先的队列删除，然后再启动消费者1，创建相关的队列及交换机。接着关闭消费者 1，启动生产者。打开后台系统：

普通队列中有 6 条消息未消费，超出队列长度的 4 条消息进入到了死信队列。

然后启动消费者1 和消费者2

3.4 消息被拒

生产者和消费者2 的代码不需要修改，修改消费者1 的代码，修改后的代码如下：

消费者2

public class DeadLetterRejectConsumer1 {
    private static String NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME = "normal_exchange";
    private static String NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME = "normal-queue";
    private static String DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME = "dead_exchange";
    private static String DEAD_QUEUE_NAME = "dead-queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
        Channel channel = RabbitMqUtil.getChannel();
        // 声明一个死信队列
        channel.queueDeclare(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        // 声明一个死信交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 死信队列与死信交换机绑定
        channel.queueBind(DEAD_QUEUE_NAME, DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME, "lisi");

        // 正常队列与死信交换机的绑定关系
        Map<String, Object> deadLetterParams = new HashMap<>(2);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_EXCHANGE_NAME);
        deadLetterParams.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key","lisi");

        // 声明一个正常队列
        channel.queueDeclare(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, deadLetterParams);
        // 声明一个正常交换机
        channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
        // 把队列和交换机进行绑定
        channel.queueBind(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, NORMAL_EXCHANGE_NAME, "zhangsan");
        System.out.println("C1消费者启动等待消费消息：");
        channel.basicConsume(NORMAL_QUEUE_NAME, false, (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String receivedMessage = new String(delivery.getBody());
            if ("info5".equals(receivedMessage)) {
                System.out.println("C1接收到消息：" + receivedMessage+"并且拒绝签收了");
                // 禁止重新入队
                channel.basicReject(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
            } else {
                System.out.println("消费者接收到消息：" + receivedMessage);
                channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
            }

        },(consumerTag) -> {
            System.out.println(consumerTag + "消费者取消消费消息");
        });
    }
}

将原先的队列删除，重新启动消费者2，接着启动生产者


最后启动消费者2